Austrian Patent #
113,487
Construction for Creating Wild Brooks
& Flow Regulation
The invention corresponds to a construction for creating wild
brooks and flow-regulation through the speed of water that is
dammed, so that with oriented stones no destruction may come
along the course of the waterpath through the damming
constructs, and to place the central line of the watercourse in
the middle of the stream.
The invention is illustrated in the drawings; Figure 1
is an example of water-conduction and damming in the shape of
transversely-placed dams.
The dams (1) are hollow and made of concrete placed and
anchored to the ground with suitable anchors (2), so that they
cannot be displaced by the streaming water. The striations are
placed against the direction of the waterflow, upon which the
water runs and along which it will sluice; through this coursing
the water loses the greatest portion of its energy and does not
strike too hard against the placed dams, forcing them out of
place.
The dams can be placed at far or close distances from each
other in the course of the constructed brook. In order to lay
the theoretical middle of the stream in the midst of the flow in
far-off places and also to prevent the destruction of the river
shore through erosion, we will place constructions by the sides
of the flow that will act as dams as seen in Figure 2.
In this figure the dams are indicated by (3), while the stones
are placed at (4) in opposite places. The middle line of the
waterflow (5) runs through them as illustrated.
Figure 3 shows in greater detail one of such constructs
and Figure 4 a transverse cut through one of them.
The constructions (3) are essentially triangular-shaped, and
are jammed into the soil against the shore so as to elevate and
make the water flow towards a middle point.
The effect made by these constructions is further illustrated
in Figure 4, where the dashed line (6)-(6) in the
transversal cut of the ground before the construction, which
obliges the ground to place itself along the dashed line because
of the disturbed waterflow.
The oriented stones are placed between the constructions (3)
and this builds a zone of still water close to them, next to the
shore, and also serves the purpose of directing the waterflow
and to protect the shores from erosion through water (Figure
3). The full line (5) indicates the middle of the stream
in the corresponding construction, while dashed line (5’)
indicates the middle line in the brook under the influence of
the constructs.
Figures 1-4
Austrian Patent #
122,144
Artificial Channel for Transporting Logs
The transportation of logs and other varied loads through water
channels and other artificial channels, though its low cost
makes it competitive against other transportation means, suffers
under the condition that when moving along the water flow some
logs, especially in curves, tend to remain stuck and in this way
sop the following logs, diminishing the general speed of the
transport. This is especially true for hard and dense woods that
remain at the bottom of the channel and move forward very badly.
It is known that the speed displayed by logs in water channels
is greater than that of the waterspeed; at those places the
speed of the logs greatly surpasses that of the transporting
medium and it is seen from Figure 1 that the floating
log creates a frontal wave (0) as it moves.
While lighter wood (Figure 2) floats without problems,
heavier wood sits at the bottom of the channel (Figure 3)
and remains stuck; therefore the water impulse in channels is
not enough to produce the usual motion through sliding without
external water spillage.
The invention pertains to a discovery that corrects these
evils, namely the elimination of water spillage through the
implanting of wedges made of wood and the transportation of hard
and dense woods through sliding in the channels.
The speed of the water depends overall also on its sliding over
the channel walls; in the usual slanted channels, this important
factor is eliminated because of their construction.
The channels’ cross-section is not semi-circular or straight,
but rather, as seen in Figures 2, 3 and 4,
semicircular (B) with an added semicircular bottom (U) which
radius is half that of the upper portion (B), so that along the
line (E)-(F) in Figures 2 and 3, a resting
portion (L) can be included; the internal wall at the upper
semicircular portion is of striated material (unretouched
cement, directionally nailed wood, etc.), and the underlying
portion (U) of a sliding material (flattened cement, polished
wood, etc.), so that the water speed in the lower region (U) is
much greater than in the upper part (B).
This causes at once the sinking of water in the middle of the
stream (Figure 4); in practice, when a weight falls a
certain distance, the water striking against the striated
channel walls moves further, maintaining the mass (H) in the
midst of the flowing medium by means of the polished underzone
(U) that displaces the water faster.
When transporting floating light woods (Figure 2), this
will not cause any disorder in the flow of water, for the
underzone (U) will run faster than the upper zone (B); in this
manner it will not be necessary to build dams outside the
channel to contain the spilled water.
From light woods we expect little problem, but with hard and
dense wood we must expect it to sink deeper and to advance with
difficulty, so that this kind of wood will sink itself into the
faster-running underzone (U), and advance in this fashion as if
advanced by a transporting band.
When transporting hard and dense woods (Figure 3),
different laws come into play; the wholly submerged log (H) is
entirely in the faster-running water, so that the pressure upon
(E) and (F) of the submerged sliding skids (L) makes them enter
into action, for this time the usual impulse of water is not
enough to make the log (H) advance. If these means are not added
the logs must remain stuck in the bottom of the channel.
In opposition to the present (1931) transportation of hard wood
through channels built with hardened materials, the dense and
hard wood will be transported by doubly-concave channels with
wall built with lighter materials, for they are not obliged to
withstand such heavy loads. In curves, where the moving wood is
obliged to follow them we can, through the proper construction (Figure
5) of the channel, with only a one-sided channel wall,
make the log move towards the outside where it will be held by
the running water along the curve; if need be, we can add
sliding skids (L) as seen, which can be improved by the addition
of wheels.
Figures 1-5
Austrian Patent #
134, 543
Conduction of Water in Tubes &
Channels
This invention relates to the concentration of flowing water
within polished conduits (pipes), channels and tubes, so as to
increase the amount of flowing medium passing through them.
The inventor has discovered that when a certain kind of
turbulence happens in flowing water, then a temperature
difference takes place within it, producing also a difference in
the water speed, and that this happens especially in Waltz-like
flows.
It is known that to hinder sedimentation, water channels and
tubes are built of circular cross-section, so that the flowing
medium may drag with itself any sediments left; this is to
provoke a screw-like movement of water so that it may attract
all particles in its path.
This invention pertains to a further development of this
principle, to drag sedimented masses with moving water.
The main idea of this invention is seen in Figure 2,
where the usual path of flowing water (4) is detoured by a
wedge-shaped device into a different way (5).
Figure 5 shows an improvement of this idea by adding
striations (6) to the wedge placed on the inner wall of a
channel or tube.
In Figure 1, we see the wedges grouped (2)-(2’)-(2") in
groupings of three, and producing as a result the screw-like
flow (3)-(3’)-(3") through the internal portion of the conduit
(1).
This makes the waterflow concentrate at the center of the tube,
with a concentrical motion, dragging along any particles left
upon the walls.
Figure 3 also shows, in a lateral view, how the normal
water path (4) is changed to a concentrical one (5), to generate
a concentrical flow in the flowing medium.
Figure 4 shows how open semi-circular channels can also
be adapted to the same purpose.
Figures 1-5
Austrian Patent #
136,214
Installation & Correction of Flow in
Draining Channels by a Contention & Stabilization of
Dammed Water
This invention pertains to an installation related to the
conduction and regulation of flow in water channels by
contention and stabilization in higher levels by means of dams
integrated into them that depend on the outer temperature of
flowing water and mixing at will of light and hard water
conducted out of the basin by its own means, with which it is
convenient to direct the outer-flowing hard water for cooling
the layers of lateral walls of the dam of the basin, as will be
shown herein.
It is known that for the management of water channels in all
channel-building techniques that a weighty argument, such as
water temperature in earth vessels and air temperature as the
temperature difference between still and running water, is
always left out; and it is also known that the temperature
differences between two or more watercourse modifies their speed
when they mix.
So far, only through artificial constructs in dams, the
naturally-built water channels running underground or only
through ramparts (where only hard water with a temperature close
to +4 degrees C. comes out), or by means of aquaducts placed
atop dams (through which channels of only light water of high
temperature flows), find obstacles in their coursing through the
channel and cause erosion in their shores.
However, through a channel can also flow those waters with the
corresponding right temperature, so that they can be directed to
damming the water masses and to diminish their forward-going
impulse or to increase their speed and their forward-going
impulse in the willed direction. We can also affect works of
shore-correction just by correct regulation of water temperature
and also through the emplacement of dams which capacity of
endurance is directly proportional to the amount of water dammed
and also to achieve an obstacle-free flow of water. The widening
of the channel through the emplacement of stones or elimination
of same (ballast banks) and the elevation of the shore,
especially in curves, can be made by the corresponding
directing, but usually provokes a counterflow that erodes the
whole work. Through several devices that will be explained here,
it is possible to steer both light and hard waters,
corresponding to the temperatures of each and also to the
related fall of temperature, so that by means herein explained
each water will run along its own level.
At the same time with the regulation of the waterflow, it is
necessary to install in the construction of the closing dam of
the basin, pipes that will effect the cooling of the dam’s pores
through the sides of the dam by means of small watercourses
directed through the materials.
Then as temperature diminishes, the water within the dam’s pres
loses its attraction for dissolving salt and other stuffs, until
it reaches its balance point at +4 degrees C, at which its
capacity for dissolving is the least and the filtration in the
dam’s wall is the strongest. So far, it is then when the light
water infiltrated in the wall for cooling will go inside the
materials through the pores; in this moment, the channel walls
close to the dam are filled with hard water at a temperature of
+4 degrees C, which lose their salts into the neighboring ground
as they move, creating in a few weeks of impregnation a further
barrier against erosion, and if frost comes, it will also
contribute to the strengthening of the walls
In the drawings we find a further explanation of a device for
this kind of installation; it is seen in transverse cut in Figure
1 and in upper view in Figure 2; at Figure 3
we see an internal cutaway view of the apparatus for steering
water.
For the sake of regulating the flow of cold hard water and warm
light water, ground nozzles (O) are placed in the dam chamber
(K) of basin (B) on both sides of the dam, which doors are
activated through a floating device (G) that moves because of
temperature differences. The pipes (W) of the nozzle (O) lead up
to the upper-placed potion (K1) where the flow conduits
(U1)-(U2)-(U3), which are closed through gravity-activated
valves (V1)-(V2), branch in different heights from the
upper-going pipe (W), and that lead further into the lateral
wall of the basin, spreading out there into the corresponding
casts. At the foot of the dam’s internal wall will be
conveniently placed the outstanding portion (K2) to produce a
whirling and better mixing of the water masses flowing over the
wall. The door (T) in the nozzle (O) cleaves the soil of the
water channel, sinking itself into it, and is connected
vertically by means of a shaft (F), coursing inside the dam’s
wall (H), with the floating device (G) that is built as a
submersible bell. In the illustrated wall (H), we find at
different heights over the ground-nozzle (O) tube-shaped outlets
(A) that communicate with the tube leading upwards to the bell
(G) and allow the automatic emptying of the water basin.
When the pipe (W) is allowed to fill through the opening of
door (T), it will allow a communication between the pipe and the
basin that will release pressure from door (T) unilaterally, and
in this fashion allow its free motion upwards. The door (T)
should be built of wood to allow the free motion of the bell (G)
when the right water level is attained. The floating bell (G),
which connecting shaft (F) goes downward, can in this fashion,
and because of the only motion it is allowed to make, float
upwards; the bell (G) in Figure 3 has an air valve (P) through
which opening can be introduced pressurized air within, so that
the door (T) will be activated at once. Through both an open end
and with the outstanding tube (R), we can create a flow of water
through the floating up or down of the bell.
When the diving bell is fully sunk, without any air margin, it
acts to totally close the valve; and when we inject air within
it, then raises to allow the opening of door (T).
In normal work, the atmosphere imprisoned within the bell (G)
is equal to the usual atmospheric pressure and thus the outer
temperature of the environment acts as a control; depending on
the imprisoned air volume within (G), the outer temperature will
make it raise or descend, allowing the steering of door (T)
upwards, so that the mass of hard water that will be conducted
through the nozzle (O), the pipe (W) and the flow tubes
(U1)-(U2)-(U3), will depend on the changes of outer temperature;
the light water flows over its own flowing plate placed atop the
dam’s crown in the basin.
The interpenetration of light and hard waters can be improved
through the construct (K2) placed at the foot of the dam’s inner
wall, and also because of the fact that hard water falls
vertically while light water does so spirally through flow tubes
(U1)-(U2)-(U3), so that during their fall they will combine.
Through heating from the sun’s rays, the diving bell (G) will
further raise the door (T), and through the channel a greater
percentage of hard water will be eliminated with respect to the
light water that flows over the dam’s top, and instead with
cooler external temperatures the door (T) will remain either
totally or almost totally closed and the channel will only
conduct warm overflowing liquid.
For a better mixing of light and hard water flowing over the
dam’s top, I have placed the flow tube (U2) in the lower part of
the dam’s wall (K), so that it or (T) will prevent the water
from overflowing the basin’s level.
The water flowing within the dam’s lateral walls contributes to
further cooling them and also to leave deposited salts and other
stuffs that it loses when reaching a temperature of +4 degrees
C.
By opening the flow tube (U3) atop the dam’s wall, the upper
portion of the dam can be affected as indicated in the former
paragraph; the welfare of the dam’s wall (in all its portions)
needs this process of impregnation so that its pores are closed
and no filtration may happen.
The upper plate (M) serves to allow the overflowing of light
water and to separate the hard water flowing through the conduit
(U3), thus helping to further its endurance.
Figures 1-3
Austrian Patent #
138,296
Water Conduction
This invention pertains to a further improvement of the tubes
and channels shown in Austrian Patent # 134,543, where
the water flowing within a conduit is led into the middle of the
pipe to force it to effect a circular motion, as seen in the
forementioned patent.
This invention pertains to an improvement of said idea by
conveniently placing in the water’s path a device to produce
whirling motions in the fluid.
The simple emplacement in the outer zone of the device will
create turbulence between the center and the perimeter, so as to
generate a well-defined flow zone in the center and layers of
well-established stability from the perimeter inwards. The
emplaced devices are of the kind illustrated in Figure 1,
where we have an element (2) with its two ends bent (4)-(5) and
striations dug out at the back (6); this device, when inside the
tube (1) as seen in Figure 2, will meet the incoming
flow and twist it along the new path (3), so as to createa
circular motion in the liquid.
Figure 3 shows the device of Figure 1 straightened out
so as to show its true shape.
Figures 1-3
Austrian Patent #
142,032
Construction for Fabricating Tap Water
like that of Natural Springs
It is known that, to fabricate mineral water through devices,
without any unhygienic condition in the pipes or through the
mixing of salts and compressed gases under pressure of at least
2-3 atmospheres, this is usually made under an even higher
pressure.
It is also known that to generate soda water the water will be
mechanically made to flow through carbonic acid under a pressure
of 12 atmospheres, so that the corresponding enrichment in the
forementioned cells make the water "active". In other
procedures, this is done through "cracking".
The creation of artificial mineral water will also include
carbonic acid under more or less great pressure of at least 1
atmosphere, so that the salts will mix evenly, as is done in
several kinds of mineral water; and in other kinds of waters
there is a slight dissolution of carbonates (for example, sodium
bicarbonate) that also include carbonic acid, obtaining from
this a prickling taste. In the forementioned procedures it is
necessary, for producing a good mineral water, that the
ingredients not be in free form but in combination and in
relation so that the final product be as similar as possible to
natural spring water.
As shown in the Figure 1, sterilized water flows
through cold mercury light in tube (M) and mixes with the
diluted salts coming from (1). In container (C) the mentioned
salts are diluted in water and well mixed by revolving fan (G).
The mixture and kinds of salts direct themselves naturally
through the sterile water outlet, and do so with different and
permanent degrees of hardness.
On the other side, so that the concentration is not too high,
the artificially generated mineral water’s hardness must not
exceed factor 12 so that industry may not be hindered by it;
anyway, outgoing water needs for every 10 liters output 1 liter
of diluted salts in the following constituency and proportions:
Sodium Chloride (NaCl), 0.02 gr
Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4), 0.02 gr
Sodium Biphosphate (NaPh2), 0.02 gr
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3), 0.008 gr
Calcium Oxide (CaO), 0.2 gr
The kind and proportion of these salts are the results of
several hundreds of experiments. While the calcium oxide
dissolves itself in water, on the other hand the calcium hydrate
is very sensitive to the oxygen in the carbonic acid, and thus
is affected by it and the mercury light.
For the sake of regulating the liquid flowing out of the
container (C), this is inside at a constant pressure of 0.1
atmosphere = 1 meter of acid water; the concentrated diluted
salts will fall dropping along the pipe (1) and when mixed with
the contents from (A) will flow into the apparatus (D) which
turns them into droplets, where they will jump from the outflow
holes of pipe (N) towards the walls of the apparatus (D); during
the process the water already processed through carbonic acid
will flow outside through the tube (K).
The droplets of both mixed liquids fall downwards and mix in
the way as happens in nature, where the droplets of rain first
lose their salts and diluted gases when hitting the ground. This
mixed water flows within and through the tulip-glass device (E),
where it always goes up in the outer tulip glasses and down in
the inner ones, so that it will pass into the other following
tulip-glass vessel after it has climbed into the innermost one
of the former stage and thus continues its flow. The water makes
a meandering motion to carry on the following indicated goal.
The gas, especially carbonic acid, collects itself in the upper
portion of the tulips and will then, through the corresponding
growing pressure, flow through pneumatic tube (R), in which fine
nozzles is also injected water for flowing, so that the carbonic
acid that is not already combined with the water will be later.
On the axis of this device’s stages are placed alternately gold
and silver foils, isolated form each other; between both metals
there is an electric potential that creates a reduced ionization
in the flowing liquid.
In its further motion, water penetrates into the main mixer
(F), which is insulated against heat and silvered within, and
within which is located an upwardly spiraling path which
direction of winding goes against that of the snail and is made
out of wire mesh.
On the spiral’s surface are orderly placed cooling spirals that
take the temperature of water from 17 degrees C to 4 degrees C.
The goal of this temperature fall is to properly combine the
chemical elements. The absorption of the gases in water will be
increased by the cooling, and otherwise makes possible the
combination and enrichment of free carbonic acid of the
resulting masses without the use of pressure.
The Ca(HCO3)2 presents a weak exterior combination that the
enrichment with the forementioned carbonic acid had worked out,
but the enrichment of Ca(HCO3)2 with carbonic acid is possible
only through cooling in water and the maintenance of an even
temperature.
The temperature of outflowing water must not be over 20 degrees
C and its final temperature (once it was processed) should not
be over 4 degrees C; it must also be taken into consideration
that the speed of flow must not be too fast to allow the proper
mixing of liquids; after leaving the container (F), the liquid
is made to flow through gold and silver foils until it reaches
vessel (I), which is divided into chambers (G) and (H).
First, the water that overflows from (G) falls into chamber
(H), and so on out of the device (Z).
By the treatment of water as indicated, many reactions are
produced; first of all, the water is made wholly drinkable. It
is also necessary to eliminate any possible exposure to light
during the process, for light falling on the treated liquids
produces a loss of quality in the final results.
Figure 1
Austrian Patent
#166,644
Plow
It resulted from numerous experiments that a better plowing of
the soil can be achieved with copper-covered plows instead of
using plows made of iron or steel. This difference becomes
stronger when one notices that the speed of plowing becomes
faster and that the friction between the ground and the
corresponding portion of the plow is greater.
This effect of greater speed produces the slow disintegration
of the copper cover, and the minute copper particles deposited
in the soil produces a catalytic effect that in turn generates
better water retention in the ground and also a further increase
in the quality of plowing.
These findings were made when passing a plow which body was
either covered or entirely made of copper.
But as the building in whole of the plow with copper is
disadvantageous, it will be convenient to cover those portions
with copper layers in hardened condition, which can be made
through several different methods. The deposit of copper
particles under the ground does not break the magnetic
permeability of the soil, as does iron or steel.
Two embodiments are shown in the illustrations. Figures 1
and 2 show a lateral view and Figures 3 and 5
show a transverse cut, a longitudinal cut, and one plowing
protrusion.
In Figures 1 and 2 is illustrated a plow with
point (1) made of steel as usual, but it can also be covered
with the corresponding copper cover; this portion cuts through
the ground, generating friction in the process; another is in
the smaller portion (2), upon which upper portion there is
usually a small heap of sol because of pressure when the plow
moves forward. It will be furnished with an endtail (3), also
made of copper, that will create a "screwing" motion in the soil
by means of sunk "screw" (4) located at portion (2). In order to
make the whole of this latter portion hard enough, it must be
hammered during construction.
The plowing protrusion (5), corresponding to Figure 3
to 5, is made with a backward open sheet (6) of copper;
to fasten upon the protrusion the usual arrow, we use lock (7)
of protrusion (5) placed at a high location and which is
furnished with the corresponding key; here it is also convenient
to place the copper cover by hammering upon the protrusion.
Figures 1-5
Austrian Patent #
196,680
Tubing for Flowing & Gaseous Media
Already there are many propositions for the conduction of fluid
or gaseous media so as to eliminate losses in pressure or speed
of motion. Thus it is to prevent the formation of air vesicles
that it is suggested an increase in resistance to flow as in
British Patent #409,528, wherein is described a tubing that has
spirals engraved within and which area in transverse section
will be limited by two segments of circle arcs.
From the British Patent #28,543 (1913) comes a tube which
transverse section is egg-shaped, which is furnished with
guiding means to prevent the formation of water whirls. In the
US Patent #1,655,197, as in the Swiss Patent #126,637, are
indicated either conical or cylindrical tubes for the sake of
limiting the sedimentation where the tube serves as axis for the
dragging of sediments; this is further explained in Austrian
Patent #28,099 exhibiting indented piping.
This invention pertains to a tube for flowing and gaseous media
to prevent the formation of incrustations and to hinder the loss
of flow speed, which cross-section is made out of several circle
arcs, being the tube wound helically and having its
cross-section an egg-shape with an indentation (Figure 1),
and helically wound (Figures 2-4) around different forms.
With the aid of such tubing, the reduction in friction losses
and the hindrance of incrustations within the pipe will follow;
for the sake of increasing the former properties it is
convenient to wrap the tubing and its cover around circular
conduits. This axis of winding will also serve as axis for
dragging along sedimentary materials, and will also contribute
to reduce in scale the cross-section of the tube for winding.
Figure 1 shows the cross-section of the proposed tubing,
and Figures 2-4 the different ways of winding the
conduit.
In Figure 1 is shown the employed egg-shape with an
indentation close to the (---) line; the winding of the conduit
can be made as shown in Figures 2-4 around an imaginary
solid or in the form of a circular spiral, or in any other
convenient way.
In the winding or in its cover, in Figures 3 and 4,
we can scale the shape of the winding to make it turn around
those imaginary bodies or in a straight line. One can also
arrange the tubing, in relation to the fluids conducted, to make
the axis of winding equal to the one of dragging sedimentary
materials to reduce incrustations and losses in flow speed.
Figures 1-4
Austrian
Patent
#
117,749
Jet Turbine
The object of the invention is a hydro-electric device, which
exploits the kinetic energy of a water jet for the purposes of
generating electricity.
The invention is characterised by a cone-shaped rotor, whose
apex points towards the outlet opening, and rotates about an
axis common to both rotor and water jet. The outer face of the
cone is formed of upward-facing, concave, corkscrew-like blades.
In this way the water-jet is split up and deflected from its
path and imparts its full force to the rotor, so that, with the
appropriate proportions between the height of the cone and the
width of its base, and a suitable pitch of the blades, the size
of which is dependent on the velocity of the impacting
water-jet, the water flows from the machine quietly without
creating spray.
An example of the arrangement of the invention is schematically
depicted in the diagram.
The rotor, whose axle 1 is parallel and common to the axis of
the jet exiting from the jet-pipe 2, is formed of corkscrew-like
blades 3. The ends 4 of the blades 3 are curved upwards slightly
towards the impacting water-jet so as to deflect the jet and to
effect the greatest possible transfer of its kinetic energy to
the rotor. In the jet-pipe 2 screw-like ribs 5 are incorporated,
which, according to observations, increase the velocity of the
exiting water-jet and the efficiency of the device.
Claims:
1. The jet-turbine is characterised by a cone-shaped rotor
positioned in the axis of the water-jet, by means of which the
water-jet is split up. Corkscrew-like blades
(5) are incorporated around the cone's periphery (7).
2. In accordance with Claim 1, the jetturbine is further
characterised by a jetpipe (2) incorporating rifling ribs (5),
which impart a spin to the rotor in the direction of its
rotation.
French Patent # 1,057,576
Processes and Equipment for the Conveyance
of Liquid, Gaseous or Aeriform Media Processes and
Equipment for the Conveyance of Liquid, Gaseous or
Aeriform Media...
This invention relates to a process for the conveyance of media
in a liquid, vaporous, gaseous or aeriform state and which can
be described, for example, as emulsions or suspensions, etc.
Moreover, it also relates to the equipment required to carry out
such processes. The invention also concerns processes for
controlling molecular separation or reduction, transformation
and synthesis with or in the media moved in accordance with the
invention. It further relates to the procedures for achieving
increases in mechanical efficiency and output as well as
equipment for the carrying out of such processes.
Pursuant to the invention itself, it is essential that the
media to be conveyed are imparted a movement which conducts them
inward towards the centre, in the course of which the media are
conveyed through grooves, pipes, etc. By means of such laminar,
inwinding, and especially a multiple inwinding motion,
significant advantages can be achieved in comparison with the
methods of conveying such media in use today. This occurs
through the transport of the media in channels, grooves,
fluting, pipes or vessels with a cross-section in the form of an
egg, or more accurately part of an egg, having a curved
indentation, which is twisted like a screw in the direction of
flow. If pipes are used, then these should take the form of the
longitudinal cross-section of an egg, but with a curved
indentation incorporated on one side at the more pointed end and
which encompasses a quarter or less of the total circumference.
In open conduits, the cross-section corresponds to a portion of
such an indented egg-section. Under the term 'egg-shape' is to
be
understood the classical egg-shape or an approximative
egg-shape. The imparting of an inwinding motion can also be
induced through conduction along appropriately shaped surfaces.
The conduits, pipes and vessels as well as the guiding surfaces
can have a straight axis, although a meandering or screw-form
axis is preferable. Through the combined orbital and rotational
motion thus imparted, the conveyance of the media is facilitated
and improved, and in this way a series of specific effects
are achieved. Thus it was, that Professor Dr. Ing. habil. Franz
Popel of the Institute of Hygiene at Stuttgart Technical
University was able to establish through comparative
experiments, that in an indented or fluted, egg-shaped profile,
wherein the indentation is twisted like a screw in the direction
of flow, the level of friction did not increase with increased
volume and velocity of flow. On the contrary, at certain
velocities the friction diminished and overall it was
significantly less than in conventional pipes of circular
profile.
In liquids conveyed by this invention, the frictional
resistance of the liquids on the inner wall-surfaces of the
conducting pipe is reduced to a remarkable degree. It has also
become evident that any variety of copper enhances or
facilitates the inwinding motion catalytically. Instead of being
wholly made out of copper, copper facings can also be used,
which are affixed to the inside of the pipe. The desired results
are achieved simply because the liquid comes in contact with the
copper from time to time, the more frequently the better. Alloys
of copper can also be used to equal advantage. Instead of
copper, other metals belonging to the same electromotive series
can be used, such as silver or gold.
The best effect corresponding to the intent of the invention,
is achieved with the use of doubly twisted pipes. These are
pipes in which the indented, eggshaped,
cross-section is first twisted along the length of the pipe and
the whole then wound into a coil.
Apart from this, the desired effect can also be intensified by
the application of magnets. These are either laid continuously
or spaced at certain intervals along the length of the pipe.
To date it has not been known that it is possible to move
liquid, gaseous or aeriform media in such a way that molecular
activity can be controlled at will. With today's conventional
systems of movement, e.g. in straight-drawn, smooth pipes, the
through-flowing media will indeed be transported. However, a
reactive, structure-loosening tendency evolves as a secondary
effect, which provokes further molecular disintegration. This
cannot be controlled. These disintegrative events increase quite
considerably with an increase in velocity caused by increased
pressure, additional warming or mechanical centrifugating, etc.
If the molecular structure of a moving liquid, gaseous or
aeriform medium is to be maintained or a process of molecular
synthesis actually inaugurated, then the aforesaid
structure-loosening tendency must be prevented as a first
priority.
The aim of the invention includes processes and appliances,
which not only prevent unwanted molecular disintegration and the
de-energising of the moving liquid and gaseous media, but also
enable the achievement of molecular synthesis and a build-up of
energy. These also lead to increases in mechanical efficiency
and output.
In certain cases these molecular processes have to take place
in a certain, special, rhythmical interplay of forces, in which
expansion and contraction alternate with each other. By
preventing molecular disintegration or separation, a condition
can be achieved in which encrustations and sedimentation in the
moving water or other liquid can be eliminated.
In accordance with the invention, the desired effect is
achieved through a particular process, as a result of which the
medium is primarily imparted a definite laminar,
multiple-inwinding motion. It is the special construction of
these pipes, conduits or vessels that makes this form of motion
possible. The molecular synthesis, recombination and
transformation, energetic upgrading, bio-catalytic reduction,
etc. is achieved with the processes associated with this
invention:
(a) through the laminar, multiple inwinding of the media to be
moved in these involution enhancing forms, fabricated with
certain materials, and if necessary,
(b) through the addition of substances of diverse molecular and
atomic structure or if need be, of trace-elements, active
substances and the like, and
(c) through the energetic bonding (coupling) of the media and
the added material by means of catalysts. This can also be
effected by directly or indirectly incident rays of light of
different frequencies, e.g. blue, ultraviolet light, etc. The
stimulation of pulsation or vibration by means of ultra-sound is
also possible. Excessive structure-loosening influences of light
of certain frequency bands must be reduced to the minimum value
prescribed for each medium.
By way of example, the design of a conduit producing a
multiple-inwinding flow-motion, which at least maintains the
molecular structure of media to be moved, is to be provided with
an 'open profile' and must exhibit the following features:
(a) it must have a variable cross-sectional profile, which is
envisaged as having been derived from the pointed end of an
egg-shaped form, whereby in one of its longitudinal halves the
near-identical profile is incorporated as a concavity. (Fig. 1)
(b) It must have a longitudinal profile that is so shaped as to
take the form of a wave, or meander, as shown in Figure 2a.
The form of the conduit itself must be so constructed that
along the length of the meandering longitudinal profile the
convex portion of the 1/2 egg-shaped profile migrates from the
right-hand of Section A-A1, via the neutral point of Section
B-B1, rising to its extreme value again on the left-hand side of
Section C-C1. In this process of migration the size of the
indentation gradually reduces and displaces laterally.
In natural channels (streams, rivers, etc.) the previously
described channel shape is the prerequisite for inwinding
motion. Natural channels are therefore the prerequisite for the
regeneration of the watercourse and for the maintenance of the
biological laws of bio-hydraulics.
If the previously described, partial egg-profile containing the
convex indentation is supplemented by fully rounded,
longitudinal portion on the opposite side, then the
cross-sectional form of the 'closed profile' is produced (Figure
3 ).
In Figure 4, by way of example, an arrangement is depicted in
which a pipe with a closed profile is wound around the outer
face of an imaginary cylinder. This design can be usefully
applied, for example, to drinking water pipelines, the
reticulation of industrial water and for pipelines of all kinds.
If in addition an acceleration of the flow is desired, i.e. for
purposes of reducing the cross-sectional area and the resultant
savings in costs of the pipes themselves, then these specially
profiled, closed pipes, either singly or severally, can be wound
around and attached to a cylindrical core (Figure 4), which is
then made to rotate. The volume conveyed and the increase in
mechanical efficiency and output can be regulated by varying the
rate of rotation. This arrangement is particularly suited to the
conveyance of liquid, gaseous and aeriform media.
A further example of the design, which serves for certain
syntheses (transformative, recombinant and upgrading processes),
is depicted in Figure 5a, 5b, In these configurations the closed
profile shown in Figure 3 can also be used. In this design a
pipe possessing the said profile is wound around a conical,
rotating core.
Depending on the desired purpose, the cross-sectional profile
either reduces in size towards the point of the cone (Figure
5b), for example, for the conveyance and transformation of
seawater into freshwater, or towards the base of the cone-shaped
core (Figure 5a), for example, for the separation of mixtures.
For particular applications, several such pipes can be connected
top to top, or bottom to bottom (for example, in the stimulation
of pulsations for processes of synthesis).
Likewise several such twisted pipes can be grouped about a
common axis. Open, slotted, perforated or partially open and
closed pipes and pipe systems of the above type can also be
used, for example, to achieve diffusive or filtering effects.
With the possibility of regulating the rotational velocity of
such pipes or pipelines, not only can the discharge velocity of
the media be increased and with it an increase in mechanical
efficiency and output, but also the speed of the molecular
transformation can be controlled.
On the other hand, with a non-rotating pipe configuration of
similar nature, the process of molecular transformation takes
place over a correspondingly longer pathway.
Experiments have shown that a particularly useful shape of
vessel can be developed from the egg-shape and is especially
suited to the mixing, stirring, etc., of media, or the carrying
out of biochemical processes and fermentation processes. This
shape can also be developed from rotating egg-shaped or ovoid
bodies or if necessary from paraboloid or hyperboloid, rotating
bodies and the like, whereby these vessels can likewise be set
in regulable rotation as the case demands.
The driving mechanism for all these rotating bodies can also be
designed in such a way, that these bodies are imparted a
rhythmically alternating direction of rotation. Drives of this
nature require no further elaboration here, since they are
already well-known to technology.
The inclusion of additives can take place in any desired
fashion and relates to substances in a solid, liquid, gaseous or
aeriform state, and is ordered according to the nature of the
desired molecular synthesis or organisation. The intrinsic
qualities of the material required to upgrade the water must be
introduced in doses in accordance with the findings of the
analyses of the said drinking, medicinal and /or mineral water.
The energetic coupling, the actual bonding of these additives
to the media, is achieved through the interaction between the
aforesaid types of motion. The bonding takes place by way of
bio-catalysts inter alia through the appropriate choice of
materials from which the previously described pipes, channels or
vessels are made. In such applications, copper, silver and gold
and their alloys have proved to be particularly suitable.
However, synthetic resins (plastics) with or without mineral or
metallic inclusions or crystals, or natural stone, woods such as
larch, fir, etc. and combinations of such materials can also be
used.
For example, in a vessel made with an appropriate copper alloy,
water with a corresponding valency (healing property) can be
produced.
... [Missing text ] have a specific, energetic proportional
relation, which in any event is sufficiently well understood in
the field of catalysts and their application.
In addition, the energetic coupling (bonding) can take place
through direct irradiation by light of various frequencies
(blue, ultra-violet, etc.) or through the mechanical stimulation
of vibration, as has already been stated.
The distinctive, multiple-inwinding motion, characterised above
by the orbital and rotational, inwinding tendency of the moving
medium (water, earth, air, etc.) leads to a drop in temperature
towards the anomaly point of +4°C (39.2°F) and its specific
densation, which is the case with water in particular.
These effects are integral to the possibility of controlling
the induced molecular processes and to the achievement of a
substantially higher output and performance. They can be applied
to drive turbines, propel ships, locomotive devices, aircraft,
the conveyance of all kinds of media, to the raising of the
carrying capacity and tractive force of the water in small,
artificial channels, conduits or flumes, etc.
The increase in performance itself is to be attributed inter
alia to the substantial elimination of the centrifugally-acting,
reactive wall-pressures. In all systems of motion of this
nature, the speed of motion is increased. The process of
molecular syntheses is strengthened through the increase in
specific density. In the case of rotating pipes, pipes systems
and vessels, a regulable reversed flow and/or counter-rotation
occurs between the rotating forms and the media moving through
them, which accelerates and augments the aforesaid processes as
well as the mechanical increase in output and efficiency.
Accordingly, the areas of application of the invention are
manifold and of extremely wide scope. The implementation of this
process and the associated appliances has proved to be
particularly effective in the prevention of encrustation in
pipes, sedimentation in channels, the transformation of seawater
into freshwater with a range of properties, the biological
purification of polluted drinking water and general purpose
water, and in high-grade molecular syntheses. It is equally
suited to processes of energetic concentration and
transformation, for example, in the transformation of molecular
structures of liquid nature into gaseous, etheral or volatile
states and vice versa. It demonstrates the nature of the
build-up of blood, and sap in the world of plants.
It should also be mentioned that, as a result of this
invention, new designs for turbines, propulsion systems for
ships and aircraft, and differently designed water reticulation
and transfer installations can be developed. With more specific
reference to the invention itself, it should also be noted with
reference to Figure 6, that the movement mentioned above (which
can equally take place in the opposite direction), and multiple
inwinding movement in particular, should be conceived as the
tendencies represented in Figure 6. In this figure, which
depicts a closed profile, D is the direction in which the
profile itself rotates and E is the direction of the tendency to
inwind. As inwinding forms, apart from the inwinding motion
described above, equal consideration should be given to the
coiling of the profile shown in Figure 6 about various other
forms depicted schematically in Figures 4, 5c & 5d. These
other forms can also include an extended egg-shape (tear-drop
shape) or a contracted (extreme) egg-shape.
Amongst the base core-forms mentioned above, inwinding tubes or
systems of inwinding tubes of a special design can be
incorporated (as in Figure 7). Curved or inwinding tubes of a
special shape can likewise be attached to the external envelope
or the internal periphery of the bodies of the rotating conical
shapes or the others described above, whose spiral
configurations rotate in opposite directions, for example, a
left-hand external spiral and a right-hand internal spiral
configuration, or vice versa.
Patent Claims
The invention is characterised notably by the following
features and possible permutations and combinations:
1. Procedures for the control of processes of molecular
decomposition, transformation or composition taking place in the
moving media, liquid, gaseous or aeriform through which an
increase in mechanical performance and output can be achieved;
Procedures characterised by endowing the media with a particular
laminar movement, which then inwinds upon itself several times
in the above conduits, tubes or receptacles of a certain shape
and material conducive to such form of movement.
2. Given that different media have different molecular and
atomic structures, these are transformed into molecular
organisations of different nature through the interactions
occurring during such laminar multipleinwinding movement by
means of energetic coupling.
3. Elements existing as trace-elements, active substances and
such like are incorporated into the said processes in order to
contribute or participate in the energetic interactions.
4. The energetic interaction (coupling) between the media or
substances is produced, for example, by way of catalysts, which
amongst other things, desirably correspond to the base material
of the artefact, or through the direct or indirect production of
oscillations (for example, light of different frequency regions
or ultra-sound), the said interaction being additionally
assisted by the production of mechanical oscillations.
Austrian Patent #
145,141
Air Turbine
It is known that impellers can be caused to rotate by moving
air. It is equally known that an air current can be generated
through evacuation. The present invention, however, makes use of
mechanical and physical forces.
In the accompanying diagram (see fig. 19), the object of the
invention is portrayed in Sections A-A and B-B. A
snailshell-shaped housing a in which the impeller b is mounted
is connected to a double-spiral pipe c by means of a hollow
shaft d. The double-spiral pipe c is joined to an egg-shaped,
hollow body e at f, which is divided into two spaces by means of
a wire mesh g. In the inner chamber of e gas-burners or electric
arc-throwers are incorporated that combust the inflowing gas at
about 2,000°C (3,632°F). The inner chamber is connected to an
exhauster via a heatable double-spiral pipe h. To this
exhauster, streamlined, egg-shaped nozzles i are attached and
the whole arrangement is activated by an external force.
The impeller incorporated inside the snailshell housing is
constructed in such a way that fresh air can only enter the
hollow shaft d when the impeller blade k passes over the slot j
incorporated in the hollow shaft. The flywheel l, whose
cross-sections are egg-shaped and which is mounted on the hollow
shaft d, is installed in an externally airtight housing m. The
air present in the hollow space n is sucked out through a
connecting passage o, so that in the highly rarefied space n the
flywheel is offered very little resistance to rotation. To
maintain the combustion process, a combustible gas is introduced
at p. The double-spiral pipe c mentioned at the beginning has
been granted an Austrian patent, No. 138296. This pipe consists
of an external pipe made of wooden staves and an asbestos
sleeve. Within the latter there is a metal sleeve, which has
wood-shaving-like metal elements bent out from the periphery,
whose axis is inclined towards the pipe-axis at an angle of 30°
to 45°. [3] [3: consult patent 138296] These metal elements are
aligned along several spiral pathways. The peripheral air-masses
will thus be forced to describe a path corresponding to a spiral
within a spiral.
The inner metal sleeve is heated electrically. In addition, the
heat arising from friction on the outer walls leads to the
warming of the outer air-masses, through which in particular all
the oxygen contained in the air expands, concentrates itself at
the pipe-walls, becoming even warmer on its multi-spiral path
along the pipe-walls. The remaining gases contained in the air
pass down the centre of the pipe and rise through the agency of
the gas introduced at p. Because the warmer and therefore more
aggressive oxygen brushes along the outer pipe-walls and the
colder residual components of the air flow through the inner
region of the pipe, inner tensions arise between the materials
due to the temperature differences obtaining, which become more
pronounced the longer the distance travelled, until interactions
ultimately occur. These interactions proceed in the form of
small explosions and assist the reaction that takes place
through the combustion of the highly energised gases within the
egg-shaped safety mesh g.
In the egg-shaped body e a sieve (safety mesh) g is
incorporated, outside of which the separated oxygen mentioned
earlier accumulates, passes through the sieve into the centre,
wherein, with the aid of the electric or gas arcs, it
contributes to the almost complete combustion of the centrally
conducted combustible gases. As a result a much greater vacuum
evolves than has hitherto been achieved using currently known
methods. At the same time the exhaust gases are reduced to a
minimum and extracted mechanically via h and i. Through the
creation of the vacuum in e, the air will be sucked in with even
greater force, setting the impeller in motion in the process.
Claims
1. The air-turbine is characterised by the fact that the
air-masses in a doublespiral pipe can be so strongly moved, that
due to frictional heat and externally supplied heat between the
peripheral air-masses and those streaming down the pipe-axis,
differences in temperature arise, which lead to cold
interactions in the air flowing through the double-spiral pipe,
whose end-product is an almost total vacuum.
2. In accordance with Claim 1 the air-turbine is further
characterised by the complete combustion that takes place in a
partitioned chamber by means of a safety mesh having a
pipe-shaped extension towards its base.
3. In accordance with Claims 1 & 2, the air-turbine is
characterised by the fact that the attached flywheel is caused
to rotate in a rarefied space.
4. In accordance with Claims 1-3, the air-turbine is
characterised by the fact that the supply of air takes place
pulsatingly through a slot in the hollow shaft.
5. In accordance with Claims 1-3, the air-turbine is
characterised by the fact that the discharge of exhaust gases
takes place by means of a heated pipe in which a temperature
higher than that of the exhaust gases prevails.
British Patent #
1,187,632
Apparatus for
Agitating Body of Fluid
This invention relates to methods and
apparatus for agitating a body of fluids, in particular for
the purpose of making a mixture, solution, emulsion,
suspension and the like, from a plurality of fluids or from a
quantity of material and one or more fluids, or for the
purpose of incorporating air into the body of fluid.
In some industrial and chemical
processes it is often necessary to mix a fluid and another
material to form a solution, emulsion, suspension or the like.
Such mixing operations are required for example in the
preparation of mineral drinks, fluid mixtures containing a
small amount of a particular substance, mixtures of carbon
dioxide with a fluid, and also in the purification of bodies
of water.
On the latter connection, it has been
found that the self-purifying capacity of still or relatively
slowly flowing water is less than that of more rapidly flowing
water, for example, flowing at 20 centimeters per second. The
greater self-purifying capacity of rapidly flowing water is
due to the fact that, owing to turbulence produced in the
water, oxygen has a greater analysis to be incorporated into
the water and decompose the organic substances before they
settle. The relatively rapid flow causes the oxygen consumed
in the decomposition process to be quickly replaced. In still
or relatively slowly flowing water, such as lakes or
reservoirs, however, settling of the organic substances not
only results in the lower regions of the water becoming
saturated wit such substances, but in addition, causes an
oxygen deficit in the upper layers of the water, for the
reason that oxygen consumed in the decomposition of the
settling substances is not replaced, owing to the slower flow
or complete stagnation not producing turbulence to cause
oxygen from the atmosphere to be incorporated into the water.
As a result, the organic substances are not consumed by oxygen
and the water becomes impure or polluted. It is possible to
overcome such pollution by agitating the water to reduce the
settlement of organic substances and in particular, to
increase the amount of oxygen absorbed into the water at its
surface from the adjacent atmosphere,, so that a greater
amount of oxygen is available to decompose the organic
substances and thereby purify the water.
According to the present invention, there
is provided apparatus for agitating air into the fluid,
comprising a vessel to contain the fluid and having an
upwardly facing opening, and a rotatable shaft extending
upwardly into the vessel from the bottom thereof and carrying
at least one stirring blade, the configuration of the vessel
being such that in a portion adjacent the shaft, the walls of
the vessel diverge upwardly in a continuous curve from the
location of the shaft, in the form of an end portion of an
egg-shape.
Embodiments of an apparatus according to
the present invention will now be described by way of example
with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: ---
Figure 1 is a vertical cross section of
one embodiment of the apparatus;
Figure 2 is a vertical cross-section of a
second embodiment of the apparatus;
Figure 3 is a vertical cross-section of a
third embodiment of the apparatus
Figure 4 is a partial vertical
cross-section of a third embodiment of the apparatus;
Figure 5 is a vertical cross-section of a
fifth embodiment of the apparatus, showing a vessel within a
larger body of fluid.
Referring firstly to Figure 1, the
embodiment shown comprises a vertically arranged closed
egg-shaped vessel 1 containing a fluid F to be mixed. The
larger end of the vessel 1 is disposed upwardly, while the
configuration of a substantial portion of the body of the
vessel 1 lying between the larger and smaller ends thereof is
defined by an exponential function which is represented in
polar coordinates by the general equations r = a0 and r = a0 +
b, and in a specific case by the equation r = e0 + b, where r
is the radius vector, a and b designate any constant, and e is
the base of the natural logarithm. [phi]
At the larger end of the vessel 1, an
opening 2 is provided on the axis of symmetry of the vessel 1
for introducing materials M into the body of fluid F. The
materials to be mixed with the fluid may include air or other
matter in solid, liquid or gaseous form, Depending on the
nature of the material to be mixed with the fluid F,
pressurized injection into the vessel may be required,
particularly of the material is in the form of a powder or
small particles.
Located at the lower end of the vessel 1
and also on its axis of symmetry is a rotatable shaft 3
carrying at its upper end a single bladed stirring element 4
for stirring the fluid F and imparting to it a whirling or
vertical motion, as shown by the arrows of Figure 1. Thus the
flow of the whirling body of fluid in the vessel 1 comprises
an upwardly flowing spiral at the outer periphery of the
whirling body, extending substantially to the surface of fluid
F. Inside the upwardly flowing spiral there is also a
vertically upward flow to the surface, which then turns
inwardly, also mixing with the downward flow resulting from
the upward spiral. The vortex or whirling action created by
the stirring element 4 and the walls of the vessel 1 is
similar to the eddy or whirlpool phenomena occurring in a
flowing stream of water. The vortex in the fluid F creates a
lower pressure region along the axis of the vortex, while has
a suction effect so drawing fluid downwardly at the center and
also drawing in air from the region adjacent the surface of
the fluid F. In Figures 1 and 1a, the path followed by an
individual fluid particle p is shown as it passes in an
upwardly flowing spiral within the body of Fluid F. Any
materials introduced into the vessel 1 through the opening 2
are pulled or sucked into the body of fluid F by its vortex
action, which also provides a mixing effect.
Referring now to Figure 2, the apparatus
comprises a vessel 5 of the same general configuration as the
vessel 1 shown in Figure 1, but which is in an inverted
position, that is, with its larger end downwards. Located at
the lower end of the vessel 5 is a rotatable shaft 3 having a
double-bladed stirring element 4’ at its upper end. The
vessel5 contains a fluid F, the level of which is such as to
leave a space as shown between the fluid F and the upper end
of the vessel 5. An inlet pipe 6 opens into the vessels 5 by
way of an inlet opening 6’ such that material is injected
tangentially into, and below the surface of, the whirling
volume of fluid F.
Axially arranged in the upper end of the
vessel 5 is a short tubular member 7 containing a lens or
filter 8. Aligned above the filter 8 is an irradiation source
9 for directing radiation, such as ultraviolet rays,
downwardly through the filter 8 into the fluid F. The
direction of the rays from the source 9 is along the axis of
the vortex created in the body o fluid F by the stirring
element 4’.
The shape of the vessel 5 is, as shown,
similar to that of the vessel in Figure 1, the configuration
of a substantial portion between the ends of the vessel 1
being defined by the equations set forth hereinbefore with
reference to figure 1.
In both vessels 1 and 5, the stirring
elements 4, 4’ combine with the vessel walls to create a
vortex in the body of fluid F. I Figure 2, materials to be
mixed are injected tangentially into the vessel 5 and are
picked up by the upwardly flowing spiral at the vessel wall,
which then carries them into the center of the vessel 5 and
downwardly, so that they become intimately mixed by the vortex
action. The rays from the source 9, which pass through the
filter 8, are absorbed into the whirling body of the fluid F
and, due to the continuous mixing effect, irradiate the fluid
F and any additional matter it contains.
Figure 3 shows a vessel 10 similar to
that shown in Figure 2 except that its upper end is open,
giving it a goblet-like shape. Carried at its lower end, the
vessel 10 has a rotatable shaft 3 with single-bladed stirring
element 4’’ at its upper end for whirling the fluid F. As the
upper end of the vessel 10 is open, it can be used in various
processes for the treating and mixing of fluids. Materials to
be mixed are introduced through the opening in the upper end
of the vessel 10, while the vessel 10 could be used by itself
or within a larger tank for mixing a fluid.
Where a vessel is to be positioned within
a larger tank of fluid to be mixed, or within a natural body
of water, into which oxygen is to be absorbed to decompose any
organic matter therein and thereby purify the water, the
embodiments shown in Figure 4 and 5 are preferred.
In Figure 4, the fluid F’ is contained
within a large tank or container 25. Extending upwardly from
the base of the tank are support members 21 which carry a
dome-shaped vessel 20 which is of a configuration similar to
the lower portion of the vessels 5 and 10 shown in Figures 2
and 3, thus forming an open bowl-type container. Extending
through the lower end of the vessel 20 is a rotatable shaft 23
carrying a its upper end a single-bladed stirring element 24
located in the bottom of the vessel 20. Disposed below the
vessel 20 is a motor 22 for driving the shaft 23 and is
stirring element 24. In operation, the stirring element 24
creates a whirling action within a body of fluid f shown in
dash-dotted lines in Figure 4. The container 25 may be a
collecting tank, settling tank, water reservoir or similar
fluid-holding device in which a mixing action is to be
produced.
The other embodiment of a mixing vessel
positioned within a body of fluid F’, shown in Figure 5,
comprises a vessel 30 of a cup-shaped configuration which is
similar to the lower portion of the vessel 1 shown in Figure
1. Mounted at the lower end of the vessel 30 is a hollow
rotatable shaft 33 with a single-bladed stirring element 34
located at its upper end. Fluid, or any material S’, below the
vessel 30 may also be drawn into the vessel through the hollow
shaft 33 so that such fluid may be incorporated upwardly into
the whirling volume of fluid f. Additionally, it should be
noted that the irradiation source 9 shown in Figure 2 could be
used in either of the embodiments shown in Figures 4 or 5 to
provide radiation treatment of the fluid.
In Figures 4 and 5, a vortex or whirling
movement is produced in the fluid F’ to be mixed, whether it
is a natural body of water, such as the water of a lake, or a
large container holding some other fluid, by the stirring
elements 24, 34 disposed in the lower portion of vessels, 20,
30 respectively. The general outline of the body of fluid f to
which the whirling movement is imparted is shown by the
dash-dotted line in Figures 4 and 5. Additionally, in Figure
4, the flow pattern within the body of fluid f is shown by a
number of solid lines bearing directional arrows. The flow
pattern is the same as previously described for Figure 1, the
outer layer of the body of fluid f moving in an upwardly
flowing spiral to the surface of the fluid. Similarly,
inwardly of the upwardly spiraling layer is an upwardly
flowing layer which reverse direction in the upper region of
the whirling body of fluid f moving in an upward flowing
spiral to the surface of the fluid. Similarly, inwardly of the
upwardly spiraling layer is an upwardly flowing layer which
reverses direction in the upper region of the whirling body of
fluid f, then passing inwardly and downwardly at S along the
axis of the vortex. The suction effect developed by the vortex
produced in the body of fluid f tends to suck in any materials
to be mixed with the fluid; this suction effect may be used in
the case of water to draw oxygen into the water to provide a
biochemical purification action. In both the embodiments shown
in Figures 4 and 5, as the vessel 20, 30 extends only a short
distance above the stirring element 24, 34, it does not
interfere with any mixing at the interface of the main body of
fluid F’ and the fluid f in the whirling volume.
In the mixing operation, whether in the
closed vessels shown in Figures 1 and 2 or in the open vessels
of Figures 3m 4, and 5, a relatively small amount of energy is
needed to rotate the stirring elements and create the vortex
in the fluid. Moreover, where an open vessel is used, as in
Figures 4 and 5, not only is it possible to produce
circulation of fluid within the boundaries of the whirling
body of fluid f, but the fluid F’ is also drawn into hat
whirling body so that a complete mixing action can be
achieved. Additionally, when either the open or closed vessels
are used, the whirling body of fluid will show resonance
phenomenon when a relatively high speed stirring element is
employed; under such conditions the intensity of fluid
circulation produced by the stirring element can be increased
by increasing the speed of the elements, with only a
relatively small additional energy consumption.
What we claim is: --- [ Claims not
included here ]
US Patent # 1,775,871
Method and Apparatus for Sorting Timber
This invention relates to an improved method of and arrangement
for sorting and discharging separated different kinds of timber,
such as long-tailed timber, log timber, billet wood, etc.
The simultaneous floating of different kinds of timber,
presents difficulties, because each kind moves with different
speed and the slow moving short wood is overtaken by the faster
floating log-timber, particularly at the curves, and therefore a
sorting of the timber is carried out at the outlet of the
retaining basin.
The method of separating the different kinds of timber is based
on the fact, that the pieces of wood of different thicknesses
are submerged in the water to different depth and therefore by
draining off the topmost water-layer only, at first the smaller
billet-woods, floating on the surface, are set into motion,
while the log-timber and long-tailed timber which float deeper
in the water can float off only in case the overflow is made to
a greater depth. Thus by a suitable adjustment of an overflow
door the different kinds of timber are sucked into a short
channel which preferably is arranged in communication with a
retaining or collecting basin. Timber, floating at a greater
depth, is prevented from floating off by occasionally lifting
the overflow-door, whereby a retaining action arises, which
stops the start of the undesirable movement. After the discharge
from the said short channel, a further separation of the
different kinds of timber is carried out by reason of the fact
that the small pieces of wood float on the top and in case the
overflow-door is lowered very slightly only, these small pieces
are discharged into a wet-chute which lies at a proper depth
opposite the floor of the channel, while after a further
lowering of the overflow-door the log-timber is discharged into
a higher timber cute by reason of the greater speed of the
water. The short channel is provided with longitudinal ribs, in
order to prevent a rotation or eddying of the water in this
part. The outflowing water passes into a discharge pit, which is
provided with a grate for catching the billet-wood and for
guiding the latter into the chute. In this manner the
billet-wood and log-timber pass in a wet condition into the dry
chute. Whereby the sliding capacity of the wood is increased by
about 8% and consequently the slope of the chutes can be
decreased considerably. The dropping water may be employed for
driving mechanical means as will be described hereinafter.
However, as a rule the valuable long-tailed timber cannot be
conveyed on the chutes constructed for log-timber in consequence
of their curvatures. And therefore it is of advantage to
separate the long-tailed timber and convey it in another manner.
According to the present invention this is accomplished in the
following manner: ---
A supporting device, for instance a wire-rope or rail, which
follows the direction of the flow of the water, is arranged in a
suitable height (about 7 feet) over the upper water-level above
the short channel. Overhead cranes provided with chains or
gripers, are arranged on this supporting device. After the
long-tailed timber has been sucked into the short channel
similar to the log timber, the overflow-door is raised, whereby
the oncoming wood is stopped immediately and the long-tailed
timber is disposed exactly underneath the supporting device. If
the water rises further, the long-tailed timber is disposed
exactly underneath the supporting device. If the water rises
further, the long-tailed timber is also raised until it can be
readily attached to the supporting device by means of chains or
grippers. If the overflow-door is again lowered the water flows
off faster in consequence of the gradient thus formed, the
timber hanging on the supporting device is taken along and now
freely floats, also at a slight gradient, with the speed
imparted by the water, until it is deposited either at the place
of destination or at a place, from which it is conveyed by
vehicles or a waterway, adapted for long-tailed timber.
A sorting device arranged at a retaining basin is illustrated
in cross section by way of example on the accompanying drawings.
A slightly inclined channel 42 (about 0.5:1000) is in
communication with the retaining basin 41 for receiving the
different kinds of timber, which come down from the different
sides or are supplied upon chutes. A working stand 43 is
arranged alongside the channel 42. An overflow door 44, which is
vertically slidable in a slot 45, serves for closing the end of
the channel 42 and is raised by the buoyancy of the water, in
order to close the channel 42. An overflow door 44, which is
vertically slidable in a slot 45, serves for closing the end of
the channel 42 and is raised by the buoyancy of the water, in
order to close the channel 42. Also upwardly acting weights,
springs and the like (not illustrated) may be provided in order
to promote the buoyancy and effect an automatic closing of the
door. Rollers 46 are arranged on the door 44 and passes over
pulleys 48 and 49. By means of a lever 50, attached to the
pulley 49, the door 44 may be readily and comfortable operated
from the working stand 43. The graduations I, II, and III of a
dial correspond to the discharge parabolas I, II, and III. A
water-discharge channel 51, located in front of the door 44 or
slot 45, is sufficiently wide to allow the water to flow off
even in case the door 44 is fully opened.
The chute 52 for the long-timber is connected to the channel 51
slightly below the floor of the channel 42. The chute 53 for the
billet-wood lies below the chute 52. the wood passing over an
inclined grating 54, which traverses the channel 51. A
supporting rope 55 is arranged above the channel 42 and carries
cable grippers 56, which are provided with chains 57 for
securing the timber.
The workman standing on the platform 43 controls the level of
the water in the channel 42 according to the thickness of the
timber passing through the latter at the time by raising or
lowering the door 44 by means of the lever 50. If a log-timber
enters the channel 42, the workman lowers the door 44 by means
of the lever 50. If a log-timber enters the channel 42, the
workman lowers the door 44 in such a way, that the log-timber is
discharged onto the chute 52. In the case of billet-wood the
door 44 is lowered to such an extent, that the same is
discharged onto the chute 53, while the small pieces of wood are
discharged through the channel 51 by operating the door in such
a way, that the said wood follows the way of the discharge
parabola I.
I claim: --- [ Claims not included here ]
German Patent #
1,442,734
Engine Exhaust System
