Richard
OLSSON, et al.
Magnetic Cellulose
Magnetic Cellulose
Nanoparticles
+ cellulose eliminates need for heavy magnets in
many applications ... facile preparation.
http://sciencedaily.com
World's
First Known Magnetic Cellulose Loudspeakers:
Potential for Magnetic Cellulose Comes in Crisp and Clear
Potential for Magnetic Cellulose Comes in Crisp and Clear
Nov. 20, 2013 — They're flat, ultra-thin and great-sounding. The world's first known magnetic cellulose loudspeakers have been demonstrated at KTH.
Throughout the ages, Swedes have relied on their country's vast forests as a source of sustenance and economic growth. Now add the world's first magnetic cellulose membrane loudspeakers to the list of products that can be produced from wood.
These flat, sonorous and environmentally-friendly speakers are made with a new material derived from wood pulp -- magnetic cellulose gel -- which was developed at Stockholm's KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Unlike ordinary speakers, they require no heavy permanent magnets.
Richard Olsson, a KTH researcher in chemical sciences who supervised the doctoral research behind the magnetic cellulose gel, says the new material may open the way for innovations in such areas as acoustic applications for automobiles.
Olsson and his colleagues at KTH, Lars Berglund, also a researcher in chemical sciences, and Valter Ström, a scientist in engineering physics of materials, recently demonstrated the speakers for the first time. Their paper is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.
"This is, to our knowledge, the first reported magnetic speaker membrane," Olsson says. He adds that the sound quality is at least as good as in conventional speakers -- possibly better because of the even distribution of forces created in the membrane.
The idea is to show the potential of natural and environmentally-sustainable materials in everyday products. "We want to use this first prototype to see how the cellulose can be used in new applications," he says.
He and his research colleagues have patented the material, which was created by attaching magnetic nanoparticles to cellulose nanofibrils. The cellulose comes from renewable wood pulp and involves environmentally-friendly water chemistry. The gel is cast into a membrane which is then allowed to dry. The membrane's strength is that it has a rapid reaction capability, which means a high degree of precision in sound reproduction.
Ordinary speakers include a large permanent magnet. The speaker cone's movement, which creates sound waves, is driven by a voice coil that is wrapped around the permanent magnet and attached to the cone.
With the cellulose membrane speakers, the magnetic particles are part of the membrane itself. The KTH speaker has a coil, but it has no direct contact with the cone, so the only thing that creates sound is the movement of air. All of these components can be manufactured at a very small scale.
The technology has potentially other uses, he says. "We want to look at applications for the material that are driven by magnetic fields. It may, for example, be a form of active damping for cars and trains." It could also involve technology that cancels out noise.
Research in materials from the Swedish forests is conducted at Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC). The doctoral students in the project are Sylvain Gallan, Richard Andersson and Michaela Salajkova.
Inventor:
GALLAND SYLVAIN [SE]
OLSSON RICHARD T [SE] (+1)
Applicant:
SWETREE TECHNOLOGIES AB [SE]
The present invention relates to cellulose nanofibrils decorated with magnetic nanoparticles as well as a method for the preparation thereof and a material comprising the nanofibrils.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Magnetic nanoparticles with large surface to bulk ratio is a growing area of interest. Considering the potentially large area of application of magnetic nanoparticles, as filler materials of various polymer materials, it can easily be understood that their relatively poor representation in comparison to micron-sized filler materials in polymers is an effect of the difficulties related to the processing of high-surface area nanoparticles. The explanation mainly lies in the fact that large surface areas also brings problems in achieving uniformly distributed nanoparticle systems due to the favoured particle-particle interaction in com- parison to particle-polymer/liquid interactions. The result is often severe agglomeration and aggregates of nanoparticles. The agglomerates in turn affect many macroscopic properties, such as mechanical, optical and magnetic etc. since these properties on a macroscopic scale are affected by the degree of close interaction at the nano scale level. In order to exploit the effects of nano-sized magnetic nanoparticles employed as fillers in organic matrix materials, the control over dispersion is therefore an unavoidable prerequisite.
Ferrite-loaded membranes of microfibrillated cellulose have been prepared by mixing metal ions to a suspension of bacterial cellulose under N2 atmosphere before precipitation by NaOH followed by oxidation in atmospheric air. Ferrite particles were inclined to ag- gregate into lumps in the fibrillar network Sourty H.; et al., Chem. Mater. 1998, 10 7), 1755-1757). A magnetic paper made of kenaf has been prepared by precipitation of magnetic nanoparticles in a pulp suspension under anaerobic conditions. Chia C.H. et al., Am. Appl. Sci., 2006, 3 3), 1750-1754). Magnetic membranes with improved and controlled properties are of interest for purification/filtration (Dai Q., et al., Chem Soc Rev, 2010, 39, 4057), magneto-responsive actuators (Hoare, T. et al., Nano Lett, 2009, 9, 3651. Behrens S., Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 877) as well as for large scale manufacturing of e.g. magneto-acoustic membranes, anti-counterfeiting papers, radio-frequency materials and flexible data storage. The magnetic nanocomposite membranes and films are classically derived from polymers mixed with surface modified functional magnetic nanoparticles (Behrens S., Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 877). However, the dispersion of the high surface area nanoparticles is more challenging and nanoparticle agglomerates tend to form easily. Strength and failure properties are sensitive to such agglomerates so that the materials become brittle even at moderate nanoparticle loadings. The presence of agglomerates also makes it difficult to predict magnetic composite properties as related to intrinsic nanoparticle magnetics due to dipolar interactions (Ols- son R.T., et al., Polym Eng Sci, 2011, Article in Press). In addition, the classical preparation methods (Behrens S., Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 877) are time consuming and costly since in most cases they rely on empirical attempts to find particle surface coatings for improved dispersions (Balazs A.C., et al., Science, 2006, 314, 1107). Recent progress in the field of bio-nanotechnologies has shed light on the possibilities offered by some naturally occurring nano-building blocks (Eichorn S.J., et al. J Mater Sci, 2010, 45, 1). At the smallest scales of the wood cell wall organization, cellulose I microfibrils (3-5nm wide) aggregate during wood pulping to form nanofibrils with dimensions in the range 5-20 nm in width and up to few micrometers in length. These entities can be re- leased from the pulp fiber cell wall by mechanical disintegration (A.F.Turbak, et al, J Appl Polym Sci, 1983, 37, 815), which is facilitated by an enzymatic or chemical pre-treatment of the pulp fibers (M. Henriksson, et al., Eur Polym J, 2007, 43, 3434 and Saito T. et al., Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8, 2485). Due to their intrinsically high strength and stiffness (modulus of crystal exceeding 130GPa (Sakurada I. et al., J Polym Sci, 1962, 57, 651)), long and slender cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) have interesting potential as nanoreinforce- ments in various composite materials. Furthermore, strong interfibril interactions allows formation of a variety of nanostructures, from dense nanopapersto ultra-light aerogels and foams (Henriksson, M. et al., Eur Polym J, 2007, 43, 3434; Paakko, M. et al., Soft Matter, 2008,4, 2492; Sehaqui, H. et al., Soft Matter, 2010, 6, 1824; and Svagan, A.J. et al., JMa- ter Chem, 2010, 20, 6646). Here, the fibrillar interactions and the corresponding network structure provide favourable mechanical properties. Large-scale availability, origin from renewable resources, and low resource cost are advantages of forest-derived nano-building blocks. Bacterial cellulose nanofibril networks have been used as a template for precipitation of magnetic nanoparticles (R.T. Olsson, et al., Nat Nanotechnol, 2010, 5, 584). The method allowed to form cellulose-based magnetic aerogels, as well as dense membranes. A two- step method for preparing a magnetic nanoparticle cellulose material, wherein cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are evenly/finely distributed arranged on the scaffold of fibres inside the material is disclosed in WO2008/121069. The disclosed material is in the form of a hydrogel or aerogel and the fibres in the material are physically entangled. However, the methods are energy consuming due to the freeze-drying steps of the cellulose network prior to nanoparticle precipitation. Furthermore, the versatility for nanostructure formation is restricted by the characteristics of the network synthesized by the bacteria, which to some extent predicted the relative density/frequency of the magnetic nanoparticles as related to reactive sites for grafting the inorganic nanoparticles. A common problem with previous methods is to achieve reproducibly coated nanoparticles, making the combined mechanical and magnetic functionality of "classical" polymer matrix nanocomposites difficult to achieve. There is a need within the technical field of magnetic nanoparticle cellulose material to be able to tailor the magnetic properties of the material...
