The Monothermal is a multi-layer laminate that
generates electrical current in the presence of ambient heat.
ABSTRACT -- SCIENTIFIC
The Monothermal produces electrical current without utilizing
existing methods that require heat differential (any method that
converts temperature differences into electrical energy -- Seebeck
Effect, Thomson Effect, etc.) and without requiring a chemical
reaction (i.e. a redox reaction in batteries).
The invention can be said to be similar to photoelectric cells
(solar panels) that motivate electrons by exploiting photons
(light), except that the Monothermal motivates electrons via
infrared radiation -- and any molecular activity that produces
heat -- without a non-differential heated environment.
PLAIN ENGLISH
The Monothermal laminate creates electrical energy from ambient
heat. Since everything emits some heat and there is really no such
thing as "cold", the Monothermal . . . creates energy simply while
existing in its environment.
"The Monothermal doesn't utilize a redox reaction (batteries) to
create energy, and it's not dependent on the restrictions inherent
in the thermoelectric effect." Todd Guenther, one of the
principals behind the current effort to market and proselytize the
invention says "It's an incredibly simple construct. When you take
a look at the other methods that have been developed to harness
waste heat and convert that heat to energy, most of them are
eccentric in their methodology."
The inventor says an early prototype produced in 1995 worked
uninterrupted for more than a decade, powering LCD clocks and a
tabletop fan in a room-temperature environment.
A review of the patent reveals a very simple device. "An inner and
outer laminate contain a combination of two binder agents," says
Guenther. "That's really all there is to it. It's a simple
invention from top to bottom - the constituent elements, the
process of combining them, and the flexibility that's achieved in
applying them to nearly any form factor".
The inventor imagines Monothermal being used for everything from
computer cases, television sets, and iPods, to refrigerators,
automobile engine compartments, and rooftop applications. "Even
submersion in thermal wells to provide energy to industry, or
installing the Monothermal in place of - or in concert with -
solar panels," said Guenther. "There's no end to the potential of
finally capturing and utilizing the waste heat generated by so
many of our current devices, appliances, and machines. It's nearly
all wasted energy. We need to recapture it and put it to use, now
more than ever."
Monothermal Laminate Graphic
Simple, efficient, inexpensive. This graphic illustrates the basic
construction of the Monothermal laminate. Polyvinyl acetate
(functioning as a polymeric binder) is the only other component
required to construct the Monothermal.
Monothermal Prototype Photo
Early Monothermal working prototype, production
date 17 August 1995. Test units worked uninterrupted for more than
a decade, powering LCD clocks and a tabletop fan in a
room-temperature environment.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-X_p3yIG7k
Ambient heat to electric power
Using nanotech Lovell monothermal ambient heat is made into
electric power that drives magnets to move a pendulum motor. 24 7
free energy
http://free-energy.ws/walter-lovell/
Walter Lovell Monothermal Device
...Certainly, one of Walter’s most important inventions was his
discovery of the “Monothermal” junction, which simply produced
electricity when warm. Unlike all other thermodynamic systems that
require some heat to move from a warm side to a cool side, like in
the “Seebeck Effect,” the Lovell Monothermal device does NOT need
a “cool side” to operate. All you have to do is warm it up, and
electricity comes out! The prototype shown here operated a
table-top fan continuously for over 10 years in a constant “room
temperature” environment.
The Lovell Monothermal device is the ultimate, solid-state,
ambient energy converter. A block of these units, filling a volume
of less than 4 cubic feet, and sitting at 80°F (27°C), could power
your home without maintenance for 20 years. These devices are much
easier to manufacture than “solar cells” and will be less
expensive, when mass-produced. They also have the added advantage
of producing electricity both day and night!...
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/024600675/publication/CA2251612A1?q=ta%20all%20%22ambient%20heat%22%20AND%20in%20any%20%22Lovell%22&queryLang=en
CA225261 / US5945630A / US5989721A [ PDF ]
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR GENERATING ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Abstract
A device for generating electrical current in the presence of
ambient heat includes an intermediate layer (1) having a
predetermined electronegativity value interposed between a first
outer layer (2) and a second outer layer (3), in which the first
outer layer (2) has an electronegative value less than the
intermediate layer (1), and the second outer layer (3) has an
electronegative value less than the first outer layer (2). The
intermediate layer (1) includes a first binder combination and a
second binder combination. The first binder combination contains a
polymeric binder and a first electronegative material. The second
binder combination contains a polymeric binder and a second
electronegative material. The first and second binder combinations
have a predetermined electronegative value that is greater than
said first and second outer layers. A method of making and a
method of activating the device for the generation of electricity
are also disclosed.
The present invention relates to devices that generate
electrical current and, in particular, to a composite structure
and method of making and utilizing the composite structure to
convert ambient heat to electrical current.
Over the years, many attempts have been made to harness energy
from our environment in order to generate electricity. As a
result, numerous electrochemical and thermoelectrical devices have
been developed to convert solar energy to electricity. For
example, attempts to convert solar energy to electricity have
spawned some major technologies such as photovoltaic conversion
devices. The heat content of solar radiation emitting
electromagnetic radiation and particles is used to provide heat
for generating electricity.
One attempt to achieve the conversion of solar energy to
electricity is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,909 issued to Ishikawa
et al. which is directed to a photovoltaic device having a
semiconductor layer, front and back electrodes, and a surface
protection layer. The photovoltaic device of Ishikawa et al.
converts electromagnetic radiation directly into electricity.
Photovoltaic devices, however, require the use of semiconducting
materials to absorb electromagnetic radiation. Semiconductor
materials require a degree of care and technical expertise to
produce and can be expensive.
Another method of generating electricity is through the use of an
electrochemical system, such as the electrode process which is the
principle process in electrochemical batteries. Important aspects
of the electrode process include oxidation and reduction occurring
as a result of electron transfer in coupled chemical reactions.
Coupled reactions are initiated by production or depletion of the
primary products which are reactants at the electrode surface. The
chemical reaction utilized to produce electrical energy requires
supplying electrons to an electrode forming a negative terminal
and removing the electrons from the positive terminal. In a lead
storage battery, for example, electrons are supplied to a negative
terminal by the oxidation of metallic lead. At the positive
terminal, lead is reduced. The electrons flowing in an external
circuit from the negative to the positive terminal constitute the
desired electric current. However, electrochemical systems utilize
a redox reaction which ultimately deteriorates the source of
chemical components in the systems.
Examples of efforts to generate electricity through the use of an
electrochemical system such as electrode processes in batteries
have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,837,920, 4,188,464,
4,892,797, 5,279,910, and 5,419,977. More specifically, U.S. Pat.
No. 3,837,920 to Liang et al. is directed to a battery containing
a solid electrolyte, an alkali metal anode, and a heavy metal
cathode. The battery of the Liang et al. '920 references utilizes
a redox reaction.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,464 to Adams et al. is directed to a composite
electrode in bipolar electrolytic cells. The electrode includes an
intermediate graphite layer interposed between two polymeric
layers. Each side of the polymeric layers is in contact with an
anode layer and a cathode layer. The electrode, however, functions
as a battery and involves electrolysis.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,797 to Ran et al. involves a bipolar electrode
for electrochemical cells and process for manufacturing the same.
The bipolar electrode contains an electrically conductive
intermediate layer interposed between an electronegative layer and
an electropositive layer. The intermediate layer is a plastic
substrate which includes electrically conductive particles. The
electronegative layer can be silver coated nickel particles or
aluminum. The electropositive layer can be a metal such as silver,
copper, nickel, and lead. The bipolar electrode of the Ran et al.
'797 reference, however, functions in electrochemical cells
requiring a redox reaction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,910 to Cysteic et
al. is directed to an improved battery for reversible operation at
ambient temperature. The battery includes a negative electrode, a
composite positive electrode, an electrochemically active
material, an electrolyte, and optionally an electron conductive
material. The Cysteic et al. '977 battery requires a redox
reaction.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,977 to Weiss et al. is directed to an
electrochemical device for production of electrical energy. The
electrochemical device involves operatively combined capacitors
which can increase capacitance density and energy storage
capability. The electrochemical device of the Weiss et al. '977
reference requires a redox reaction.
Another method for direct conversion of heat into electrical
energy is via thermoelectrical devices based on the Seebeck
effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect. The Seebeck effect
concerns electromotive force (EMF) generated in a circuit composed
of two different conductors whose junctions are maintained at two
different temperatures (e.g., hot and cold junctions).
Peltier effect generates temperature differences from electrical
energy. Peltier effect refers to the reversible heat generated at
the junction between two different conductors when current passes
through the junction. One of the conductors is connected to a cold
junction and the other conductor is connected to a hot junction.
Thomson effect involves the reversible generation of heat in a
single current-carrying conductor along which a temperature
gradient is maintained. Thomson heat is proportional to the
product of the current and the temperature gradient. Thomson heat
is referred to as reversible in the sense that the conductor
changes from a generator of Thomson heat to an absorber of Thomson
heat when the direction of either the current of the temperature
gradient is reversed.
Some examples of thermoelectrical devices are thermocouples (e.g.,
P-type thermoelectric conversion materials) and thermoelectric
materials consisting of an oxide with perovskite structure.
Thermoelectrical devices, however, are known to have disadvantages
of relatively low efficiencies and high cost per unit of output.
Examples of efforts to generate electricity via thermoelectrical
devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,969,956 and 5,057,161.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,956 to Kreider et al. is directed to a
transparent thin film thermocouple of Kreider et al. includes a
positive element of indium tin oxide and a negative element of
indium oxide formed on a surface by reactive sputtering with the
elements being electrically joined to form a hot junction for
conversion of heat into electricity. The reactive sputtering is
accomplished with a magnetron source in an argon and oxygen
atmosphere.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,161 to Komabayashi et al. is directed to a
p-type iron silicide thermoelectric conversion material. The
thermoelectric conversion material patent involves Seebeck effect
which requires two different temperatures.
Each of the technologies set forth above require conditions which,
to a certain extent, constrain their use for a simple
current-producing device which operates as a mere function of
ambient temperature. It is therefore an object of the present
invention to provide a composite structure and a method for
generating electrical current which overcomes the disadvantages
generally associated with the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a device for generating electrical
current in the presence of ambient heat. The preferred structure
of the device is a multilayer laminate, and the invention also
includes methods of making and activating the device.
The laminate in accordance with the present invention includes an
intermediate layer having a predetermined electronegativity value
interposed between a first outer layer and a second outer layer,
in which the first outer layer has an electronegative value less
than the intermediate layer, and the second outer layer has an
electronegative value less than the first outer layer. Preferably,
the intermediate layer is formed from a first and second binder
combinations having an electronegative value from about 2.0 to
about 4.0. Preferably, the first outer layer has an
electronegative value from about 1.7 to about 1.9. Preferably, the
second outer layer has an electronegative value from about 0.7 to
about 1.6.
As described above, the intermediate layer preferably is formed
from a first binder combination and a second binder combination.
The first binder combination contains a polymeric binder and a
first electronegative material. The second binder combination
contains a polymeric binder and a second electronegative material.
Preferably, the first and second binder combinations of the
intermediate layer have a predetermined electronegative value that
is greater than either the first or the second outer layer. The
choice of the first and second electronegative materials result in
a layer having an average electronegativity value greater than the
first and second outer layers.
The polymeric binder is preferably polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl
chloride, or polyvinylidene fluoride. More preferably, the
polymeric binder is polyvinyl acetate.
The first electronegative material of the intermediate layer is
preferable As, B, Po, H, P, Te, At, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ag,
Au, Se, C, I, S, Br, Cl, N, O, F, or a mixture thereof. More
preferably, the first electronegative material is phosphorous (P),
and most preferably in the form of phosphorous red.
The second electronegative material of the intermediate layer is
preferable Cr, As, B, Po, H, P, Te, At, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru,
Ag, Au, Se, C, I, S, Br, Cl, N, O, F, or a mixture thereof. More
preferably, the second electronegative material is chromium (Cr),
and most preferably in the form of an oxide, e.g., Cr2 O3.
The first outer layer is preferably Cd, In, W, Co, Fe, Ge, Mo, Ni,
Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, Bi, Cu, Hg, Re, Sb, or a mixture thereof. More
preferably, the first outer layer is Cu.
The second outer layer is preferable Cs, Fr, K, Ru, Ba, Na, Ra,
Ca, Li, Sr, Ac, La, Mg, Y, Hf, Sc, Zr, Al, Be, Mn, Ta, Tc, Ti, Cr,
Ga, Nb, V, Zn, or a mixture thereof. More preferably, the second
outer layer is aluminum or aluminum magnesium.
The difference in the electronegativity between the intermediate
layer and the first outer layer is from about 0.1 to about 3.3,
preferably, from about 0.9 to about 1.16, and more preferably,
1.16.
The difference in the electronegativity between the first outer
layer and the second outer layer is from about 0.1 to about 1.2,
preferably, from about 0.3 to about 0.7, and more preferably, 0.7.
As a result of the present invention, a device, a method of making
the device, and a method for generating electrical current in the
presence of only ambient heat can be made. The device of the
present invention can be simply and efficiently manufactured. The
present invention does not require redox reaction of conventional
batteries which result in deterioration of the source chemical
components and corrosion of metal components.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with
other and further objects, reference is made to the following
description taken in conjunction with the examples, the scope of
which is set forth in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an annotated Periodic Table;
FIG. 2 contains a list of electronegative values of elements from
the Periodic Table; and
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the laminate of the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a device for generating electrical
current in the presence of ambient heat. The device is preferably
a multilayer structure which includes the use of an intermediate
layer interposed between a first outer layer and a second outer
layer. The present invention also includes methods of making and
utilizing the device for generating electrical current in the
presence of ambient heat.
The laminate in accordance with the present invention includes an
intermediate layer having a predetermined electronegativity value
interposed between a first outer layer and a second outer layer.
The first outer layer has an electronegative value less than the
intermediate layer, and in turn the second outer layer has an
electronegative value less than the first outer layer.
Electronegativity is a relative measure of the ability of an atom
in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. A scale of
electronegativity values has been established by assigning a value
to one element and then comparing other values of
electronegativity to the assigned value.
The most widely used scale of electronegativity values was
developed by Linus Pauling. (Leo J. Malone, Basic Concepts of
Chemistry, 156-160 (2d ed. 1985). According to Linus Pauling,
electronegativity is a periodic property that increases as one
moves to the top and right of the Periodic Table. See FIG. 1.
On Pauling's scale, a value of 4.0 has been assigned to the
highest electronegative element, i.e., fluorine. Other
electronegativity values are then established relative to the
value assigned to fluorine. See FIG. 2.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate that the values of electronegativity of
the representative elements tend to increase from left to right
and from bottom to top of the Periodic Table. More specifically,
electronegativity values tend to be low for the metallic elements
in the lower left portion of the Periodic Table and are high for
the nonmetals in the upper right portion of the Periodic Table. An
exception to this trend is found in noble gases, which have
electronegativity values approaching zero. Elements with low
values of electronegativity have little attraction for electrons.
They give up electrons easily.
The laminate in accordance with the present invention includes an
intermediate layer having a predetermined electronegativity value
interposed between a first outer layer and a second outer layer,
in which the first outer layer has an electronegative value less
than the intermediate layer, and the second outer layer has an
electronegative value less than the first outer layer. Preferably,
the intermediate layer comprises a first and second combinations
having an electronegative value from about 2.0 to about 4.0.
Preferably, the first outer layer has an electronegative value
from about 1.7 to about 1.9. Preferably, the second outer layer
has an electronegative value from about 0.7 to about 1.6.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
intermediate layer is formed from a first binder combination and a
second binder combination. The first binder combination includes a
polymeric binder and a first electronegative material. The second
binder combination includes a polymeric binder and a second
electronegative material. The first and second binder of the
intermediate layer combinations have a predetermined
electronegative value that is greater than either the first or the
second outer layer. The choice of the first and second
electronegative materials result in an layer having an average
electronegativity value greater than the first and second outer
layers.
The polymeric binder is preferably polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl
chloride, or polyvinylidene fluoride. More preferably, the
polymeric binder is polyvinyl acetate.
The first electronegative material of the intermediate layer is
preferably As, B, Po, H, P, Te, At, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ag,
Au, Se, C, I, S, Br, Cl, N, O, F, or a mixture thereof. More
preferably, the first electronegative material is phosphorous (P),
and most preferably in the form of phosphorous red.
The second electronegative material of the intermediate layer is
preferably Cr, As, B, Po, H, P, Te, At, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru,
Ag, Au, Se, C, I, S, Br, Cl, N, O, F, or a mixture thereof. More
preferably, the second electronegative material is chromium (Cr),
and most preferably in the form of an oxide, e.g., Cr2 O3.
In the present invention, the first and second electronegative
materials are also heat sensitive materials. A heat sensitive
material is a material which responds to a temperature above 32
DEG F. by inducing electrons in a molecule to move. Preferably,
the heat sensitive material responds to a temperature of 32 DEG F.
to 350 DEG F.
The ratio of the polymeric binder to the first electronegative
material of the first binder combination is from about 4:1 to 1:1,
and preferably about 2:1.
The ratio of the polymeric binder to the second electronegative
material of the second binder combination is from about 4:1 to
1:1, and preferably about 2:1.
The first outer layer is preferably Cd, In, W, Co, Fe, Ge, Mo, Ni,
Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, Bi, Cu, Hg, Re, Sb, or a mixture thereof. More
preferably, the first outer layer is Cu.
The second outer layer is preferably Cs, Fr, K, Ru, Ba, Na, Ra,
Ca, Li, Sr, Ac, La, Mg, Y, Hf, Sc, Zr, Al, Be, Mn, Ta, Tc, Ti, Cr,
Ga, Nb, V, Zn, or a mixture thereof. More preferably, the second
outer layer is aluminum or aluminum magnesium.
In the present invention, the greater the differential value of
the electronegativity of the intermediate, first outer, and second
outer layers in the laminate, the greater the electrical current
output.
The difference in the electronegativity between the intermediate
layer and the first outer layer is from about 0.1 to about 3.3,
preferably, from about 0.9 to about 1.16, and more preferably,
1.16.
The difference in the electronegativity between the first outer
layer and the second outer layer is from about 0.4 to about 1.2,
preferably, from about 0.3 to about 0.7, and more preferably, 0.7.
The laminate according to the present invention consists of a
three-layer structure wherein the intermediate layer is laminated
between the first outer layer and the second outer layer.
Preferably, the structure is prepared by (a) applying a first
binder combination which contains a first electronegative material
having a predetermined electronegativity value to a first outer
layer, (b) applying a second binder combination which contains a
second electronegative material having a predetermined
electronegativity value to a second outer layer, and (c)
compressing the first and second outer layers to form an
intermediate layer from the first and second binder combinations.
The first outer layer has an electronegativity value less than the
first electronegative material of said first binder combination.
The second outer layer has an electronegativity value less than
the second electronegative material of the second binder
combination. The second outer layer also has an electronegativity
value less than the first electronegative material of the first
outer layer. The intermediate layer has an electronegativity value
greater than the first and second outer layers.
The method of the present invention also includes a method for
generating electrical current by exposing a laminate set forth
above to heat, e.g., a temperature of at least about 32 DEG F. to
250 DEG F. Unexpectedly, ambient heat is generally sufficient to
generate electrical current.
In the presence of heat, the electrons in the laminate of the
present invention flow in a circuit from high electronegativity to
low electronegativity. It is believed this flow creates a void in
the charge balance and therefore attracts the electrons to
continuously flow in response to the ambient temperature. The flow
of electrons increases in proportion with the increase of heat.
FIG. 3 illustrates the three layers of the laminate of the present
invention and the flow of electrons in the laminate of the
invention.
In the three layer embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, the laminate of
the present invention is prepared by (a) applying a first binder
combination of the intermediate layer 1 to the first outer layer
2, (b) applying a second binder combination of the intermediate
layer 4 to the second outer layer 3, and (c) pressing the first
and second outer layers 2 and 3 together to form the intermediate
layer.
Examples have been set forth below for the purpose of illustration
and to describe the best mode of the invention at the present
time. The scope of the invention is not to be in any way limited
by the Examples set forth herein.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy
of the present invention by comparing the invention to a control
sample in which the electronegativity values of the layers in the
laminate are the same.
EXAMPLE 1
Control Sample
A three-layer laminate was prepared. A first outer layer of a 1.5
square inch copper foil was coated with polyvinyl
acetate/phosphorus red in a 2:1 ratio. Another outer layer of a
1.5 square inch copper foil was coated with chromic
oxide/polyvinyl acetate in a 1:2 ratio. The coated sides of the
copper foils were pressed together to form an intermediate layer.
The difference in the electronegativity between the intermediate
layer and the copper layers was 0.52. The electronegativity of
each of the two outer layers were the same.
The resulting three-layer laminate was placed under room
temperature (70 DEG F.), 100 DEG F., and 212 DEG F. Voltage and
amperage of the laminate were measured and the results are
illustrated in Table 1.
The following examples are presented to demonstrate that
electrical current is produced by the laminate of the present
invention.
EXAMPLE 2
Laminate of the Present Invention
A three-layer laminate was prepared in the following manner. A
first outer layer of a 1.5 square inch cooper foil was coated with
polyvinyl acetate/phosphorus red in a 2:1 ratio. Another outer
layer of a 1.5 square inch aluminum was coated with chromic
oxide/polyvinyl acetate in a 1:2 ratio. The coated side of the
copper foil was pressed together against the coated side of the
aluminum foil to form an intermediate layer.
The difference in the electronegativity between the intermediate
layer and the aluminum layer was 0.32. The difference in the
electronegativity of the copper outer layer and the aluminum layer
was 0.40. The difference in the electronegativity between the
intermediate layer and the copper layer was 0.52.
The resulting three-layer laminate was placed under room
temperature (70 DEG F.), 100 DEG F., and 212 DEG F. Voltage and
amperage of the laminate were measured and the results are
illustrated in Table 1.
EXAMPLE 3
Laminate of the Present Invention
A three-layer laminate was prepared. A first outer layer of a 1.5
square inch copper foil was coated with polyvinyl
acetate/phosphorus red in a 2:1 ratio. Another outer layer of a
1.5 square inch aluminum magnesium was coated with chromic
oxide/polyvinyl acetate in a 1:2 ratio. The coated side of the
copper foil was pressed together against the coated side of the
aluminum magnesium foil to form an intermediate layer.
The difference in the electronegativity between the intermediate
layer and the aluminum magnesium layer was 1.02. The difference in
the electronegativity of the copper outer layer and the aluminum
magnesium layer was 0.55. The difference in the electronegativity
between the intermediate layer and the copper layer was 0.52.
The resulting three-layer laminate was placed under room
temperature (70 DEG F.), 100 DEG F., and 212 DEG F. Voltage and
amperage of the laminate were measured and the results are
illustrated in Table 1.
TABLE 1
<tb>_________________________________________
<tb>Control Sample Laminate of the Present Invention
<tb>EXAMPLES:
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
<tb>_________________________________________
<tb>Temp. 70 DEG
100 DEG F.
212 DEG F.
70 DEG F.
100 DEG F.
212 DEG F.
70 DEG F.
100 DEG F.
212 DEG F.
Volts 0 0 0 0.25
0.50
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.20
(v)
Amps. 0 0 0 0.03
0.06
0.25
0.20
1.00
2.00
(mA)
The amount of electrical current of Examples 1, 2, and 3 were
determined by measuring the voltage and the amperage of the
electrical current.
From Table 1 it is readily apparent that the amount of electrical
current produced was proportional to the difference in the
electronegativity values between the layers of the laminate of
Examples 1, 2, and 3. Control Example 1 demonstrated that when
there was no difference in the electronegativity values between
the outer layers, no electrical current was produced. In Example
2, where there was a difference in the electronegativity values of
the three layers, an electrical current was produced. In Example
3, where there was a greater difference in the electronegativity
values of the three layers, in comparison to Example 2, a greater
electrical current was produced. Thus, the above examples
illustrate that the greater the difference in the
electronegativity values between the layers, a greater electrical
current can be produced. Moreover, as will be apparent to one
skilled in the art, increased temperatures of ambient heat
resulted in an increased production of electrical current.
Thus, while there have been described what are presently believed
to be the preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will
appreciate that other and further changes and modifications can be
made without departing from the true spirit of the invention, and
it is intended to include all such changes and modifications
within the scope of the claims which are appended hereto.
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