rexresearch
Paul STAMETS
Mycology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Stamets
Paul
Stamets
Paul Edward Stamets
(born July 17, 1955) is an American mycologist and entrepreneur
who sells various mushroom products through his company. He is
an author and advocate of medicinal fungi and mycoremediation.
https://paulstamets.com/
https://www.youtube.com/user/paulstamets
Paul
Stamets' YouTube Channel
https://fungi.com
http://cordycepsreishiextracts.com/
Cordyceps
Reishi Extracts, LLC
Fungi Perfecti Mushrooms, Better for You : Ling Zhi
... Ganoderma lucidum ... Ganoderma
Extract ... Cordyceps Extract
Expert cultivation and extraction - triad of extraction methods
- hot water extraction, alcohol extraction and fermentation -
guarantees highest concentration and availability of full range
of active compounds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=XI5frPV58tY&feature=emb_logo
6
ways mushrooms can save the world
Mycologist Paul Stamets studies the mycelium -- and lists 6 ways
that this astonishing fungus can help save the world.
https://www.ted.com/speakers/paul_stamets
Paul
Stamets Mycologist
Paul Stamets believes that mushrooms can save our lives, restore
our ecosystems and transform other worlds.
Entrepreneurial mycologist Paul Stamets seeks to rescue the
study of mushrooms from forest gourmets and psychedelic
warlords. The focus of Stamets' research is the Northwest's
native fungal genome, mycelium, but along the way he has filed
22 patents for mushroom-related technologies, including
pesticidal fungi that trick insects into eating them, and
mushrooms that can break down the neurotoxins used in nerve gas.
There are cosmic implications as well. Stamets believes we could
terraform other worlds in our galaxy by sowing a mix of fungal
spores and other seeds to create an ecological footprint on a
new planet.
Books
Fantastic
Fungi: How Mushrooms Can Heal, Shift Consciousness &
Save the Planet (2019, ISBN 1683837045,
978-1683837046)
Mycelium
Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World (2005,
ISBN 1-58008-579-2)
Psilocybin
Mushrooms of the World (1996, ISBN 0-89815-839-7)
Growing
Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms (1996, ISBN
1-58008-175-4)
Psilocybe
Mushrooms & Their Allies (1978), Homestead Book
Company, ISBN 0-930180-03-8
https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-019-2681-7
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine volume 19,
Article number: 342 (2019)
2 December 2019
The
mycelium of the Trametes versicolor (Turkey tail) mushroom
and its fermented substrate each show potent and
complementary immune activating properties in vitro
Kathleen
F. Benson, et al.
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Trametes versicolor (Tv, Turkey Tail)
is often prepared for consumption as a powder from the fungal
mycelium and the fermented substrate on which it grew. The goal
for this study was to evaluate the immune-modulating properties
of the mycelium versus the fermented substrate, to document
whether an important part of the immune-activating effects
resides in the metabolically fermented substrate.
Conclusion
The results demonstrated that the immune-activating
bioactivity of a mycelial-based medicinal mushroom preparation
is a combination of the mycelium itself (including insoluble
beta-glucans, and also water-soluble components), and the highly
bioactive, metabolically fermented substrate, not present in the
initial substrate.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32194-8)
Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 13936 (2018)
4 October 2018
Extracts
of Polypore Mushroom Mycelia Reduce Viruses in Honey Bees
Paul E.
Stamets, et al.
Abstract
Waves of highly infectious viruses sweeping through global
honey bee populations have contributed to recent declines in
honey bee health. Bees have been observed foraging on mushroom
mycelium, suggesting that they may be deriving medicinal or
nutritional value from fungi. Fungi are known to produce a wide
array of chemicals with antimicrobial activity, including
compounds active against bacteria, other fungi, or viruses. We
tested extracts from the mycelium of multiple polypore fungal
species known to have antiviral properties. Extracts from amadou
(Fomes) and reishi (Ganoderma) fungi reduced the levels of honey
bee deformed wing virus (DWV) and Lake Sinai virus (LSV) in a
dose-dependent manner. In field trials, colonies fed Ganoderma
resinaceum extract exhibited a 79-fold reduction in DWV and a
45,000-fold reduction in LSV compared to control colonies. These
findings indicate honey bees may gain health benefits from fungi
and their antimicrobial compounds.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925857414002250
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.05.016
Removal
of Escherichia coli from synthetic stormwater using
mycofiltration
Alex
Taylor, et al.
Abstract
Pathogens from nonpoint sources are the leading cause of
water quality impairments in US surface waters. This study
assessed the capacity of basidiomycetous fungal mycelium on
cellulosic substrates to remove Escherichia coli from synthetic
stormwater under unsaturated vertical-flow conditions. The
mycelium of Stropharia rugoso-annulata was tested in
mycofiltration columns consisting of 18.6 L containers with
mycelium grown on either wood chips or a mixture of wood chips
and straw. S. rugoso-annulata mycofiltration columns were loaded
with water spiked with 600–900 cfu/100 mL of E. coli at low (0.5
L/min; 0.57 m/d) and high (2.2 L/min; 2.5 m/d) hydraulic
loading. Influent and effluent were monitored for thermotolerant
coliform and E. coli using the Coliscan membrane filter
chromogenic method. Alder wood chips infused with S.
rugoso-annulata mycelium yielded a removal rate of around 20%
relative to control filters. Wood chip and straw media appeared
less effective with substantial net export of bacteria from both
mycelium-infused and un-inoculated control media. The
un-inoculated control media used in this study commonly exported
high concentrations of thermotolerant coliform bacteria. On wood
chip-based media, the presence of actively growing mycelium
reduced the thermotolerant coliform exports by >90% relative
to the control media. The study highlights the limitations of
using thermotolerant coliform to assess pathogen removal in
cellulose rich ecotechnologies like mycofiltration.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314826775_Biological_and_chemical_evaluation_of_anti-TB_coumarins_from_the_polypore_mushroom_Fomitopsis_officinalis
Planta Medica 78(11) July 2012
Biological
and chemical evaluation of anti-TB coumarins from the
polypore mushroom, Fomitopsis officinalis
Changhwa
Hwang, et al.
Abstract
Two naturally occurring chlorinated coumarins,
6-chloro-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one (1) and ethyl
6-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-3-carboxylate (2), were
isolated from the EtOH extract of the polypore mushroom,
Fomitopsis officinalis. The structures of 1 and 2 were deduced
spectroscopically and confirmed by chemical synthesis. In
addition, analogues of the coumarins were synthesized as
7-chloro-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one (3) and ethyl
7-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-3-carboxylate (4), and 1-4
were physicochemically characterized. An extensive assessment of
their antimicrobial activities indicated that 2 - 4 display
specific activity against both replicating and non-replicating
Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as M. tuberculosis isolates
with mono-resistance to rifampin, isoniazid, streptomycin,
kanamycin, or cycloserine, with MICs from 22 to 50 µg/ml.
https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-11-60
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine volume 11,
Article number: 60 (2011)
Antihyperlipidemic
effects of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushrooms) in
HIV-infected individuals taking antiretroviral therapy
Donald I
Abrams, et al.
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens in HIV patients
commonly cause significant lipid elevations, including increases
in both triglycerides and cholesterol. Standard treatments for
hypercholesterolemia include the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors,
or "statins." Because many ART agents and statins share a common
metabolic pathway that uses the cytochrome P450 enzyme system,
coadministration of ART with statins could increase statin
plasma levels significantly. The oyster mushroom, Pleurotus
ostreatus, has been shown in animal models to decrease lipid
levels - a finding that has been supported by preliminary data
in a small human trial.
http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,0d0f121956dd501b,0a3878105512f782.html
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, pages
495-506
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v7.i3.60
Antipox
Properties of Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Bond. et
Singer (Agarikon) from the Pacific Northwest of North
AmericaPaul E. Stamets
ABSTRACT
Polypore mushrooms have been used medicinally for thousands
of years. The Greek physician Dioscorides first described the
use of Fomitopsis officinalis, a wood conk (or agarikon), as a
treatment against consumption in 65 AD. Its use as a topical
anti-inflammatory agent also spans millennia. Other wood conks
such as Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Chi or Reishi) have had a
similarly long history of use in Asia. In the past 20 years,
wood conks continue to be carefully explored for their
immunomodulating and anticancer properties. More recently,
mushrooms, including polypores, have been and are being explored
for their antimicrobial properties. Of more than 200,000
pharmaceutical and natural products analyzed, and subsequent to
the authors’ submitting more than 100 in vitro cultures of
mushrooms to the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID) in coordination with the US National Institute
of Health (NIH) and the US Defense Department (DOD)’s Bioshield
BioDefense program, several tests show that the author's
extracts of cultures originating from rare “old growth” polypore
mushrooms demonstrated strong antiviral activity. Within verdant
natural landscapes, trees hundreds of years old host ancestral
strains of these elusive mushroom species. Species that are now
rare, or in some cases thought to be extinct, still reside in
the pristine old growth forests of the Pacific Northwest of
North America. When clones from these mushrooms were grown in
vitro and submitted for antiviral screening, several mycelial
cultures produced antimicrobial agents effective against pox and
other viruses. Notably, strains vary in their antiviral
properties. Our mushroom genomes hold within them great
potentials for staving off disease and barely have been
explored. The fungal diversity within these genomes may prove
critical for isolating the most active strains, similar to the
lessons learned from the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum
strains that lead to the commercialization of penicillin,
subsequently saving millions of lives. With deforestation,
pollution, and industrialization, societies should reevaluate
the importance of their natural forests in the context that they
hold within them novel medicines of enormous socioeconomic and
national defense importance.
International
Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, Volume 2, 2000 Issue 2
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v2.i2
Techniques
for the Cultivation of the Medicinal Mushroom Royal Sun
Agaricus-Agaricus blazei Murr. (Agaricomycetideae)
Paul E.
Stamets
ABSTRACT
The cultivation of the Royal Sun Agaricus or Agaricus blazei
Murr. is discussed in detail. The particular temperature,
humidity and environmental requirements are delineated,
accompanied by recommended strategies for crop management.
Fruitbodies grown from the same culture on sterilized sawdust
have light pilei whereas fruitbodies grown from fermented
manure-based compost have dark brown pilei, suggesting that
substrate composition affects pigmentation during the expression
of the fruitbody. Since cap pigmentation has been used as a
taxonomic feature of some importance in the genus Agaricus, this
study raises concerns about its taxonomic significance. The
medicinal properties of this mushroom and its potential
application in recycling are discussed.
Integr Med
(Encinitas). 2014 Feb; 13(1): 46–47.
PMCID: PMC4684114
PMID: 26770081
Medicinal
Mushrooms: Ancient Remedies Meet Modern Science
Paul
Stamets, DSc and Heather Zwickey, PhD
Patents
US2012070414
[ PDF ] //
US2013287829
Controlling
disease vectors from insects and arthropods using
preconidial mycelium and extracts of preconidial mycelium
from entomopathogenic fungi
Abstract
The present invention utilizes extracts of the
pre-sporulation (preconidial) mycelial stage of entomopathogenic
fungi as insect and arthropod attractants and/or pathogens and
can be employed to limit the zoonotic and plant diseases they
transmit. The fungus can be cultivated on grain, wood,
agricultural wastes or other cellulosic material and extracts
can be made thereof. More than one fungus and substrate can be
used in combination with one or more antimicrobial,
antiprotozoal, antiviral, or genetically modified agents that
result in reduced spread of contagions and lessens the damage
they inflict on animals and plants.
US2009047236
[ PDF ] //
AU2001296679
Mycoattractants
and mycopesticides
Abstract
The present invention utilizes extracts of the
pre-sporulation (preconidial) mycelial stage of entomopathogenic
fungi as insect attractants and/or pathogens. The fungus can be
cultivated on grain, wood, agricultural wastes or other
cellulosic material. More than one fungus and substrate can be
used in combination.
US2005276815
[ PDF ]
Antiviral
activity from medicinal mushrooms
Abstract
Compounds having unique antiviral properties are prepared
from medicinal mushroom mycelium, extracts and derivatives. The
compositions are derived from Fomitopsis, Piptoporus, Ganoderma
resinaceum and blends of medicinal mushroom species and are
useful in preventing and treating viruses including Pox and HIV
viruses.
US2012039976
[ PDF ]
Controlling
zoonotic disease vectors from insects and arthropods using
preconidial mycelium and extracts of preconidial mycelium
from entomopathogenic fungi
Abstract
The present invention utilizes extracts of the
pre-sporulation (preconidial) mycelial stage of entomopathogenic
fungi as insect and arthropod attractants and/or pathogens and
can be employed to limit the zoonotic diseases they transmit.
The fungus can be cultivated on grain, wood, agricultural wastes
or other cellulosic material and extracts can be made thereof.
More than one fungus and substrate can be used in combination
with one or more antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, and
genetically modified agents that result in reduced spread of
contagions and lessens the damage they inflict on animals, and
plants.
US2005238655
[ PDF ]
Antiviral
activity from medicinal mushrooms
Abstract
Compounds having unique antiviral properties are prepared
from medicinal mushroom mycelium, extracts and derivatives. The
compositions are derived from Fomitopsis, Piptoporus, Ganoderma
resinaceum and blends of medicinal mushroom species and are
useful in preventing and treating viruses including Pox and HIV
viruses.
US2014105928
[ PDF ]
Antiviral
and antibacterial activity from medicinal mushrooms
Abstract
Compounds having unique antiviral and antibacterial
properties are prepared from medicinal mushroom mycelium,
extracts and derivatives. The compositions are derived from
Fomitopsis, Piptoporus, Ganoderma, Inonotus, Trametes,
Pleurotus, and blends of medicinal mushroom species and are
useful in preventing and treating viruses including Poxyiridae
and Orthopox viruses, flu viruses including bird flu (H5N1),
SARS and Hepatitis C(HCV), as well as infections from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli.
US2016000754
[ PDF ] //
WO2016161138
Antiviral
Activity from Medicinal Mushrooms and their Active
Constituents
Abstract
Compounds having unique antiviral properties found in
mushroom mycelium and their analogs are extracted, concentrated,
isolated or manufactured to create compositions useful in
preventing the spread and proliferation of various viruses
afflicting animals, particularly viruses harming humans, pigs,
birds, bats and bees. Such compounds and compositions can be
used individually or in combination with known medicines or
natural products to improve health.
US2011008384
[ PDF ]
Antiviral
activity from medicinal mushrooms
Abstract
Compounds having unique antiviral properties are prepared
from medicinal mushroom mycelium, extracts and derivatives. The
compositions are derived from Fomitopsis and blends of medicinal
mushroom species and are useful in preventing and treating
viruses including Poxviridae and Orthopox viruses.
US2008005046
[ PDF ] //
US2008046277
Living
systems from cardboard packaging materials
Abstract
Compositions, methods and business applications of using new
and recycled cardboard infused with a plurality of saprophytic
(including endophytic) and mycorrhizal fungi matched with seeds
of plants (including trees, vegetables, herbs and grasses)
whereby the cardboard can be sprouted by end-users to start
ecosystems. Such containers may have carbon-credit value for
companies and consumers when planted and grown as a carbon sink
or carbon offset for the photosynthetic and mycelial
sequestration of carbon dioxide. The relative weight of the Life
Box's added seeds and spores does not significantly affect the
total weight of the infused cardboard, thus not increasing
transportation costs.
US2018021326
[ PDF ]
Compositions
and methods for enhancing neuroregeneration...
Abstract
Methods and compositions are disclosed for enhancing
neurogenesis, resolving neuropathy and improving neurological
health and functioning using fungal extracts and their active
ingredients, including species of mushrooms and mycelia
containing psilocybin and psilocin, combined with erinacines and
hericenones or fungal extracts containing those active
ingredients, with the addition of nicotinic acid. The
compositions may optionally be combined with nervine plants.
US2009130138
[ PDF ]
Antiviral
and antibacterial activity from medicinal mushrooms
Abstract
Compounds having unique antiviral and antibacterial
properties are prepared from medicinal mushroom mycelium,
extracts and derivatives. The compositions are derived from
Fomitopsis, Piptoporus, Ganoderma, Inonotus, Trametes,
Pleurotus, and blends of medicinal mushroom species and are
useful in preventing and treating viruses including Poxyiridae
and Orthopox viruses, flu viruses including bird flu (H5N1),
SARS and Hepatitis C(HCV), as well as infections from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli.
US2008286298
[ PDF ]
Compositions
Comprising Hypsizygus Ulmarius Extract
Abstract
Disclosed are topical compositions comprising extracts of
Hypsizygus ulmarius in amounts that are effective to influence
LTB4-mediated chemotaxis and/or IL-1beta mediated adhesion of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The hypsizygus ulmarius extract
may be used alone or in combination with secondary
anti-inflammatory and skin active agents, such as other mushroom
and/or natural extracts. The secondary anti-inflammatory agents
may or may not function by antagonizing LTB4-mediated chemotaxis
and IL-1beta mediated adhesion. The extract may be incorporated
into a cosmetically acceptable vehicle. The present invention
includes methods of treating skin inflammation by applying to
inflamed skin, anti-inflammatory effective amounts of Hypsizygus
ulmarius extract in a defined treatment regimen.
AU2002244133
Delivery
systems for mycotechnologies, mycofiltration and
mycoremediation