Free Energy Generators (#2)
Lajos Szucs: Magnetic Field Motor
Xtec: Power Amplifying Antenna
K-Capture Generator
Nikola Tesla: Electric Car
Democrat & Chronicle (Rochester NY) Sept 14, 1991
"Top Secret Idea Keeps Dream Alive"
Skeptics scoff but inventor sure it works
by Christine Rook
In the 13th century, Villard de Honnecourt, a French architect designed a weighted wheel that was to turn forever without the benefit of an external power source. The concept was sure to change the world, but it never worked, and neither has any perpetual motion machine that followed.
Now, an Irondequoit man believes he has invented a motor that actually does run indefinitely and with no outside power source. Scientists are skeptical. They stand behind the laws of thermodynamics, but a t least one person said he has seen it work.
Lajos "Louie" Szucs, a Hungarian-born auto repairman, has invented what he calls a magnetic field motor. He said it is powerful enough to drive a heater and warm most of his two-story home. Its source of start is a single jump-start from a 12-volt car battery. That one-time jolt supposedly powered it for 60 days.
"It doesn't matter whether I got a high school education. You got to use your mind", he said in broken English at his home on St. Paul Blvd. "If Newton thought we fly to the moon, he would drop dead right here."
Few people, however, have seen how the motor works. It wasn't operating last week. He had taken it apart and hidden the pieces in his house. He fears someone will steal his idea because only the heater attachments that hook to the motor have patent pending status with the US Government Patent & Trademark Office in Arlington VA.
The motor, however, does not have patent pending status and could be claimed by someone else. Szucs, therefore, is cryptic when he talks about the motor. He has barely given the details to his financial backer and partner, Ronald A. Englert. And a handful of trusted friends have sealed envelopes, containing partial blueprints. If something were to happen to Szucs, the envelopes get sent to specific destinations.
It's all cloak-and-dagger and probably the result of his losing one of his earliest inventions to a stranger for $15. Szucs had developed a set of special automobile tools when he first came to the United States in 1956. Szucs naively handed over the rights.
"He thanks me for making him rich", Szucs said.
He was just a teenager then but willing to work hard and bounce back. He and his wife, Magdalan, had left Communist Hungary for a better life.
They settled in Glens Falls, Warren County, because a church there had sponsored their transport. But they remained just six months. Neither of them spoke English and job opportunities were scarce. They agreed to get on a bus and get out at the first large city. That was Rochester.
"It was a tough time for the first 5 or 10 years", Szucs said. "Very few people helped us."
But the Budapest native earned a good reputation as an auto body repariman.
Englert, who said he has witnessed the perpetual motion machine work, stands behind Szucs and his inventions -- the magnetic-driven toys that Szucs developed for his son, Lajos Jr, an air compressor, and a car wax.
Szucs has since decided to follow his dream full time and leave the auto repair business. He breathes and sleeps inventions. Some, like the perpetual motion machine, have actually come to him in dreams.
"I see the universe. It's like blueprints, a puzzle", Szucs said. "When I get up in the morning, it's all there."
His motor seems simple enough. A car battery puts a triangular driving shaft in motion and is then removed. The spinning shaft then runs a heater. Szucs said he has reduced his home heating bills from $300 to $400 a month to $45 or less per month.
Szucs, a high school graduate, doesn't claim to understand everything about physics. He only knows that his machine works.
What he finds difficult to accept is the cold reception that scientists have given him. Most believe a perpetual motion machine is impossible.
"The likelihood? Zero", says Robert Snyder, a professor of mechanical engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology. "It violates the laws of thermodynamics."
Physics professor Ronald Jodoin, also of RIT, added: "I would be skeptical."
In reality, Szucs may not have a perpetual motion machine. He may simply have an extra-efficient motor. In fact, Szucs' lawyer, Howard J. Greenwald indicated Szucs may not make and perpetual motion claims in his patent application.
Szucs refuses to give up on his machine.
"I can't take failure. This is failure if someone tells you it doesn't work."
Szucs' Patent (PDF Format, Requires Adboe Reader):
Heating Apparatus
7-21-1992
Lajos Szucs
Applicant: Ronald Englert
Classification: - international: F24D5/00; F28D1/047;
F24D5/00; F28D1/04; (IPC1-7): F28F13/14 - european: F24D5/00;
F28D1/047F
Application number: US19910675440 19910326
Priority number(s): US19910675440 19910326
Abstract ~ A heater which is preferably rated at about 1,500 watts is described. This heater contains at least three separate heat exchangers; each of the heat exchangers contains heat exchanger tubes, and each of the heat exchangers contains a different fluid capacity. A blower passes cold air, in sequence, past the first heat exchanger, then past the second heat exchanger, and then past the third heat exchanger. At the same time, a pump forces a heated heat-exchange medium through the third heat exchanger, through the second heat exchanger, and then through the first heat exchanger.
"Antenna claimed to
amplify energy from mystery source"
(Unidentified source, early 1980s)
A Connecticut research company, Xtec Inc of New Britain, has announced the development of an invention that is claimed to have demonstrated the ability to amplify energy from conventional sources by using a specially-designed antenna to gather external power from the environment.
According to an independent consultant who has reviewed the Xtech research to date: " What has been witnessed appears to be an energy absorption effect with the capability of tapping energy from an as yet unidentified outside source to do the required work. Proper understanding and useful application of this device will require more precise and quantitative investigation and experimentation."
Xtec describes its "energy amplifier" as a relatively simple device which extracts energy from the environment and utilizes it to supplement or amplify the power from an independent power supply such as a battery. "It uses a specially-designed antenna to gather this external power, which has been successfully applied in laboratory tests to power a metal-cutting lathe and an industrial tricycle." A patent application has been filed with the US Patent Office, and additional patent coverage is in preparation for all major industrial nations on a worldwide basis.
Extec [sic] says that utilizing an antenna to draw in or amplify power is well known, and quotes US Patent # 2,813,242 [L.R. Crump: Powering Electrical Devices with Energy Abstracted from the Atmosphere] as demonstrating that energy can be extracted from the atmosphere through a properly designed antenna to provide useful power. Also that this patent shows that electromagnetic energy was captured in sufficient quantities to drive a transistor circuit.
In the Xtec device an antenna operates as an dependent power supply for the system. An input signal turns on the power amplifying antenna which draws on the potential between two points in the environment to complete a circuit through a form of inductive coupling. The result is amplified energy for the load to be driven. It has been postulated that the energy being tapped exists between the antenna and either low frequency ground currents, or an external pulsing magnetic field. This has yet to be proven, and Xtec has initiated a full-scale research program to investigate the phenomenon.
Xtec says that tests of this previously unknown principle were not intended to prove theories underlying the energy amplifier in a controlled, rigorously scientific manner, but that they do demonstrate a definite energy enhancement as well as the ability to recharge the batteries being used as the independent power supply to drive the energy amplifier.
The ongoing research program seeks to define this phenomenon further and to indicate direction for practical commercial development of the enhanced energy which the amplifier produces.
Xtec Incorporated is a privately held research firm currently engaged in several energy-saving projects. It is supported by Stampede Internal Resources, Ltd., a publicly-held company with extensive interests in natural gas exploration and in industrial energy-saving technology through its subsidiary Turbotech Products Inc.
X-Tech: 533 John Downey Drive, New Britain, CT 06051; 203-224-3148/203-224-2409
The Solid State K-capture Generator is a computer controlled system that utilizes the "K-Capture" principle to create electrical energy.
K-capture has been known to give off tremendous amounts of energy but no one had discovered away to control the energy. The K-capture Generator does this and may prove to be one of the greatest source of energy discovered.
Unshielded, it does emit x-ray particles.
The prototype models (for manufacturing) were expected to produce a constant electrical current of at least 50kw and was predicted to handle surges and heavier loads of over 200kw for one to two hours before it heated up to a temperature that would automatically shut the power off. If this were to occur, there would be no harm sustained by the unit, but would have to be restarted when the unit's temperature lowers to approximately 60 F.
Most American homes average 5 to 7 kw per day. However, a 100% electrically powered house could have peak usage of up to 35kw. With normal power usage, 50kw could handle from three to ten homes, depending on size and peak demand. Very few small commercial operations would ever require more than 50kw to supply their needs, if more power is required an additional unit or units could be added. Each one would operate as a standby unit and supply the required power without losing power as each one began its operation.
One unit measures approximately 2' x 2' x 6' but can also be made smaller by using a different configuration when fitting the component parts together.
On a standard basis, the unit normally supplies 5kw of AC power and 45kw of DC power. This can be altered by the use of external inverters, transformers, etc.
It is estimated that under normal conditions that the fuel used
will last over one million years. However, since it does use
other non-moving components, it is expected to have malfunctions
in such things as computer controls, diodes, capacitors, etc.
When this occurs replacement would be required and the unit
would have to be restarted.
Starting the unit requires 120 volts and 400 watts [@3.33 amps].
The power available is on an "as needed" basis and if all power
was shut-off, there would be no harm to the unit.
The theory herein described is used as a power source by creating a radionuclide by K-capture.
The process to reach this goal is initiated by producing a high
intensity ultra-violet burst to cause an irregular condition
where the K electrons in lithium isotope-6, creates a condition
where K-capture is possible.
The ultra-violet burst is produced with a nitrogen laser. It has
been known for some time that a high voltage discharge and high
current electric discharge in nitrogen gas will generate a pulse
of coherent radiation at 3,371 angstroms. The laser action
encounters an electron moving in the discharge, absorbing its
energy. The encounter leaves the molecule in an unstable state.
It usually falls to a state of lower energy by emitting a photon
at 3,371 angstroms.
The photon may encounter other excited molecules causing them
to emit their energy in lock step with the encountering photon.
The resulting pulse of radiation has twice the energy of each
photon. This is laser action.
The process continues as long as there are excited molecules
along the path. The process soon stops because when a large
number of molecules are excited, they wil1 begin to cascade at
random to lower states of energy.
The numbers of molecules at lower 1evels build up rapidly,
eventually exceeding those at upper levels and terminating the
amplification.
The laser quickly turns itself off even though there are excited molecules left behind. The turn off time is fast, usually less than ten-nanoseconds.
Inducing laser action in nitrogen is dependent on constructing
a mechanism that will instantaneously send a huge current of
electrons at high voltage laterally through a column of the gas
at a pressure of about 100 torr.
An appropriate switching mechanism that can handle tens of
thousands of amperes within nanoseconds turns out to be quite
simple both in principle and in construction.
No laser mirrors are needed, the optical gain of the rapid discharge is so large that the emission becomes super-radiant, that laser action takes place without an optical cavity.
Ultraviolet lasers can be scaled to higher powers. A discharge path one meter long will develop an output pu1se of almost one million watts. Output is emitted from both ends of the column of excited gas, but a mirror at one end will more than double the power at the other end.
K-Capture Technical Information ~
In some instances, where the ratio of neutrons to protons is low, a type of decay has been found to exist. Where a proton is converted to a neutron in the nucleus by the capture of one of the extranuclear (orbital) electrons, thus:
Proton
+ electron - neutron + neutrino
Mass
1
0
1
0
Charge
+1
-1
0
0
with a neutrino being formed at the same time. The product of this type of radioactivity would have the same number as its parent, but its atomic number would be one unit lower. The decay of the unstable Fe55 is by orbital electron capture, and can be represented by the equation
26Fe55 + -1e0 -- 25mn55
The electron 0 which is captured by the iron nucleus being indicated by -1e0 on the left-hand side.
The phenomenon described is referred to as a decay by electron capture. The electron is captured usually from the K level, or first quantum level, for such an electron is likely to be found near the nucleus; consequently, the expression K-electron capture, or K-capture is often employed. Instances of an electron being captured from the second quantum level, or L level, is not unknown although they are not common. The possibility of electron capture was predicted by the Japanese mathematical physicists H.Yukawa and S. Sakata in 1936. Proof of its reality was obtained in the United States by L. W. Alvarez in 1938.
The detection of K-capture is dependent on the fact that the removal of a K-electron leaves a hole in the K quantum level. An electron from a higher quanta level will move in to fill the position, with the excess energy being emitted as a characteristic X-ray. Since K-capture precedes the electrons' transition and the emission of X rays, the X-ray will be the characteristic of the product nucleus with an atomic number one unit less. A case of this is Vanadium-49. The decay was found to be accompanied by the characteristic X-rays of the K series of the element of titanium. It is evident that Vanadium-49 decays by K-capture.
When a Lithium-6 atom encounters an ultraviolet photon adding enough energy to cause a K-capture, its atomic number is changed and becomes a Helium-6 atom. Helium-6 is a radionuclide having a beta emission of 3.58 MeV. No other radiation is present except for a characteristic X-ray of Helium.
Beta particles are captured in a magnetic field and stored in a capacitor bank before using their energy to do work.
The number of reactions needed to produce a sizeable current flow is small.
In the terms of energy needs, the usefulness of this process is clear.
Excerpt from: "The Forgotten Art of Electric-Powered Automobiles" by Arthur Abrom
..But, back to our electric automobiles -- in 1931, under the financing of Pierce-Arrow and George Westinghouse, a 1931 Pierce-Arrow was selected to be tested at the factory grounds in Buffalo, NY. The standard internal combustion engine was removed and an 80-hp 1800 rpm electric motor installed to the clutch and transmission. The AC motor measured 40 inches long and 30 inches in diameter and the power leads were left standing in the air -- no external power source!
At the appointed time, Nikola Tesla arrived from New York City and inspected the Pierce-Arrow automobile. He then went to a local radio store and purchased a handful of tubes (12), wires and assorted resistors. A box measuring 24 inches long, 12 inches wide and 6 inches high was assembled housing the circuit. The box was placed on the front seat and had its wires connected to the air-cooled, brushless motor. Two rods 1/4" in diameter stuck out of the box about 3" in length.
Mr. Tesla got into the driver's seat, pushed the two rods in and stated, "We now have power". He put the car into gear and it moved forward! This vehicle, powered by an AC motor, was driven to speeds of 90 mph. and performed better than any internal combustion engine of its day! One week was spent testing the vehicle. Several newspapers in Buffalo reported this test. When asked where the power came from, Tesla replied, "From the ethers all around us". Several people suggested that Tesla was mad and somehow in league with sinister forces of the universe. He became incensed, removed his mysterious box from the vehicle and returned to his laboratory in New York City. His secret died with him!
It is speculated that Nikola Tesla was able to somehow harness the earth's magnetic field that encompasses our planet. And, he somehow was able to draw tremendous amounts of power by cutting these lines of force or causing them to be multiplied together. The exact nature of his device remains a mystery but it did actually function by powering the 80 hp AC motor in the Pierce Arrow at speeds up to 90 m.p.h. and no recharging was ever necessary!
~~~~~~~
"Information about an Invention by Dr. Nikola Tesla, which is said to have harnessed Cosmic Energy" (Unidentified document circulated in the early 1980s)
The following is a summary of an interview on 16 September 1967 of Peter Savo, a nephew of Dr. Nikola Tesla, by Derek Ahlers, an aeronautical engineer. An attempt was made to record Peter's answers to 36 questions prepared in advance. However, Peter talked very freely, in a somewhat rambling fashion, and repeatedly provided the answers before the questions were asked. In addition, since Mr Savo and Mr Ahlers have known each other for some 10 years, the subject had previously been discussed and some of this earlier information is included.
Peter Savo was born in Knim, Yugoslavia, just before the turn of the century. As Yugoslavia was then a part of Austria, he entered the Austrian army and learned to fly at the military flying school at Wiener Neustadt. After World War 1 he emigrated to Italy.
Dr Nikola Tesla was Peter's uncle on his mother's side. It was he who suggested that Peter come to the United States. He met Peter at the boat on arrival and seems to have taken a fatherly interest in him until his death…
Sometime in 1931, Dr Tesla took Peter to Buffalo, NY for the unveiling and final testing of a new kind of automobile. Dr. Tesla acted somewhat mysteriously about it, would tell Peter nothing in advance, and even after he had seen the car, answered some of his questions with "Don't as any questions".
The car turned out to be a standard Pierce Arrow, with the engine removed and certain other components installed instead. The standard Clutch, gear box and drive train remained installed.
Under the hood, there was a brushless electric motor, connected to the engine [?]. The engine was said to measure 40" long by 28" diameter. However, some of these figures may be estimates. Tesla would not divulge who made the motor.
Set into the dash was a "power receiver" consisting of a box measuring about 24" long by 10" wide by 6" high, containing 12 radio tubes. Three of these tubes were model 70-L-7. A vertical antenna consisting of a 6-foot rod, was installed and connected to the power receiver.
The receiver, in turn, was connected to the motor by two heavy, conspicuous cables. Two "spindles" (rods?) about 1/4" diameter by 3" long protruded form the receiver towards the driver. Tesla pushed these in before starting and said: "We now have power". These spindles were in line with the two power cables coming out of the back of the unit and presumable worked to separate power switches.
There was a 12-volt Willard battery installed in the car, but it was for the lights only and much too small to run the car. In any case, the motor was an AC motor.
Peter said that Dr Tesla had built the power receiver himself in his hotel room, and carried it to Buffalo. The motor was built for him by some unknown company. The motor was completely enclosed and when Peter first saw it, it was stopped. Later, after the engine was running, Dr Tesla asked Peter to look under the hood to check whether the fan was running. Peter asked what the fan was for and was told that "The engine is running pretty hot". Maximum engine speed was 1800 rpm. Power rating was 80 hp.
To start the car, Dr Tesla handed Peter an ignition-type key. Peter inserted it and a green light came on, on the dash. Dr Tesla thereupon said: "The engine is now in motion". The engine could not be heard from the driver's seat at all. When listening under the hood with the engine on, there was a slight hum. The standard accelerator pedal was used to control engine speed. Clutch, brake and gearshift were unchanged.
The instruments on the dash appeared to be standard ones. However, there was a voltmeter which was used to measure output of the receiver. Dr Tesla commented that the receiver had enough reserve power so that you could drive the car next to a house, connect the wiring, and light up the whole house. There was also some kind of hydraulic pressure gauge on the dash. Peter asked its purpose but Dr Tesla would not tell him.
Peter drove the car for about 50 miles at speeds up to 90 mph (the speedometer was calibrated to 120 mph). Power seemed at least as good as the normal Pierce Arrow engine. Acceleration in second gear seemed particularly good. Shifting gears seemed somewhat smoother than with a normal engine.
Dr Tesla seemed enthusiastic on the first test ride and said, "Peter, this day will make history!" When Peter questioned the source of the energy to drive the car, Dr Tesla said: "It is a mysterious radiation that comes out of the ether." He said that he did not know where it came from but that it seemed to be available in limitless quantitites and that mankind should be thankful for it as it would soon drive boats, cars, trains and planes. Dr Tesla and Peter spent 8 days in Buffalo, testing the car. Peter described on incident where they stopped the car at a traffic light and a bystander commented that he could see no smoke coming from the exhaust. Peter replied to him: "We don't have an engine". When they left Buffalo, Dr Tesla removed the "ignition" key and the radio tubes and took them with him. The car was left at a farmhouse some 20 miles from Buffalo, not far from Niagara Falls.
The car was kept under tight security and this was the reason for keeping it at such a remote spot. Peter heard a rumor that a secretary of Tesla's broke security and told General Electric about it and promptly got fired. Dr Tesla acted somewhat mysterious and would not answer many of Peter's questions. However, Peter considers this merely part of security measures and categorically ruled out any possibility of a hoax or practical joke.
Peter knows of no specific persons to whom the car was shown. However, about a month after the Buffalo trip e got a phone call form Dr Lee De Forest who asked him: "How did you like that car?" Peter expressed his enthusiasm and De Forest then called Tesla one of the greatest living scientists.
About 7 years ago Peter was approached by a Yugoslav diplomat then at the United Nations (Peter could not remember the name but has a record of it) who asked if he could find the engine and power receiver of that car. He dropped the name Rockefeller and said that they "could make millions" if they had this engine to copy. Peter made some attempts to comply, but without results. Peter is very anti-Tito and probably did not try very hard. The diplomat died about two years ago.
Asked whether he knew of any other applications of this type of power, Peter said that Tesla was negotiating with some big shipbuilding concern to build a boat with such an engine. However, when he asked questions about this, Dr Tesla got annoyed and Peter never found out who the company was.
When asked whatever happened to the car, Peter said that he had heard that it had been shipped to Yugoslavia. However, he has written to friends in Yugoslavia about this and they replied that nothing ever arrived.
Upon being asked whether there was any possibility that drawings of the car might be in existence somewhere, Peter said there was a man in some town in Pennsylvania who might just have such information.
Peter Savo is a lonely, bored old man, living in a cheap Manhattan hotel and supported by his two sons who are US Navy pilots in Viet Nam. His idleness and worries have induced a nervous condition with certain accompanying physical symptoms. I told Peter that he needed an aim and purpose in life and that reconstructing the facts of Dr Tesla's invention and giving them to eh world would be such a purpose, to say nothing of a probable financial reward. Peter thereupon said that he would phone the man in Pennsylvania and would phone others in Akron Ohio and in Chicago. He will also write to his relatives in Yugoslavia, who are surviving members of the Tesla family, to get all possible information.
Since Peter was very poorly off financially, I gave his $20 out of my own pocket for the phone calls and postage. Peter is quite intelligent but lacks a formal education and has quite a thick accent. It is possible that he may be unable to reach the people he has in mind. However, in that event, it is still possible that a search by an experienced investigator who visits the places mentioned above, might locate them. However, this would of course cost more money and the question would then arise as to who has sufficient interest in this information to pay the expenses…
Excerpts from Keelynet BBS Posts on this topic ~
Some fellow called up from Indiana or somewhere like that.. He says he has a fairly detailed article on the TESLA mystery power box as detailed in TESLAFE.ZIP... claims there were only three tubes and they were all BEAM RECTIFIER TYPES, hell he even gave us the tube numbers (70L7GT)...
Re: The beam rectifier tubes reportedly used in Tesla's box... rectification implies the reception of an AC signal, which might imply that Tesla had another "toy" nearby broadcasting power, albeit on a smaller scale than some of his earlier projects. We believe this to indicate a smaller Wardenclyffe but there is no evidence of this....
The following data is copied verbatim from the 1964 RCA Receiving Tube Manual. The 70L7GT is listed as a discontinued type so the wonderful descriptions of other tubes in the manual is unavailable for this type; however, a table of discontinued types at the back of the manual provided the following. The diagram is, of course, irreproducible in ASCII but it looks like a very ordinary keyed octal glass tube of its period, at 1-3/16" diameter, 2-7/8" high (above chassis). It does not possess a metal "tit" at the top. It appears that it's a dedicated-application tube for radio receivers (it both rectifies and amplifies, cutting down on tube count and saving manufacturing dollars), so I am immediately skeptical about any real significance to this type. There are related types, including the 117L7GT, but no direct substitution. Antique Electronic Supply in Tempe AZ apparently stocks this tube. The tube, used as indicated, appears very ordinary, however we can assume that Tesla did not exactly follow RCA recommended application tolerances (i.e. he hacked it).
70L7GT : RECTIFIER - BEAM POWER TUBE
Heater Voltage: 70 V
Heater Current: 150 mA
Use(s): Amplifier Unit as Class A Amplifier... Half Wave Rectifier
CHARACTERISTICS AS AMPLIFIER
Plate Supply :
110 V
Grid Bias Volts : -7.5 V
Screen Supply : 110 V
Screen Current : 3.0 mA
Plate Current : 40.0
mA
AC Plate Resistance : 15000 ohm
Transconductance : 7500 microomhs
Amplification Factor :
Load for Power Output: 2000
ohm
Power
Output : 1.8 W
CHARACTERISTICS AS RECTIFIER
Max. Peak Inverse Volts: 350 V
Max. DC Output mA : 70 mA
Max. Peak Plate mA : 420 mA
Minimum Total Effective
Plate Supply Impedance : 10 ohm
The following are the details as removed from the file TESLAFE1 :
The standard internal combustion engine was removed and an 80-HP 1800 rpm electric motor installed to the clutch and transmission. The AC motor measured 40 inches long and 30 inches in diameter and the power leads were left standing in the air --- no external power source!
He then went to a local radio store and purchased a handful of tubes (12), wires and assorted resistors. A box measuring 24 inches long, 12 inches wide and 6 inches high was assembled housing the circuit. The box was placed on the front seat and had its wires connected to the air-cooled, brushless motor. Two rods 1/4" in diameter stuck out of the box about 3" in length."
We will first of all note the use of an AC coil motor. This alone tells us that the Tesla device was superior and not so dependent on tuning as was Moray's machine which could only power RESISTIVE loads. All universal energy moves in WAVES and so is essentially for alternating current (AC). That is why Moray called his book "THE SEA OF ENERGY IN WHICH THE EARTH FLOATS". The entire universe is continually bathed in these AC energies and they cover the entire frequency spectrum.
What intrigues the hell out of me was how Tesla could use "off-the-shelf" vacuum tubes and other components, put them together in the correct configuration and make it work.
Another point we should note is the list of components :
1) 12 Vacuum Tubes
2) Wires
3) Assorted Resistors
4) 1/4" diameter rods 3" in length
NOTE, NO CAPACITORS! The wires could have been simply for
connection or wound as coils. The 1/4" rods were either BUS BARS
for power output taps OR more likely ANTENNAS! Resonant circuits
can be constructed using several techniques. You can achieve the
same effect from :
1) Resistors AND capacitors
2) Capacitors AND coils
3) Coils AND resistors
So, in the case of the Tesla Power Box, he either wound his own coils or simply used the wire to connect the resistors with the vacuum tubes. I am of the opinion that he used the wire ONLY for connection and DID NOT USE COILS! I also think he used a DIODE somewhere in the circuit in order to tap ONLY one polarity.
We have no specifications for the AC motor that Tesla used in the auto, so we have no idea if it was single or polyphase. In the case of a single phase motor, it only requires a single winding which projects a magnetic field that rotates according to the increase or decrease of the alternating current.
A polyphase (poly = two or more) motor uses multiple windings which are fed by phased input currents that alternate in such a manner as to reinforce each other. In the case of a 3 phase motor, the currents are phased 120 degrees apart. This gives much greater torque to the motor but requires 3 times the current because it uses 3 times the input energy.
Since the box powered an AC (coil) motor, it is probable it was TUNED to one or more frequencies, most likely polyphased frequencies. So, if the 3" long rods were in fact ANTENNAS, we can calculate their frequency by using the following :
(I cannot express Lambda here so we will use w for wavelength)
w = wavelength
v = velocity of propagation
f = signal frequency
A short example: w = v / f = wavelength in feet
w = 984,000,000/1,500,000 = 656 feet
f = 984,000,000/656 = 1,500,000 or 1.5 MHZ
3 inches x 4 = 1 foot
984,000,000/1 = 984,000,000
984,000,000/4 = 246,000,000 or 246 MHZ
This would indicate the 3" rods (if they were truly 3" in length and functioning as antennas) would resonate at 246 MHZ.
Because of the parts list description, I am of the opinion that it was a DUAL circuit. That is, 6 vacuum tubes and one 1/4" diameter 3" rod along with assorted resistors were to pick up and "pump" ONLY the positive going signals, while the other 6 vacuum tubes, rod and resistors did the same for the negative going signals. Such a scheme could either use PARALLEL or SERIAL connections of the vacuum tubes. Since current conduction is proportional to surface area, one would think that a parallel arrangement of the vacuum tubes with all INPUTS connected to one antenna source and all OUTPUTS connected to a common terminal attached to the load, would provide for the MAXIMUM current flow from incoming energy waves.
The nature of these "energy waves" is the question here. Are they cosmic rays, electrostatic, Schumann peaks, magnetic force, something "other" or Aether flow into the neutral centers of mass as per Keely.
Vacuum tube construction takes several forms. Of these, the simplest is two plates separated by a grid wire. When the bottom plate is heated, thermally induced ions (thermionic emissions) are emitted by the bottom plate. The grid can be biased by the application of voltage to increase, decrease or halt the flow of these ions to the upper plate.
Other forms include more plates with more grids to allow better control of the ion flow. By proper biasing, vacuum tubes can be operated as switches, modulators or amplifiers among other uses.
Vacuum tubes operate primarily with high voltages that control the ion flows. Modern transistors are equivalent to vacuum tubes except that they operate using CURRENT instead of voltage. Transistors equate to Vacuum tubes by the following comparisons :
Vacuum Tube ~ Transistor ~ Polarity
Voltage ~ Current
Lower plate ~ Emitter ~ negative-cathode
Grid ~ Base ~ neutral
Upper plate ~ Collector ~ Positive-anode
In the case of the Tesla Power Box, the vacuum tube appears to function as a "pump", collecting incoming current in the form of ion intensification. Once this "compressed" ion field reaches a certain density, the pump allows it to be released into the next stage of the circuit, be it the actual load or another vacuum tube.
So if the circuit is 6 vacuum tubes in parallel, all fed from a common antenna, outputting to a common load terminal, then the common antenna input would feed all vacuum tubes with the same wave. This would give the greatest CURRENT accumulation because of the EXPANDED SURFACE AREA of the paralleled tubes.
Note, these vacuum tubes most likely operate in the "cold cathode" mode since the heaters of the vacuum tubes were not fed by any outside voltage to provide the heat for the more orthodox therionic emission.
If the vacuum tubes are hooked in series, then one "pump" would feed another "pump" to get successively higher densities of electrons. This would give higher VOLTAGES because of increased PRESSURE.
Keep in mind that electricity is much like air or water. We can think of voltage as pounds per square inch (PSI) and current as cubic feet per minute (CFM). That is PSI is pressure, CFM is flow. Another analog is comparing a river to electricity. In such a comparison, the speed of the river is the VOLTAGE or pressure while the width of the river is the CURRENT or rate of flow. Such a comparison shows WHY current requires THE GREATEST SURFACE AREA for the maximum flow. Fuses function on just this principle, when the current flows over the surface of the fuse, it creates heat. If too much current flows, it creates too much heat causing the fuse to melt and separate. The more surface area the fuse, the greater the amount of current can flow, another reason to not place a penny in a fuse socket.
So we have two antennas (1/4" diameter, 3" long rods), two sets of 6 vacuum tubes connected together by wire and assorted resistors. As the waves of energy are collected by the 3" rods, positive on one, negative on another, the energy builds up in the form of increased ions in each of the paralleled vacuum tubes. As in Moray's generator, the circuit will feed whatever load is attached as long as it does not EXCEED the current carrying capacity of the circuit components. What we have is an energy pumping system.
Excerpt: Secrets of Cold War Technology --- Project HAARP and Beyond, by Gerry Vassilatos (ISBN 0-945685-20-3); "Tesla's Electric Car" (page 91)
Tesla had already considered the condition of charged particles, each representing a tightly constricted whorl of aether. The force necessarily exerted at close distances by such aetheric constrictions was incalculably large. Aetheric ponderance maintained particulate stability.
Crystalline lattices were therefore places within which one could expect to find unexpected voltages. Indeed, the high voltages inherent in certain metallic lattices, intra-atomic field energies, are enormous. The close Coulomb gradient between atomic centers are electrostatic potentials reaching humanly unattainable levels.
By comparison, the voltages which Tesla once succeeded in releasing were quite insignificant. In these balanced lattices, Tesla sought the voltages needed to initiate directed aetheric streams in matter.
Once such a flow began, one could simply tap the stream for power.
In certain materials, these ether streams might automatically produce the contaminating electrons, a source of energy for existing appliances. One could theoretically then "tailor" the materials needed to produce unexpected aetheric power with or without the attendant detrimental particles.
Tesla did mention the latent aetheric power of charged forces, the explosive potentials of bound Ether, and the aetheric power inherent in matter.
By these studies, Tesla sought replacement for the 100,000,000 volt initiating pulses which natural law required for the implementation of space Ether. Tesla had long been forced to abandon those gigantic means by other, less natural laws.
Thereafter, Tesla shifted his attentions from the appreciation of the gigantic to an appreciation of the miniature. He sought a means for proliferating an immense number of small and compact aether power receivers.
With one such device, Tesla succeeded in obtaining power to drive am electric car. But for the exceptional account which follows, we would have little information on this last period in Tesla's productive life, one which very apparently did not cease its prolific streams of creativity to his last breath.
The information comes through an unlikely source, one rarely mentioned by Tesla biographers. It chanced that an aeronautical engineer, Derek Ahlers, met with one of Tesla's nephews then living in New York. Theirs was an acquaintance lasting some 10 years, consisting largely of anecdotal commentaries on Dr. Tesla. Mr. Savo provided an enormous fund of knowledge concerning many episodes in Tesla's last years.
Himself an Austrian military man and a trained aviator, Mr. Savo was extremely open about certain long-cherished incidents in which his uncle's genius was consistency made manifest. Mr. Savo reported that in 1931, he participated in an experiment involving aetheric power. Unexpectedly, almost inappropriately, he was asked to accompany his uncle on a long train ride to Buffalo.
A few times in this journey, Mr. Savo asked the nature of their journey. Dr. Tesla remained unwilling to disclose any information, speaking rather directly to this issue. Taken into a small garage, Dr. Tesla walked directly to a Pierce Arrow, opened the hood and began making a few adjustments. In place of the engine, there was an AC motor.
This measured a little more than 3 feet long, and a little more than 2 feet in diameter. From it trailed two very thick cables which connected with the dashboard. In addition, there was an ordinary 12 volt storage battery. The motor was rated at 80 horsepower.
Maximum rotor speed was stated to be 30 turns per second. A 6 foot antenna rod was fitted into the rear section of the car.
Dr. Tesla stepped into the passenger side and began making adjustments on a "power receiver" which had been built directly into the dashboard.
The receiver, no larger than a short-wave radio of the day, used 12 special tubes which Dr. Tesla brought with him in a boxlike case.
The device had been prefitted into the dashboard, no larger than a short-wave receiver. Mr. Savo told Mr. Ahler that Dr. Tesla built the receiver in his hotel room, a device 2 feet in length, nearly 1 foot wide, a 1/2 foot high.
These curiously constructed tubes having been properly installed in their sockets, Dr. Tesla pushed in 2 contact rods and informed Peter that power was now available to drive.
Several additional meters read values which Dr. Tesla would not explain. Not sound was heard. Dr. Tesla handed Mr. Savo the ignition key and told him to start the engine, which he promptly did. Yet hearing nothing, the accelerator was applied, and the car instantly moved. Tesla's nephew drove this vehicle without other fuel for an undetermined long interval.
Mr. Savo drove a distance of 50 miles through the city and out to the surrounding countryside. The car was tested to speeds of 90 mph, with the speedometer rated to 120.
After a time, and with increasing distance from the city itself, Dr. Tesla felt free enough to speak. Having now become sufficiently impressed with the performance of both his device and the automobile.
Dr. Tesla informed his nephew that the device could not only supply the needs of the car forever, but could also supply the needs of a household - with power to spare. When originally asked how the device worked, Tesla was initially adamant and refused to speak.
Many who have read this "apocryphal account" have stated it to be the result of an "energy broadcast". This misinterpretation has simply caused further confusions concerning this stage of Tesla's work. He had very obviously succeeded in performing, with this small and compact device, what he had learned in Colorado and Shoreham.
As soon as they were on the country roads, clear of the more congested areas, Tesla began to lecture on the subject. Of the motive source he referred to "a mysterious radiation which comes out of the aether". The small device very obviously and effectively appropriated this energy.
Tesla also spoke very glowingly of this providence, saying of the energy itself that "it is available in limitless quantities".
Dr. Tesla stated that although "he did not know where it came from, mankind should be very grateful for its presence".
The two remained in Buffalo for 8 days, rigorously testing the car in the city and countryside. Dr. Tesla also told Mr. Savo that the device would soon be used to drive boats, planes, trains, and other automobiles. Once, just before leaving the city limits, they stopped at a streetlight and a bystander joyfully commented concerning their lack of exhaust fumes.
Mr. Savo spoke up whimsically, saying that they had "no engine". They left Buffalo and traveled to a predetermined location which Dr. Tesla knew, an old farmhouse barn some 20 miles from Buffalo. Dr. Tesla and Mr. Savo left the car in this barn, took the 12 tubes and the ignition key, and departed.
Later on, Mr. Savo heard a rumor that a secretary had spoken candidly about both the receiver and the test run, being promptly fired for the security breach. About a month after the incident, Mr. Savo received a call from a man who identified himself as Lee De Forest, who asked how he enjoyed the car.
Mr. Savo expressed his joy over the mysterious affair, and Mr. de Forest declared Tesla the greatest living scientist in the world. Later, Mr. Savo asked his uncle whether or not the power receiver was being used in other applications.
He was informed that Dr. Tesla had been negotiating with a major shipbuilding company to build a boat with a similarly outfitted engine. Asked additional questions, Dr. Tesla became annoyed. Highly concerned and personally strained over the security of this design, it seems obvious that Tesla was performing these tests in a desperate degree of secrecy for good reasons.
Tesla had already been the victim of several manipulations, deadly actions entirely sourced in a single financial house. For this reason, secrecy and care had become his only recent excess.