rexresearch.com
Irving DARDIK, et al.
Super Wave Cold Fusion
http://www.energeticstechnologies.com/
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Office: (856) 983-5050
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The SuperWave™ Fusion Process
SuperWave™ Fusion is an excess-heat producing reaction created by a SuperWave™-induced interaction of palladium and deuterium. Click on the video to view an animation depicting how this process is believed to work.
This energy producing interaction is driven by a complex, nested, “waves-waving-within-waves” signal discovered by the company’s Chief Visionary Officer, Dr. Irving Dardik. In the current apparatus, this proprietary SuperWave™ signal is delivered via an electric current to a custom module containing a palladium cathode and D2O (deuterium instead of hydrogen in the water molecule). The end result is the release of energy as the deuterium atoms disassociate from the heavy water and load into the palladium lattice, allowing their wave-based energy structures to interact. The principal outputs from this interaction are heat and apparently small quantities of 4He, a non-radioactive isotope of Helium. Research to verify the 4He is currently underway.
Energetics Technologies’ SuperWave™ Fusion has the potential to:
* Provide an inexpensive, inexhaustible fuel source
* Produce no significantly measurable hazardous by-products
* Revolutionize the concept of energy production
* Be a groundbreaking Green Energy source
Energetics Technologies’ proprietary SuperWave™ Fusion has already demonstrated the production of extraordinary amounts of excess heat. The SuperWave™ driven cells have generated OVER 25 times (2,500%) the amount of energy that was used to operate the system.
SuperWave™ Fusion Electrolytic Cell combined with Ultra Sound Excitation
PUBLICATIONS
On Cold Fusion:
Energetics Technologies’ paper as presented in 2008 at ICCF-14,
the International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear
Science.
http://superwavefusion.com/pdf/Energetics_ICCF-14_paper.pdf
Energetics Technologies’ paper as presented in 2005 at ICCF-11,
the International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear
Science.
http://superwavefusion.com/pdf/Energetics_ICCF-11_paper.pdf
Dardik, I., Banover, H., El-Boher, A., Gazit, D., Golbreich, E., Greenspan, E., et al. Intensificationof low energy nuclear reactions using Superwave Excitation.Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Cambridge MA, 24-29 August, 2003. World Scientific Publishing Co., pp. 61.
I. Dardik, T. Zilov, H. Branover, A. El-Boher, E. Greenspan, B. Khachatorov, V. Krakov, S. Lesin and M. Tsirlin, Excess Heat in Electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Cold Fusion, Marseilles, France, 31 October-4 November 5, 2004. World Scientific Co., pp. 84.
Dardik, I., Zilov, T., Branover, H., El-Boher, A., Greenspan, E., Khachaturov, B., Krakov, V., S., L., and Tsirlin, M., Progress in electrolysis experiments at Energetics Technologies, in 12th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Yokohama, Japan, 2005.
I. Dardik, T. Zilov, H. Branover, A. El-Boher, E. Greenspan, B. Khachaturov, V. Krakov, S. Lesin, A.Shapiro and M. Tsirlin, Report on Electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies, Proc. of ICCF-13, Sochi, Russia, June 25-July 1, 2007.
M. C. H. McKubre, F. L. Tanzella, I. Dardik, A. El Boher, T. Zilov, E. Greenspan, C. Sibilia and V. Violante, Replication of Condensed Matter Heat Production American Chemical Society Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Sourcebook, ISBN 978-0-8412-6966-8, August 2008.
I. Dardik, T. Zilov, H. Branover, A. El-Boher, E. Greenspan, B. Khachaturov, V. Krakov, S. Lesin, A. Shapiro and M. Tsirlin, Ultrasonically-excited electrolysis Experiments at Energetics Technologies, Presented at the ICCF-14, Washington, DC, August 2008.
On SuperWaves™
Dardik, I. (1995). The law of waves and the invalidation of the
scientific method. Cycles Magazine, 45(2), 49-59.
http://www.dardik-institute.org/doc/law_of_vawes.pdf
Dardik, I. (1994). The great law of the universe. Cycles
Magazine, 265-277.
http://www.dardik-institute.org/doc/great_law.pdf
Dardik, I. (1989). Superesonant Wavenergy Theory. Self Published.
Dardik, I. (2005). Superwave Reality. Proceedings of ICCF 11,
Marseilles, France, 18 July 2005.
http://www.dardik-institute.org/doc/superwave_reality.pdf
On Application of SuperWaves™ in Biological and Physiological Systems
Dardik, I., Cadet, P., Zhu, W., Mantione, K., Rymer, M.,
Reisman, S., et al. (2003). Cyclic exercise induces
anti-inflammatory signal molecule increases in the plasma of
Parkinson’s patients. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 485-492.
http://www.dardik-institute.org/doc/Cyclic%20Exercise.pdf
Goldsmith, R., Bloomfield, D., Hagberg, S., Reisman, S., Benson, H., Mietus, J., et al. (2002). Implementation of a novel cyclic exercise protocol in healthy women. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(2), 135-151.
Dardik, I., Stefano, G. B., Prevot, V., & Cadet, P. (2001).
Vascular pulsations stimulating nitric oxide release during
cyclic exercise may benefit health: A molecular approach.
International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 119-129.
http://www.dardik-institute.org/doc/vascular_pulsation.pdf
Dardik, I., Reisman, S., & Petrock, A. M. (2001). Total
wavelet entropy analysis of cyclic exercise protocol on heart
rate variability. Department of Biomedical Engineering, New
Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ.
http://www.dardik-institute.org/doc/Total_wavelet.pdf
Dardik, I. (1997). The origin of disease and health, heart
waves: The single solution to heart rate variability and
ischemic preconditioning. Frontier Perspectives, 6(2), 18-31.
http://www.dardik-institute.org/doc/origin_of_deseases.pdf
Dardik, I. (1996). The origin of disease and health: Heart
waves, the single solution to heart rate variability and
ischemic preconditioning. Cycles Magazine, 46(3), 67-77.
http://www.dardik-institute.org/doc/heartwaves.pdf
Dardik, I. (1986). Cardiocybernetics: Relaxation through exercise. Advances: Journal of the Institute for the Advancement of Health, 3(3), 56-59.
Dardik, I., H. Branover, A. El-Boher, D. Gazit, E. Golbreich,
E. Greenspan . Intensification Of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Using Superwave. Excitation.
http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/DardikIintensific.pdf
Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31tw-Auh_R4
http://www.videospider.tv/Videos/Detail/3230084348.aspx
The Promise of SuperWave™ Fusion / Dr. Irving Dardik
1 min 36 sec - Jan 13, 2009 -
SuperWave™ Fusion's Dr. Irving Dardik speaks about The Promise
of SuperWave™ Fusion.
Energetics Technologies SuperWave™ Fusion promises an
excess-heat producing reaction created ... Dardik would seem to
have a fascination for "wave energy", ...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEFIisVFt3E
Cold Fusion and the Superwave Principle / Dr. Irving Dardik
Jan 13, 2009 ... SuperWave Fusion's Dr. Irving Dardik speaks
about Cold Fusion and the Superwave Principle.
http://videosift.com/video/SuperWave-Fusion-Cold-Fusion-at-last
SuperWave™ Fusion - Cold Fusion at last?
http://www.amazon.com/Making-Waves-Irving-Superwave-Principle/dp/1594860440
Making Waves: Irving Dardik and His Superwave Principle
by
Roger Lewin
The biography of a medical maverick who is challenging scientific convention with his astounding approach to achieving and maintaining health Dr. Irving Dardik's radical notions about how all matter moves in interconnected waves has drawn deep skepticism from physicists, and his early attempts to put his theory into practice in the field of health care got him banned from practicing medicine in the 1990s. But now, after a decade's worth of rigorous research that seems to support Dardik's SuperWave theory, scientists at such esteemed institutions as MIT, Harvard, and Stanford Research International are signing on with Dardik's team to probe the possibilities. For example, Dardik's unique approach to physical exercise, based on his Principle, has achieved some remarkable successes in reversing symptoms of chronic disease.
About the Author -- ROGER LEWIN is an award-winning science writer who worked with Richard Leakey on four books, including Origins and The Sixth Extinction. Lewin's own books include Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos, Bones of Contention, and In the Age of Mankind. He lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
# Hardcover: 256 pages
# Publisher: Rodale Books (September 29, 2005)
# ISBN-10: 1594860440
# ISBN-13: 978-1594860447
EP1656678
PULSED LOW ENERGY NUCLEAR REACTION POWER
GENERATORS
Also published as: WO2005017918
Inventor: DARDIK IRVING [US] ; LESIN SHAUL
2006-05-17
Abstract -- A low energy nuclear reaction power
generator has different cells in which hydrogenous atoms are
driven by different methods to increase atom-packing in a
lattice and to increase the flux of hydrogenous atoms. An
electrolytic cell is provided containing an
electrically-conductive electrolyte, a glow discharge cell and a
catalyst cell are each provided containing a gas, and a high
pressure electrolytic ultrasonic cell is provided including a
first section containing a gas and a second section containing
an electrolyte, in which is provided an anode-cathode electrode
pair. Applied across these electrodes is a train of electrical
packets, each comprised of a cluster of pulses.; The amplitude
and duration of each pulse, the duration of intervals between
pulses, and the duration of intervals between successive packets
in the train are in a predetermined pattern in accordance with
superwaving waves in which each wave is modulated by waves of
different frequency.
\
Pulsed electrolytic cell
Inventor: DARDIK IRVING
2003-11-20
Abstract -- A low energy nuclear reaction power generator provided with an electrolytic cell containing an electrically-conductive heavy or light water electrolyte in which is immersed an electrode pair whose anode is formed of platinum and whose cathode is formed of palladium. Applied across these electrodes is a train of voltage pulse packets, each comprised of a cluster of pulses. The amplitude and duration of each pulse in the packet, the duration of the intervals between pulses, and the duration of the intervals between successive packets in the train are in a predetermined pattern in accordance with superlooping waves in which each wave is modulated by waves of different frequency.; Each packet of voltage pulses gives rise to a surge of current in the electrolyte which flows between the electrodes and causes the heavy or light water to decompose, oxygen being released at the platinum electrode while deuterium ions migrate toward the palladium electrode. The successive surges of ions produced by the train of pulse packets bombard the palladium electrode, to bring about dense ion packing which results in fusion and heat.
[0002] 1. Field of Invention
[0003] This invention relates generally to the use of electrolytic cells for the creation of nuclear fusion and more particularly to a low energy nuclear reaction power generator that includes an electrolytic cell across whose anode and cathode electrodes electrical pulses are applied in a predetermined pattern conducive to fusion.
[0004] 2. States of Prior Art
[0005] The quest for nuclear fusion to provide an inexhaustible, non-polluting source of energy seeks to exploit the phenomena of nuclear physics. It is known that when two nuclei, for example, of deuterium (heavy hydrogen), fuse together, the combined mass of the fusion product is less, by a minute quantity, than the tiny mass of the original particles. The conversion of this tiny mass to a fusion product releases an incredible amount of energy. Energy, as expressed in the classic Einstein equation, is equal to mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light; hence the minute mass yields an enormous amount of energy.
[0006] It was Edward Teller, the atomic physicist, who in 1942 when an atom bomb had yet to be built, advanced the proposition that is the bedrock of nuclear fusion. Teller theorized that if deuterium nuclei were plunged into the fiery furnace having a temperature of many million degrees Fahrenheit created by an atomic fission reaction, the colliding nuclei would fuse in this environment and thereby liberate an incredible amount of energy. With the hydrogen bomb, Teller's theory became a reality.
[0007] Deuterons are positively charged particles and, therefore, repel each other. The closer deuterons approach each other, the stronger their repulsion and the greater the energy it takes to overcome this repulsion. When the force of the repulsion reaches its maximum value, it then creates what is known as the Coulomb barrier. It is only when this barrier is penetrated and the deuterons are brought to one ten-trillionth of a centimeter next to each other, that a strong nuclear force takes over and the particles then fuse. This is the same nuclear force that prevents nuclei which include positively-charged protons from flying apart. Fusion also occurs with tritium nuclei, for tritium is a heavy isotope of hydrogen, but its nucleus has a proton and two neutrons, whereas a deuterium nucleus has a proton and a single neutron.
[0008] Thermonuclear fusion will occur when deuterons are combined at a high enough density and a high enough temperature for a time period sufficient to effect fusion. The center of the sun affords conditions conducive to thermonuclear fusion, for this fiery center is subjected to enormous gravitational forces and is at a temperature of about 10 million degrees Fahrenheit. On earth, the gravitational forces are much weaker and it therefore takes a much higher temperature, in the order of 100 million degrees Fahrenheit, to produce a deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction. The D-T thermonuclear reaction is the one currently being pursued, for it yields more energy than D-D fusion.
[0009] Following Teller's invention of the hydrogen bomb, billions of dollars have been spent over the last 40 years toward contriving devices adapted to force heavy hydrogen nuclei to fuse together under controlled conditions and thereby liberate more energy than was expended to confine and heat the nuclei. One such device of enormous size is known as a Tokomak within whose toroidal interior powerful magnetic fields confine and squeeze hot plasma, causing deuterium and tritium ions to fuse together.
[0010] Hot fusion overcomes the Coulomb barrier by ripping off atoms from the two heavy forms of hydrogen at extremely high temperatures to create a cloud of ions or plasma. Huge magnets produce the magnetic fields to hold the plasma together for a time sufficient for some of the nuclei to crash into each other and fuse. This thermonuclear fusion reaction produces tritium and helium nuclei as well as a shower of neutrons and gamma radiation.
[0011] In a super-giant laser fusion generator, laser beams bombard a deuterium-tritium fuel pellet, causing its outer layer to vaporize and dissipate outwardly from the pellet. The resultant reaction force implodes the fuel to effect fusion. Yet despite the multi-billion dollar investments made in developing thermonuclear fusion reactors to produce energy, no such generator is at present a practical reality, and whether it ever will be, cannot be forecast. Other technologically simpler and less expensive techniques for fusing nuclei are desirable.
[0012] In the past decade or so, electrochemical techniques have been investigated as a possible technique for fusing nuclei for power generation. The investigations typically utilize an electrolytic cell whose electrolyte is heavy water that is water in which deuterium takes the place of ordinary hydrogen. The heavy water is rendered electrically conductive by a salt dissolved therein; i.e., lithium deuterhydroxide. Immersed in this electrolyte is an anode-cathode electrode pair composed of a strip of metal (such as palladium) surrounded by a coil of similar or another metal (such as platinum wire).
[0013] When a d-c voltage is impressed across these electrodes, the resultant current flow in the heavy water causes it to decompose into its constituent elements. As a consequence, oxygen is released as a gas at the platinum electrode, while deuterium ions migrate toward the palladium electrode. The buildup of a large concentration of these ions in the palladium metal is thought to initiate a low energy nuclear reaction. The energy released by such an low energy reaction could be captured by the atomic lattice of the electrode and show up as heat.
[0014] In 1989, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, on observing excess heat generation in an electrochemical cell, claimed they had observed evidence of room temperature fusion of deuterium ions. It is now generally understood that their observations were not that of deuterium-deuterium fusion but of some other phenomena. Further electrochemistry studies by E. Storms, G. H. Miley and others, suggest that the phenomena involved is an anomalous nuclear process in the solid electrode. The excess heat generation may be attributed to the fusion of hydrogen or isotopic hydrogen nuclei with the nuclei of the solid electrode material rather than of the fusion of hydrogenic nuclei themselves. The amount of excess heat generated appears to depend on the nature of the voltage applied to the electrodes and on whether the resultant current flowing through the electrolyte is steady or pulsed.
[0015] In any case, present day electrochemical cells do not generate enough excess heat to be commercially viable power sources. Further improvements in electrochemical cell design and methods of operation are desirable.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0016] The main object of this invention is to provide a low energy nuclear reaction power generator that includes a cell having a pair of electrodes immersed in an electrically-conductive heavy or light water electrolyte, to which electrodes electrical pulses are applied which are in a predetermined pattern.
[0017] The significant feature of the present invention which distinguishes it from a prior cell in which the current through the electrolyte is pulsed, is that in a cell in accordance with the invention, pulsing takes place in a pulse pattern that is highly conducive to fusion.
[0018] More specifically, an object of this invention is to provide a low energy nuclear reaction power generator that yields far more energy in the form of heat than is applied to the cell in the form of electricity.
[0019] Briefly stated, these objects are attained in a low energy nuclear reaction power generator provided with an electrolytic cell containing an electrically-conductive electrolyte in which is immersed a metallic electrode pair whose anode and cathode are formed of platinum, palladium, titanium, nickel or any other suitable metal. The electrolyte may be any suitable fluid such as light water, heavy water, and liquid metals, etc. or may also be a suitable solid material--e.g., a semiconductor. Applied across these electrodes is a train of voltage pulse packets, each comprised of a cluster of pulses.
[0020] The amplitude and duration of each pulse in the packet, the duration of the intervals between pulses, and the duration of the intervals between successive packets in the train are in a predetermined pattern in accordance with superlooping waves in which each wave is modulated by waves of different frequency. Each packet of voltage pulses gives rise to a surge of current in the electrolyte which flows between the electrodes and causes the electrolyte (e.g., heavy or light water) to decompose, oxygen being released, for example, at the platinum electrode while hydrogen (or isotopic hydrogen, e.g., deuterium) ions migrate toward, for example, the palladium electrode. The successive surges of ions produced by the train of pulse packets bombard the metallic electrode to bring about dense ion packing. The dense ion packing preferably causes fusion which results in the generation of energy in the form of heat. The energy generated in the heat is greater than the energy of the voltage pulses applied to the electrodes.
[0021] It should be noted that the dense ion packing may substantially increase the resistivity--i.e., the measure of a material's ability to oppose the flow of an electric current--of the metallic electrode by introducing hydrogen, or other, ions to the structure of the metal. This resistivity preferably can be measured in real-time by passing a current through the metallic electrode and measuring the change in current over time. The measured current over time is an indication of the change in resistivity, and, hence, the level of ion packing of the metallic electrode over time. Thus, a real time indicator of the ion packing may then be realized by continually passing a current through the metallic electrode and measuring the current.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
[0022] For a better understanding of the invention as well as other objects and features thereof, reference is made to the following detailed description to be read in conjunction with the annexed drawings wherein:
[0023] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates superlooping wave phenomena;
[0024] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a low energy nuclear reaction electrolytic cell in accordance with the invention;
[0025] FIG. 3 illustrates the pattern of electrical pulses applied to the electrodes of the cell; and
[0026] FIG. 4 illustrates the pattern of electrical pulses applied to the electrodes of the cell with pulse packets switched off during relaxation periods.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
[0027] Superlooping:
[0028] The present invention represents a significant advance beyond the discovery at the Los Alamos National Laboratory that a greater production of excess heat is obtained in an electrochemical cell by pulsing the current flowing through the cell. In the present invention, applied to the electrodes of the cell are voltage pulses to produce a pulsed current flow in the cell. However, these pulses are not of constant amplitude and duration but are in a pattern in which the amplitude and duration of the pulses and the intervals therebetween are modulated to give rise to a dense packing, for example, of deuterium ions in the palladium electrode that promotes a fusion reaction.
[0029] This pulse pattern is in accordance with superlooping activity as set forth in the theory advanced in the Irving I. Dardik article "The Great Law of the Universe" that appeared in the March/April 1994 issue of the "Cycles" Journal. This article is incorporated herein by reference.
[0030] As pointed out in the Dardik article, it is generally accepted in science that all things in nature are composed of atoms that move around in perpetual motion, the atoms attracting each other when they are a little distance apart and repelling upon being squeezed into one another. In contradistinction, the Dardik hypothesis is that all things in the universe are composed of waves that wave, this activity being referred to as "superlooping." Superlooping gives rise to and is matter in motion; i.e., both change simultaneously to define matter-space-time.
[0031] Thus in nature, changes in the frequency and amplitude of a wave are not independent and different from one another, but are concurrently one and the same, representing two different hierarchical levels simultaneously. Any increase in wave frequency at the same time creates a new wave pattern, for all waves incorporate therein smaller waves and varying frequencies, and one cannot exist without the other.
[0032] Every wave necessarily incorporates smaller waves, and is contained by larger waves. Thus each high-amplitude low-frequency major wave is modulated by many higher frequency low-amplitude minor waves. Superlooping is an ongoing process of waves waving within one another.
[0033] FIG. 1 (adapted from the illustrations in the Dardik article) schematically illustrates superlooping wave phenomena. FIG. 1 depicts low-frequency major wave 110 modulated, for example, by minor waves 120 and 130. Minor waves 120 and 130 have progressively higher frequencies (compared to major wave 110). Other minor waves of even higher frequency may modulate major wave 110, but are not shown for clarity.
[0034] This new principle of waves waving demonstrates that wave frequency and wave intensity (amplitude squared) are simultaneous and continuous. The two different kinds of energy, i.e., energy carried by the waves that is proportional to their frequency, and energy proportional to their intensity are also simultaneous and continuous. Energy therefore is waves waving, or "wave/energy." In a low energy nuclear reaction power generator in accordance with the invention, the pattern of pulses applied to the electrodes of the cell is derived from super-looping wave activity.
[0035] The Low Energy Nuclear Reaction Power Generator:
[0036] Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown one preferable embodiment of a low energy nuclear reaction power generator in accordance with the invention provided with an electrolyte cell having a vessel 10. Vessel 10 contains electrolyte 11. Electrolyte 11 may be any suitable liquid electrolyte, such as heavy water, light water, molten metals, etc. For purposes of illustration, electrolyte 11 may, for example, be heavy water which is rendered electrically conductive by a suitable salt dissolved therein.
[0037] Immersed in the electrolyte is an anode-cathode electrode pair formed by a cathode 12 and an anode 13. Cathode 12 and anode 13 may be made of any suitable metal such as palladium, platinum, titanium, nickel, etc. For purposes of illustration, cathode 12 may, for example, be a strip of palladium and anode 13 may, for example, be a coil of platinum. Anode coil 13 surrounds the strip of palladium metal so that the electrodes are bridged by the conductive electrolyte 11 and a voltage impressed across the electrodes causes a current to flow therebetween.
[0038] Connected across the electrodes of the electrochemical cell is a low-voltage battery, resulting in a steady current flowing through the heavy or light water electrolyte, causing it to decompose, so that oxygen gas is liberated at the platinum anode electrode while hydrogenic ions migrate toward the palladium cathode electrode and accumulate thereon.
[0039] In a generator in accordance with the invention, a d-c voltage source 14 is provided whose output is applied across the electrodes 12 and 13 of the cell through an electronic modulator 14 whose operation is controlled by a programmed computer 16, whereby the modulator yields voltage pulses whose amplitude and duration as well as the duration of the intervals between pulses are determined by the program. The maximum amplitude of the pulses corresponds to the full output of the d-c source 14. Thus if the source provides a 45 VDC output, the maximum amplitude of the pulses will be 45 VDC, and the amplitudes of pulses having a lesser amplitude will be more or less below 45 VDC, depending on the program.
[0040] Computer 16 is programmed to activate electronic modulator 15 so as to yield a train of pulse packets, each packet being formed by a cluster of pulses that assume the pattern shown in FIG. 3. Thus the first packet in the train, Packet I, is composed of five pulses P.sub.1 to P.sub.5 which progressively vary in amplitude, pulse P.sub.1 being of the lowest amplitude and pulse P.sub.5 being of the highest amplitude. The respective durations of pulses P.sub.1 to P.sub.5, vary progressively, so that pulse P.sub.1 is of the shortest duration and pulse P.sub.5 is of the longest duration. And the intervals A between successive pulses in the cluster forming the packet vary progressively in duration. Thus the first interval between pulses P.sub.4 and P.sub.5 is shortest in duration, and the last interval between pulses P.sub.4 and P.sub.5 is longest in duration. While the packets are shown as being composed of five pulses, in practice they may have a fewer or a greater number of pulses. The duration of a packet may in practice be about thirty seconds, and the intervals between successive packets may be in a range of two to five seconds.
[0041] The second packet in the train, Packet II, is also composed of five pulses P.sub.6 to P.sub.10, but their amplitudes and durations, and the intervals between pulses are the reverse of those in the pulse cluster of Packet I. Hence pulse P6 is of the greatest amplitude and that of P.sub.10 of the lowest amplitude.
[0042] The third packet in the train, Packet III, is formed of a cluster of five pulses P.sub.11 to P.sub.15 whose amplitudes and durations, and the intervals between pulses correspond to those in Packet I. The intervals between successive packets in the train have a duration B that changes from packet to packet.
[0043] The varying amplitudes of the pulses in the successive packets conform to the amplitude envelope of a major wave W.sub.1. The varying durations of the pulses in the packets conform to the amplitude envelope of a minor wave W.sub.2 whose frequency differs from that of major wave W.sub.1. The varying durations of the intervals between the pulses in a packet conforms to the amplitude envelope of still another minor wave W.sub.3 of different frequency. And the varying durations of the intervals between successive packets in the train are in accordance with the amplitude envelope of yet another minor wave W.sub.4 of different frequency.
[0044] A second modulator 20 may be implemented in order to measure the resistivity of cathode 12. Preferably, second modulator 20 may generate an AC current and pass the AC current through cathode 12. This AC current is preferably at a different frequency than the pulses produced by electronic modulator 15. In this way, no substantial interference exists between the pulses produced by modulator 15 and the current produced by second modulator 20.
[0045] In the proposed configuration shown in FIG. 3, the current provided by modulator 20 may be used to measure the resistivity of cathode 12. This measurement may be obtained by passing an AC current, which may be substantially constant--i.e., the amplitude of the peaks and valleys of the current and the frequency of the current are substantially constant--, through cathode 12 while measuring the voltage potential across the cathode. The change in voltage potential reflects the change in resistivity based on the relationship V(voltage)=I(current)*R(resistan- ce). The known resistivity change may then be used to indicate the level of ion packing of the cathode. As described above, ion packing may be a necessary precursor for the success of low energy nuclear reactions in a cell according to the invention.
[0046] It will be understood that in FIG. 3 for purposes of clarity only small portions of minor waves W2, W3 and W4 superimposed on wave W1 are shown. Further for clarity, the amplitudes and frequencies of superlooping minor waves W2, W3, and W4, relative to each other and relative to major wave W1, are not drawn to scale. In fact the maximum amplitude of the minor waves may be proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the major wave. Thus, minor waves W2 and W3 (which are located at about the peak amplitude of major wave W1) are likely to have much larger maximum amplitudes than the maximum amplitude of minor wave W4 (which is located at about the bottom of a valley in wave W1). The maximum amplitude of minor waves W2 and W3 at the peak of the major wave may even be comparable to the peak amplitude of major wave W1, i.e., the minor waves may have the same intensity as the major waves as shown in FIG. 1. Other illustrative examples of superlooping minor waves within major waves and their frequency and amplitude distribution are provided by the FIGS. shown in the Dardik article "The Great Law of the Universe" incorporated herein by reference.
[0047] With continued reference to FIG. 3, the pattern of the voltage pulses which constitute the train is governed by superlooping waves W.sub.1 to W.sub.4 and the current which flows between the electrodes immersed in the electrolyte is pulsed accordingly.
[0048] Thus instead of a steady stream of deuterium ions migrating toward the palladium electrode, the deuterium ions travel in clusters, each created by a packet of pulses, to produce a high intensity surge of deuterium ions that bombards the palladium electrode. The surges of deuterium ions which repeatedly bombard the palladium electrode give rise to a dense packing of these ions on the palladium and fuse thereon to produce heat.
[0049] Highly effective computer pulse pattern programs afford optimum results, resulting in the greatest amount of fusion heat at the palladium electrode. These can be determined empirically by modifying the program to find the most effective pattern.
[0050] One example of the most effective pulse pattern is to incorporate a relaxation period corresponding to the downward phases of the major wave W1. Pulse packets in the pulse train may be completely turned off during the relaxation periods corresponding to the downward phases. FIG. 4 illustrates a pulse pattern with pulses (e.g., packet P2, FIG. 3) completely switched off during the relaxation period.
[0051] The program is developed from a formation of superlooping waves which are digitized so as to derive a pulse at the peak of each wave cycle. The aforementioned Dardik article illustrates various forms of superlooping waves.
[0052] While there has been shown a preferred embodiment of a low energy nuclear reaction power generator, it is to be understood that many changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. Thus one may use a silicon instead of platinum wire. And the electrode pair may be formed by concentric tubes, rather than by a strip surrounded by a coil as illustrated in FIG. 2.
US2009021336
INDUCTOR FOR THE EXCITATION OF POLYHARMONIC
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELDS
Inventor: DARDIK IRVING I [US] ; LESIN SHAUL
2009-01-22
Abstract -- An inductor for the excitation of polyharmonic rotating magnetic fields (RMF) for controlling the crystalline structure of continuous ingots and castings in metallurgy and other foundry applications. The inductor design makes it possible to use standard sources of sinusoidal currents for generating polyharmonic RMF, and significantly increase cos phi of the inductor.
WO2008156979
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ANHARMONIC
MULTI-PHASE CURRENTS
Also published as: WO2008156979 // US2008316782
Inventor: DARDIK IRVING [US] ; BRANOVER HERMAN
2008-12-24
Abstract -- A system and method for producing anharmonic multi-phase currents wherein the harmonic component of an inverter is filtered and superimposed with a series of control pulses to create a control signal. The control signal is fed back to the inverter, causing the inverter to produce anharmonic multi-phase current.
CA2640362
BATTERY CHARGING WITH SUPERWAVES
Also published as: WO2007087380 // WO2007087380 // EP1977494
Inventor: KRAKOV VITALY [IL] ; BRANOVER HERMAN
2007-08-02
Abstract -- Apparatus and methods are provided for charging rechargeable batteries using amplitude and frequency modulated current .
CA2637213
METHOD OF CONTINUOUS CASTING IN WHICH AXIAL
POROSITY IS ELIMINATED AND THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE IS
REFINED
Also published as: WO2007087378 // WO2007087378 //
EP1989012 // CN101378864
Inventor: LESIN SHAUL L [IL] ; MIKHAILOVICH BORIS
2007-08-02
Abstract -- Apparatus and methods are provided for eliminating axial porosity accompanie d by impurity segregation arising at bulk crystallization of the axial zone of the liquid core of a continuous ingot.
BRPI0515178
METHODS AND FACILITIES FOR SUPPRESSING
VORTICES ARISING IN TUNDISHES OR LADLES DURING THEIR
RESPECTIVE DISCHARGE
Also published as: WO2006031964 //
KR20070052343 // JP2008513214 // EP1791665 //
CN101039768
Inventor: DARDIK IRVING I ; KAPUSTA ARKADY
2008-07-08
Abstract -- A presente invenção refere-se a um método que é fornecido para suprimir um vértice que surge em um panela intermediária ou caço durante o abaixamento da superfície livre da fusão abaixo de um nível crítico utilizando um campo magnética rotativo excitado na fusão acima de um tubo de fluxo de saída por um indutor RMF de um desenho especial
US7316800
Electromagnetic helical pump for
high-temperature transportation of molten metal
Inventor: DARDIK IRVING I [US] ; KAPUSTA ARKADY
2008-01-08
Abstract -- Electromagnetic helical pump for high-temperature transportation of molten metal, comprising an explicit-pole or implicit-pole inductor exciting a rotating magnetic field (RMF), and a helical channel consisting of a thick-wall ceramic pipe with a quick-change helical core made of graphite or graphitized carbon. The pump can be used for transportation and batching of molten aluminum, magnesium, copper, etc. and their alloys.
WO2007144925
METAL LAMINATE MATERIALS WITH INCLUSIONS OF
DIELECTRIC MATERIAL FOR THE ENHANCEMENT AND CONTROL OF THE
INTERFACE ELECTRIC FIELD AND PROCESS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION
Inventor: BETTINALI LIVIO [IT] ; VIOLANTE VITTORIO, et
al.
2007-12-21
Abstract -- The invention concerns the development of a material suitable to enhance the interface electric field during polarization processes of the same material, such as, for instance, during a "glow discharge" or an electrolysis. The material comprises a metal matrix capable to absorb hydrogen and its isotopes, preferably palladium, on the surface of which there are provided, by any suitable method, some inclusions of dielectric material or in any case some surface defects, having a fixed size and space distribution, and of such a nature ad they result in a suitable dispersion of the dielectric constant and, in addition, shows a surface rugosity. Such conditions are required for the material to result in a particularly high localization of the interface electric field during polarization processes.
US2007157996
System and method of electromagnetic
influence on electroconducting continuum
Also published as: US7381238 // US2004187964 // US7350559
// US2007145652 // US2007151414
Inventor: DARDIK IRVING I [US] ; KAPUSTA ARKADY
2007-07-12
Abstract -- Thus, as shown by an exact electrodynamic computation of EMBF and the estimations described above of the velocity of turbulent flows arising due to their effect, application of amplitude- and frequency-modulated helically traveling (rotating and axially traveling) electromagnetic fields in metallurgical and chemical technologies and foundry can considerably increase the hydraulic efficiency of MHD facilities, intensify the processes of heat and mass transfer in technological plants, significantly increase their productivity, considerably decrease energy consumption for the production of metals, alloys, cast articles, and chemical products, and improve their quality.
CA2637213
METHOD OF CONTINUOUS CASTING IN WHICH AXIAL
POROSITY IS ELIMINATED AND THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE IS
REFINED
Also published as: WO2007087378 // WO2007087378 //
EP1989012 // CN101378864
Inventor: LESIN SHAUL L [IL] ; MIKHAILOVICH BORIS
2007-08-02
Abstract -- Apparatus and methods are provided for eliminating axial porosity accompanie d by impurity segregation arising at bulk crystallization of the axial zone of the liquid core of a continuous ingot.
BRPI0515178
METHODS AND FACILITIES FOR SUPPRESSING
VORTICES ARISING IN TUNDISHES OR LADLES DURING THEIR
RESPECTIVE DISCHARGE
Also published as: WO2006031964 //
KR20070052343 // JP2008513214 // EP1791665 //
CN101039768
Inventor: DARDIK IRVING I ; KAPUSTA ARKADY
2008-07-08
Abstract -- A presente invenção refere-se a um método que é fornecido para suprimir um vértice que surge em um panela intermediária ou caço durante o abaixamento da superfície livre da fusão abaixo de um nível crítico utilizando um campo magnética rotativo excitado na fusão acima de um tubo de fluxo de saída por um indutor RMF de um desenho especial
US20090021336
INDUCTOR FOR THE EXCITATION OF POLYHARMONIC ROTATING MAGNETIC
FIELDS
US20080316782
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTING ANHARMONIC MULTI-PHASE
CURRENTS
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Modified electrodes for low energy nuclear reaction power
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Battery charging with superwaves
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Method of axial porosity elimination and refinement of the
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Use of factor XIII for stimulating the perfusion of ischemic
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