stuff122016

George Wiseman / Eagle Research -- Brown's Gas Generators --

Fully Assembled ER50 ready NOW

Details to order a FULLY ASSEMBLED ER50 are below...
Breathing / Drinking BG UPDATE:
In addition to all the personal benefits I listed in the ' Plants Don't Lie' document, I've recently noticed that all the warts on my body have disappeared.

I've had hand warts since childhood, got them from my best friend (he's still my best friend). They were generally pretty benign and small (I'd clip out any that grew in size), but now they are GONE! I literally can't find one and there were usually at least a dozen. I do not know when they left but it's good to see them gone :)

Then there's the plantar wart that was on my foot (gross, I know). I'd have to peal it off (the excess skin) occasionally (about once every two months) or it'd be painful (like a stone in my shoe). I THINK it must have pealed off when the severe psoriasis left my feet (all my skin) baby skin smooth.

I thought the thick callus on hands, elbows, knees and feet was normal, because I've had them from a child, working hard on my Dad's ranch. I didn't know the thick white pealing skin was psoriasis. I'm amazed at how smooth my skin is compared to friends my age (nearly 60). I've can't remember a time when I've had skin so smooth!

I don't use any 'rejuvenation' or 'hydrating' creams, etc. I guess being a guy, I never felt the need (it was an advantage to look older). Now that I'm actually older I was considering it... but the BG seems to be doing everything such creams promise, from the inside out.

Again I think... "If this is what I'm seeing on the OUTSIDE, what must be happening on the INSIDE?!"

I’ve updated the ‘ Plant’s Don’t Lie’ pdf, if you’ve downloaded it, it’d be good to download it again.

Here's an article discussing Chronic De-Hydration as the cause of most disease.
I've also learned that chronically de-hydrated people lose the ability to discern between hunger and thirst and thus often eat instead of drink.

Helpful healthful dieting tip: I find it helpful to drink a quart (liter) of (BG Bubbled) water when I feel hungry, then if I still feel hungry 1/2 hour later, to eat a reasonable portion of healthy food. This technique helped me lose 30 excess pounds. I'm also starting to exercise. I noticed some muscle definition just from the BG water / breathing but just having muscle doesn't mean it's toned or strong. For that you need to USE your muscles.

After only a couple of weeks going to the gym (you can do it at home with exercises like in this book) I already feel stronger and more stable (good thing in the winter).

As people get their ER50's kits built and operational I'm hearing more amazing testimonials. Most are unwilling to go public and I respect that.
You can see some testimonials posted at the bottom of the ER50 Kit Sales Page.

On my ' Brown's Gas for Health' page you can also find a link to a PATENT where a Korean man was using my ER1200 WaterTorches in his clinics to cure many illnesses (the patent lists the illnesses and provides proofs).

In addition to those, I have people telling me that their vision is improving (like mine is) and one person, who had access to a microscope, shared that a blood sample taken before breathing BG had clumped corpuscles and immediately after breathing the BG, the corpuscles were all individually free (unclumped). I'm thinking this is a GOOD THING :)

And I STILL HAVEN'T BEEN SICK except for occasional sniffle, since 2006. I have NOT taken antibiotics or vaccines in all that time (I would in an emergency). I attribute this 'wellness' mostly to Drinking / Breathing the BG and (for the very seldom sniffle) I take a supplement like Immune FX, Nutrilite TriGuard Echinacea and/or Immune 7 by Purica.

I also have a folder of Brown's Gas for Health testimonials from Loyd Jacob, a chiropractor in Spokane Washington, who has treated people with Brown's Gas (mostly topically) for years. His clients love the treatments, which he primarily uses to loosen muscles and stop pain (though there were also many healthful side effects). I'll get these posted as soon as I can find the time.

FULLY ASSEMBLED ER50s

In the meantime, my big news is that when I recently offered to assemble ER50 kits (last eNews) several people took me up on the offer and the result was that they all got working ER50s, AND that I'm now set up to offer FULLY ASSEMBLED ER50s to everyone.

This is the FIRST TIME I'm making this offer publicly. I've always sold the ER50 as Kits because I was convinced that I needed to keep the cost down as low as possible and that people who 'find me' were mostly DIY skilled or had access to DIY friends.

BUT I now see that many people just do not have the time, tools, skills, space, etc. to put kits together.

These people need Brown's Gas for Health just as much as the 'handymen'.

So I've set up a new FULLY ASSEMBLED ER50 Sales Page on my website. This will allow people to buy an ER50 that is 'ready to use'.

Buying now will get you an ER50 that is PERSONALLY hand built by me (George Wiseman) the original inventor of this super simple and efficient version of Brown's Gas (BG or HHO) technology. If sales pick up I'll need to hire people to assemble these units so you won't get my personal touch.

A bit of relevant 'SUPPRESSION' history I hadn't shared yet:

Starting August 2014 (just after my BG presentation in Albuquerque) The USPS (and UPS) started SMASHING my 'chamber assembled' ER50s.

Because I know that the USPS is capable of finding and tracking specific packages (previous suppression experience) I tried several shipping changes to keep them from being smashed, but each time I made a change (to confuse their automatic tracking computers), they'd figure it out within a couple of shipments and then start smashing them again.

Such shipping changes usually allowed me to slip an ER50 through to a customer who had received a smashed one but I had to send 4 to one customer before he got an unbroken one (the unbroken one was in a crate, see below).

Before the Alburquerque presentation I had shipped out (since 2001) dozens of 'chamber assembled' ER50's and the USPS (and UPS) hadn't broken a single one.

Obviously (in my opinion) the Alburquerque presentation caught the eye of the Vested Interest. (this isn't my first experience with Vested Interest using USPS suppression techniques).

I then tried to putting a padded ER50 into a box, with more padding inside another box with wooden supports....and I kid you NOT! The USPS OPENED both the boxes, smashed the ER50 and repacked the boxes... so they wouldn’t have to pay my insurance claim (because there was no damage to the boxes). My jaw literally dropped when my customer showed me the pictures.

It was also STUPID CRAZY to get the USPS to pay all the other insurance claims... I spent HOURS fulfilling all their 'requirements'. After a few I got really good at doing it (I made templates).

I ended up pointing out (literally to a USPS lawyer) that I was taking steps to sue the USPS and I'd go into court Pro Se (without a lawyer), because it didn't matter if I won or lost the court case, because the PUBLICITY I'd get from suing (being an inventor suing the USPS for deliberately smashing my products) would allow me to make a HUGE number of sales.

NOTE: This wasn't my first rodeo, so I had been gathering information on their shenanigans as it happened, so when they erased the information from their computers (which they did BTW), I still had copies (proof of this particular craziness).

They immediately paid all the claims, (except the one where they opened the boxes).

Since the 'double box' packing (that USPS recommended) didn't work, I now put the ER50’s into a CRATE, using #2 Robertson head screws… Roberson head screwdrivers aren't common in the USA, so they work as a USPS tamper resistant feature.

So far none of these crated ER50s has been smashed (I’m lucky they are lazy bast….s)or 'lost' (I do pay the extortionist tracking and insurance fees). But it’s costing me an additional $70 to build the crate, higher shipping cost, etc.

ON the bright side; I figured out how to assemble the ER50 right IN THE CRATE, so solving this 'smashing issue' has actually helped me advance the ER50 usability. I can now offer FULLY ASSEMBLED ER50s and can be reasonably sure they'll reach you unbroken.

It'll be 'interesting' to see what Suppression Technique they'll use on me next.

This may be another GOOD REASON to buy your FULLY Assembled ER50 now, rather than later...Because in my experience the Vested Interest gets real active on people who actually offer FINISHED PRODUCT.

They care little about books (maybe they think most people don't read anymore) and They care only a bit about kits (thinking most people won't put them together). They care a LOT about plug and play product that could cost them BILLIONS in lost revenue. It's also embarrassing (to them) that WATER, specially made at HOME, can cure or mitigate many
illnesses that they are currently using DRUGS, antibiotics and vaccines to treat symptoms (not cure). For people who find the price of the Fully Assembled ER50 steep ($968), I do offer a (PayPal sponsored) financing option at the bottom of the Fully Assembled ER50 sales page.

http://www.businessinsider.com/red-nova-stellar-merger-prediction-sky-2017-1

Astronomers think a rare and explosive 'red nova' will light up the night sky in a few years

by

Dave Mosher

KIC 9832227 @ Cygnus

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2626083/bae-systems-turns-earths-atmosphere-into-massive-surveillance-system-using-lasers/

THE FUTURE OF SPYING

Earth’s atmosphere can be turned into massive surveillance system using LASERS, scientists discover

by MARGI MURPHY

BAE Systems are designing a directed energy laser system that could allow military commanders to spy on enemy activities from space.

BAE believe that within 50 years, one of their aircraft could use an “atmospheric lens” to observe people from very long distances using the Earth’s atmosphere as a tool.

The lasers temporarily change the Earth’s atmosphere into magnifying glass structures which can alter light and radio signals.

This means users can listen into radio signals for thousands of miles.

A spokesperson said: “Within the next 50 years, scientists at BAE Systems believe that battlefield commanders could deploy a new type of directed energy laser and lens system, called a Laser Developed Atmospheric Lens which is capable of enhancing commanders’ ability to observe adversaries’ activities over much greater distances than existing sensors.”

“Working with some of the best scientific minds in the UK, we’re able to incorporate emerging and disruptive technologies and evolve the landscape of potential military technologies in ways that, five or ten years ago, many would never have dreamed possible,” added Professor Nick Colosimo, BAE Systems’ Futurist and Technologist.

High powered pulsed lasers will create a lens by manipulating the Earth’s atmosphere, scientists at BAE claim Battlefield commanders could spy on foes using a laser streamed from space

A high pulsed power laser system will temporarily heat a small region of atmosphere so it will mimic the ionosphere – which bounces radio signals

Laser technology is hotting up, with Britain unleashing a Star Wars’ style laser cannon dubbed Dragonfire.

The concept mimics the ionosphere, a naturally occurring layer of the Earth’s atmosphere which can be reflective to radio waves.

The radio signals bounce off the ionosphere allowing them to travel very long distances through the air and over the Earth’s surface, picking up every radio signal in its wake.
BAE Systems claimed the lens could also be used as a form of “deflector shield” too.

The Laser Developed Atmospheric Lens (LDAL) concept was developed by technologists at the Company’s military aircraft facility in Warton, Lancashire.

GB2539535
A method and apparatus for concentrating electromagnetic energy

Inventor: NICHOLAS GIACOMO ROBERT COLOSIMO [GB]
Applicant: BAE SYSTEMS PLC [GB]

An electromagnetic energy concentrator apparatus for capturing electromagnetic energy, 208a, and focussing said energy toward a specified target, 202, the apparatus comprising an EM radiation source, 206 and a control system configured to cause electromagnetic radiation from said source to be applied to a selected plurality of three-dimensional portions of an atmospheric volume in a propagation path of said electromagnetic energy so as to heat and/or ionise the air within said portions, wherein said selected portions are spatially located together in a three-dimensional configuration so as to simulate an electromagnetic radiation path modifying element, 204, for capturing said electromagnetic energy and directing and/or converging said captured energy, 210, toward a focal point at or adjacent to said specified target, 202. A method of creating an atmospheric electromagnetic radiation path modifying element (i.e. an atmospheric lens or mirror / reflector) operative to simulate an EM energy concentrator is also described. The device may be used as a weapon or for solar power generation.

WO2016162697
A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONCENTRATING ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

http://fieldguide.gizmodo.com/how-to-save-an-old-laptop-by-installing-this-free-os-1790839076

How To Save an Old Laptop By Installing This Free OS

by David Nield

https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/pixel-pc-mac/

https://etcher.io/

https://brave.com/

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With Brave, you can choose whether to see ads that respect your privacy or pay sites directly. Either way, you can feel good about helping fund content creators.

Wow :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgkfvVxPVa0

CHINA GIRL Liu Pinxi aka Yoyo Plays Mindblowing Guitar Ages 8 -10

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xDAjGv5Cwc

Super Incredible Girl Drummer FOOLS Crowd at Japanese Mall! So Cool!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ftJLxsEX58

The Future of Rock By Teen Sensation Tina S French Guitar Goddess

https://phys.org/news/2017-01-graphene-superconductivity-awakens.html
January 19, 2017

Graphene's sleeping superconductivity awakens

...Since its discovery in 2004, scientists have speculated that graphene may also have the capacity to be a superconductor. Until now, superconductivity in graphene has only been achieved by doing it with, or by placing it on, a superconducting material - a process which can compromise some of its other properties.

But in the new study, researchers at the University of Cambridge managed to activate the dormant potential for graphene to superconduct in its own right. This was achieved by coupling it with a material called praseodymium cerium copper oxide (PCCO)...

It remains unclear what type of superconductivity the team activated, but their results strongly indicate that it is the elusive "p-wave" form. If so, the study could transform the ongoing debate about whether this mysterious type of superconductivity exists, and - if so - what exactly it is...

http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14024
Nature Communications,
DOI: 10.1038/NCOMMS14024

p-wave triggered superconductivity in single-layer graphene on an electron-doped oxide superconductor

A. Di Bernardo, O. Millo, M. Barbone, H. Alpern, Y. Kalcheim, U. Sassi, A. K. Ott, D. De Fazio, D. Yoon, M. Amado, A. C. Ferrari, J. Linder & J. W. A. Robinson

Abstract

Electron pairing in the vast majority of superconductors follows the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, which describes the condensation of electrons into pairs with antiparallel spins in a singlet state with an s-wave symmetry. Unconventional superconductivity was predicted in single-layer graphene (SLG), with the electrons pairing with a p-wave or chiral d-wave symmetry, depending on the position of the Fermi energy with respect to the Dirac point. By placing SLG on an electron-doped (non-chiral) d-wave superconductor and performing local scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, here we show evidence for a p-wave triggered superconducting density of states in SLG. The realization of unconventional superconductivity in SLG offers an exciting new route for the development of p-wave superconductivity using two-dimensional materials with transition temperatures above 4.2?K.

http://newatlas.com/molecule-weakens-superbugs-immunity-antibiotics/47483/

New molecule knocks out superbugs' immunity to antibiotics

Michael Irving

...Last year, a report commissioned by the UK government outlined a grim possible future that could "cast us back into the dark ages of medicine," where our drugs simply don't work and rampant antibiotic-resistant bacteria are responsible for up to 10 million deaths per year. That report predicted those horrors for the year 2050, but unfortunately, the killer bugs might be ahead of schedule: our last line of defense against bacteria, a class of antibiotics called carbapenems, are already beginning to fail in large numbers....

Some of the most devastating bacteria get their antibiotic resistance by producing an enzyme known as New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1). It's this enzyme that the new research is targeting, by developing a molecule called a peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PPMO). This inhibits the bacteria's expression of NDM-1, essentially destroying its antibiotic resistance and allowing existing drugs to be effective once again.

"The significance of NDM-1 is that it is destroys carbapenems, so doctors have had to pull out an antibiotic, colistin, that hadn't been used in decades because it's toxic to the kidneys," Geller explains. "That is literally the last antibiotic that can be used on an NDM-1-expressing organism, and we now have bacteria that are completely resistant to all known antibiotics. But a PPMO can restore susceptibility to antibiotics that have already been approved, so we can get a PPMO approved and then go back and use these antibiotics that had become useless."...

https://academic.oup.com/jac/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jac/dkw476/2691388/Peptide-conjugated-phosphorodiamidate-morpholino?redirectedFrom=fulltext
J Antimicrob Chemother (2016) dkw476.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw476

Peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PPMO) restores carbapenem susceptibility to NDM-1-positive pathogens in vitro and in vivo

Erin K. Sully, et al.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an inhibitor of the New Delhi metallo-β- lactamase (NDM-1). Inhibiting expression of this type of antibiotic-resistance gene has the potential to restore antibiotic susceptibility in all bacteria carrying the gene.

Methods: We have constructed a peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PPMO) that selectively inhibits the expression of NDM-1 and examined its ability to restore susceptibility to meropenem in vitro and in vivo.

Results:In vitro, the PPMO reduced the MIC of meropenem for three different genera of pathogens that express NDM-1. In a murine model of lethal E. coli sepsis, the PPMO improved survival (92%) and reduced systemic bacterial burden when given concomitantly with meropenem.

Conclusions: These data show that a PPMO can restore antibiotic susceptibility in vitro and in vivo and that the combination of PPMO and meropenem may have therapeutic potential against certain class B carbapenem-resistant infections in multiple genera of Gram-negative pathogens.

http://newatlas.com/scientists-give-new-life-to-thomas-edisons-nickel-iron-battery/23102/

Stanford scientists give new life to Thomas Edison's nickel-iron battery

Brian Dodson

A green, rechargeable battery that is suitable for powering electric vehicles and stationary power storage applications, and that would survive tens of thousands of charge cycles in a useful life of 100 years without loss of capacity. What could be a better innovation for our times? Such a battery has been developed, and recently improved by Stanford researchers. Oh, one other thing. The battery was invented by Thomas Edison in 1901.

...Lead-acid batteries were used to store electricity in most electric cars until about 1900, when alternate batteries with competitive energy storage, power capacity, and cost began to be developed.

Arguably the most popular of these alternate batteries was Thomas Edison's nickel-iron battery. The strong points of the nickel-iron battery included a virtually unlimited useful life, a physical and chemical makeup enormously resistant to abuse, and a 42 percent increase in energy density. The weak points included higher cost as well as low voltage, power density, and charge rate. In combination, these weaknesses meant that a bank of nickel-iron batteries had about double the weight and volume as a set of lead-acid batteries of equal performance. The extra cost for a set of nickel-iron batteries for an electric car was US$600 - some $10,000 in current dollars.

The competing batteries both held strong positions in the market until the gasoline engine improved to the point of clear superiority over electric cars. Then small lead-acid batteries won out as power sources for starting internal combustion engines, and nickel-iron batteries retained only a small position, mostly in stationary applications.

Pictorial of the charge and discharge chemistry of the nickel-iron battery

The nickel-iron battery uses an electrolyte of potassium or sodium hydroxide and contains no lead or other heavy metals. It is therefore without risk of acid spills and its construction and disposal are largely without significant environmental damage. The density of the electrolyte does not change with the level of charge, as the electrolyte remains unchanged by the operation of the battery. The battery chemistry in a nickel-iron battery, during both charging and discharging, acts to transfer oxygen from one electrode to the other. This type of cell is sometimes called an oxygenlift cell, with the voltage generated by a change in oxidization potential between the electrodes.

A group of researchers at Stanford has significantly improved the performance of nickel-iron batteries, which may lead to new applications for this venerable battery. The Stanford team has created an ultrafast nickel-iron battery that can be fully charged in about two minutes and discharged in less than 30 seconds, making the new batteries ideal to supplement slow-charging lithium-ion batteries in regenerative braking.

To improve the performance of the nickel-iron battery, the Stanford team grew nanocrystals of iron oxide onto graphene sheets and nanocrystals of nickel hydroxide onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

By doing so, they produced strong chemical bonding between the metal-containing nanocrystallites and the carbon nanostructures. The coupling of the carbon gives a low resistance pathway for electrical charges to move between the nanocrystallites (where the charging and discharging activity is taking place) and a device being powered by the battery.

Stanford's Professor Dai says, "the result is an ultrafast version of the nickel-iron battery that's capable of charging and discharging in seconds." Unlike lead-acid or lithium-ion batteries, nickel-iron batteries will neither explode nor catch fire at high charging/discharging rates.

http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1921
Nature Communications 3, Article number: 917 (2012)
doi:10.1038/ncomms1921

An ultrafast nickel–iron battery from strongly coupled inorganic nanoparticle/nanocarbon hybrid
materials

Hailiang Wang, Yongye Liang, Ming Gong, Yanguang Li, Wesley Chang, Tyler Mefford, Jigang Zhou, Jian
Wang, Tom Regier, Fei Wei & Hongjie Dai

Abstract

Ultrafast rechargeable batteries made from low-cost and abundant electrode materials operating in safe aqueous electrolytes could be attractive for electrochemical energy storage. If both high specific power and energy are achieved, such batteries would be useful for power quality applications such as to assist propelling electric vehicles that require fast acceleration and intense braking.

Here we develop a new type of Ni–Fe battery by employing novel inorganic nanoparticle/graphitic nanocarbon (carbon nanotubes and graphene) hybrid materials as electrode materials. We successfully increase the charging and discharging rates by nearly 1,000-fold over traditional Ni–Fe batteries while attaining high energy density. The ultrafast Ni–Fe battery can be charged in ~2 min and discharged within 30 s to deliver a specific energy of 120 Wh kg−1 and a specific power of 15 kW kg−1. These features suggest a new generation of Ni–Fe batteries as novel devices for electrochemical energy storage.

US9362568
BATTERY WITH HYBRID ELECTROCATALYSTS

Inventor(s): DAI HONGJIE, et al.
Applicant(s): UNIV LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR [US] +

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to electrodes and implementations such as batteries.

As may be implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments, an apparatus includes a nanocarbon substrate having at least one of graphene and carbon nanotubes, and a hybrid electrode including a cobalt oxide/carbon nanotube (CoO/CNT) catalyst and a Ni—Fe-layered double hydride (LDH) catalyst.

The catalysts and substrate facilitate transfer of charge carriers. Various aspects are directed to a battery type device having an anode and a single or split cathode with the respective catalysts on the cathode to facilitate oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions for discharging and charging the battery type device.

http://newatlas.com/bosch-water-injection/45205/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
http://www.bosch-presse.de/pressportal/en/water-instead-of-gasoline-bosch-innovation-reduces-fuel-consumption-by-up-to-13-percent-57792.html

Water instead of gasoline: Bosch innovation reduces fuel consumption by up to 13 percent

Did you know that even advanced gasoline engines waste roughly a fifth of their fuel? Especially at high engine speeds, some of the gasoline is used for cooling instead of for propulsion. With its new water injection, Bosch shows that it does not have to be that way. Particularly when accelerating quickly or driving on the freeway, the injection of additional water makes it possible to reduce fuel consumption by up to 13 percent. “With our water injection, we show that the combustion engine still has some tricks up its sleeve,” says Dr. Rolf Bulander, chairman of the Bosch Mobility Solutions business sector and member of the board of management of Robert Bosch GmbH. The fuel economy offered
by this Bosch technology comes especially to the fore in three- and four-cylinder downsized engines: in other words, in precisely the kind of engines to be found under the hood of any average midsize car.

Extra boost for the turbocharged engine

But it is not only in the area of fuel economy that the Bosch innovation comes into play. It can make cars more powerful as well. “Water injection can deliver an extra kick in any turbocharged engine,” says Stefan Seiberth, president of the Gasoline Systems division at Bosch. Earlier ignition angles mean that the engine is operated even more efficiently. On this basis, engineers can coax additional power out of the engine, even in powerful sports cars.

The basis of this innovative engine technology is a simple fact: an engine must not be allowed to overheat. To stop this happening, additional fuel is injected into nearly every gasoline engine on today’s roads. This fuel evaporates, cooling parts of the engine block. With water injection, Bosch engineers have exploited this physical principle. Before the fuel ignites, a fine mist of water is injected into the intake duct. Water’s high heat of vaporization means that it provides effective cooling.

This is also the reason only a small additional volume of water is needed: for every one hundred kilometers driven, only a few hundred milliliters are necessary. As a result, the compact water tank that supplies the injection system with distilled water only has to be refilled every few thousand kilometers at the most.

And if the tank should run empty, there is nothing to worry about: the engine will still run smoothly – albeit without the higher torque and lower consumption provided by water injection.

Additional questions and answers

Is this technology already in production?

The BMW M4 GTS is the first production vehicle to feature an innovative and groundbreaking water injection system. In the vehicle’s turbocharged six-cylinder engine, it offers improved performance and consumption even at full load. Bosch supplies water injection parts for the BMW M4 GTS.

How high is fuel consumption in the driving cycle?

In the future consumption test (WLTC), water injection makes it possible to save up to 4 percent fuel. In real driving conditions, even more is possible: here, fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 13 percent when accelerating quickly or driving on the freeway.

Doesn’t water injection cause the engine to rust?

No. No water is left in the combustion chamber. The water evaporates before combustion happens in the engine. All the water is expelled into the environ-ment, together with the exhaust.

How is water refilled?

Water injection only requires a small amount of water to be kept on board. On average, it only has to be refilled every 3,000 kilometers. The separate water tank has to be filled with distilled water.

Can the water in the tank freeze?

When the engine is stopped, the water flows back into its tank, where it may freeze. Following engine restart, the water thaws again.

Is there such a thing as direct water injection?

Bosch uses a port injection system, since it has clear technical advantages and costs less. This makes water injection suitable for large-scale production, as well as for many vehicle segments.

http://www.bosch-mobility-solutions.com/en/highlights/powertrain-and-electrified-mobility/water-injection/

New engine performance due to hydropower

Good news: with Bosch WaterBoost, the combustion engine is once again ready to overtake and has its best days ahead. The secret of its success is a tuning formula with demineralized water, which boosts power generation, lowers fuel consumption, and minimizes concerns about CO2 emissions. So if you soon come across a turbocharged gasoline direct-injection engine, which despite concerted downsizing can keep the competition in its performance class on its toes even at high engine speeds, you'll know what's driving it: Bosch WaterBoost. From the world of motorsport. For more fun to drive.

up to 5% greater engine performance without increasing engine displacement or boost pressure
up to 13% less fuel consumption at higher accleration or long motorway journeys
up to 4% less CO2 emitted in the WLTC*
*Worldwide harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle

Due to Bosch's WaterBoost complete system – the only one of its kind in the world – the gasoline-driven powertrain is well on its way to redefining itself. When a direct-injection engine with little displacement but high levels of turbocharging is pushing its limits, bringing H2O into the mix of elements immediately pushes performance boundaries upward. The water actively cools the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber, thus reducing knocking that harms the engine, allowing earlier ignition, and ultimately resulting in increased engine performance. The higher compression ratio in the engine also leads to a CO2 reduction of up to 4% in WLTC. Overall, the combustion process takes place at a better temperature and therefore in a more controlled fashion. Ignition happens sooner and the earlier center of heat release leads to a better level of efficiency. Benefits that we make available for gasoline engines with water injection. More than anything else, we believe "Invented for life" means enriching everyday driving with genuinely tangible improvements.

Fundamental for improved fuel efficiency
The benefits of turbo air cooling

It's an exciting challenge: as soon as the really fun driving starts, even the strongest engine breaks into a figurative sweat and responds with an increasing thirst for fuel. In these high-load situations, a welcome dose of refreshment is just the thing: a microfine spray from Bosch WaterBoost. Sprayed directly into the intake port, the fine mist of water droplets cools the hot combustion air down to a tolerable level.

Successful WaterBoost effect: even at high engine speeds, the engine doesn't get "out of breath," since it receives the explosive air-fuel mixture sooner. And yet the result is not uncontrolled misfiring. That's because targeted use of water also protects the components in the powertrain interior. Incidentally, filling an additional tank with just 5 liters of the demineralized water lasts around 3,000 km. And even if the water runs dry from time to time, there's no effect on how the vehicle operates.

Water provides more oxygen
Advantages of improving engine performance

Horsepower is only truly powerful when it has enough room and air to give its driving force free rein. Whether or not turbocharging really gives direct-injection gasoline engines that extra kick forward is therefore decided in the highly compressed confines of the combustion chamber. Add in the fact that increasingly strict emissions guidelines of the past few years have not produced larger engine displacement; in fact, despite the rising overall demand for performance, it has actually gotten smaller.

If the horses under the hood are reined in more and more tightly, allowing them to "breathe" properly becomes even more important. That's why Bosch boosts oxygen saturation by cooling off the incoming charge air using water injection in the combustion chamber. The results are gratifying: driving is noticeably more dynamic and enjoyable and the engine freely shifts into gear for top performance. Up to 5% more horsepower with the same boost pressure and displacement? The proven technology makes this a thoroughly credible promise.

WO2016177561
WATER INJECTION DEVICE FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND METHOD FOR OPERATING A WATER INJECTION DEVICE OF SAID TYPE
Inventor: OBERGFAELL SIMON, et al.

WO2016177560
WATER INJECTION DEVICE OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

WO2016177558
WATER INJECTION DEVICE OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, AND METHOD FOR OPERATING A WATER INJECTION DEVICE OF SAID TYPE

http://newatlas.com/metal-foam-bullets/42731/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget

Lightweight metal foam turns armor-piercing bullets into dust

Nick Lavars

...Afsaneh Rabiei, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at North Carolina State University, last year produced a foam metal shield that could block X-rays, various forms of gamma rays and neutron radiation, giving it potential as a lightweight alternative to the bulky radiation shielding currently available.

Building on this previous work, Rabiei then set about building high-strength armor. The shield was comprised of boron carbide ceramics as the strike face, with composite metal foam (CMF) as the bullet kinetic energy absorber layer and Kevlar panels as backplates. To test its durability, Rabiei and her team took aim with a 7.62 x 63 mm M2 armor-piercing projectile, which was fired in line with the standard testing procedures established by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ).

"We could stop the bullet at a total thickness of less than an inch, while the indentation on the back was less than 8 mm," Rabiei says. "To put that in context, the NIJ standard allows up to 44 mm (1.73 in) indentation in the back of an armor."..

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263822315000434

Ballistic performance of composite metal foams

Matias Garcia-Avilaa, Marc Portanovab, Afsaneh Rabieia

Abstract

The application of advance materials to manufacture hard armor systems has led to high performance ballistic protection. Due to its light-weight and high impact energy absorption capabilities, composite metal foams have shown good potential for applications as ballistic armor. A high-performance light-weight composite armor system has been manufactured using boron carbide ceramics as the strike face, composite metal foam processed by powder metallurgy technique as a bullet kinetic energy absorber interlayer, and aluminum 7075 or Kevlar™ panels as backplates with a total armor thickness less than 25 mm. The ballistic tolerance of this novel composite armor system has been evaluated against the 7.62 × 51 mm M80 and 7.62 × 63 mm M2 armor piercing projectiles according to U.S. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) standard 0101.06. The results showed that composite metal foams absorbed approximately 60–70% of the total kinetic energy of the projectile effectively and stopped both types of projectiles with less depth of penetration and backplate deformation than that specified in the NIJ 0101.06 standard guidelines. Finite element analysis was performed using Abaqus/Explicit to study the failure mechanisms and energy absorption of the armor system. The results showed close agreement between experimental and analytical results.

US2016118151
COMPOSITE METAL FOAM AND METHOD OF PREPARATION THEREOF
Inventor: RABIEI AFSANEH

US2013066425
PROCESSING OF BIOCOMPATIBLE COATING ON POLYMERIC IMPLANTS

US2012132387
COMPOSITE METAL FOAM AND METHODS OF PREPARATION THEREOF

US8535722
FUNCTIONALLY GRADED BIOCOMPATIBLE COATING AND COATED IMPLANT

Functionally graded biocompatible coating and coated implant
US8491936

http://newatlas.com/carbon-filter-radioactive-water/47477/

Revved-up carbon purifies radioactive water

by Ben Coxworth

After the Fukushima nuclear plant accident occurred, hundreds of millions of gallons of radioactive water was left over. That water is still being stored, as no one knows quite what to do with it.

Scientists from Texas' Rice University and Russia's Kazan Federal University, however, may have an answer. They've developed a type of carbon that can reportedly filter radionuclides from water.

Known as oxidatively modified carbon (OMC), the material is made by treating existing carbon particles with oxidizing chemicals in order to increase their surface area and add oxygen molecules to their structure. Actually, two inexpensive types of carbon are used, due to their porous nature.

One is called C-seal F, and it's already used in the oil industry as an ingredient in drilling fluids. The other, shungite, occurs naturally – mainly in Russia.

In lab tests, OMC has reportedly been highly effective at absorbing radioactive metal cations such as cesium and strontium from contaminated water. These are two of the main elements that were released into the environment when the Fukushima plant melted down. It can also trap elements that enter waterways during oil extraction, including uranium, thorium and radium.

According to the scientists, water could simply be run through OMC filters in a single pass, going straight into the ocean. The used filters would then have to been incinerated, leaving a relatively small amount of radioactive ash to be contained.

The research is being led by Rice chemist James Tour and Kazan research professor Ayrat Dimiev. It's described in a paper recently published in the journal Carbon.

Tour has previously collaborated with scientists at Lomonosov Moscow State University, on a project that used flakes of graphene oxide to separate radioactive contaminants from water. While the graphene oxide was better at removing strontium, OMC excels at filtering out cesium, plus it's less expensive, easier to synthesize, and easier to fit into existing filtration systems.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622317300350
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.025

Oxidatively modified carbon as efficient material for removing radionuclides from water

Artur Khannanova, et al.

Abstract

There is a constant need to develop advantageous materials for removing radioactive waste from aqueous systems. Here we propose a new carbon-based material prepared by oxidative treatment of various natural carbon sources. The as-prepared oxidatively modified carbon (OMC) has an oxygen-rich surface, and retains its particulate granular texture. It has relatively low cost and can be used in traditional filtration columns. The sorption ability of OMC toward several metal cations is demonstrated. It is especially efficient toward Cs+ cations, the species that are among the most difficult to remove from the waters at the Fukushima nuclear plant.

US2016075567
MANUFACTURE OF OXIDATIVELY MODIFIED CARBON (OMC) AND ITS USE FOR CAPTURE OF RADIONUCLIDES AND METALS FROM WATER

Inventor: TOUR JAMES / DIMIEV AYRAT

In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of capturing contaminants (i.e., radionuclides and metals) from a water source by applying an oxidatively modified carbon to the water source. This leads to the sorption of the contaminants in the water source to the oxidatively modified carbon. In some embodiments, the methods also include a step of separating the oxidatively modified carbon from the water source after the applying step. In some embodiments, the oxidatively modified carbon comprises an oxidized carbon source. In some embodiments, the carbon source is coal.

In some embodiments, the oxidatively modified carbon comprises oxidized coke. In some embodiments, the oxidatively modified carbon is in the form of free-standing, three dimensional and porous particles. Further embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to materials for capturing contaminants from a water source, where the materials comprise the aforementioned oxidatively modified carbons.

PRODUCTION OF GRAPHENE NANOPLATELETS BY OXIDATIVE ANHYDROUS ACIDIC MEDIA
US2015360956

PRODUCTION OF GRAPHENE NANORIBBONS BY OXIDATIVE ANHYDROUS ACIDIC MEDIA
US2015307357

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/01/11/science.aah6752
DOI: 10.1126/science.aah6752

TZAP: A telomere-associated protein involved in telomere length control

Julia Su Zhou Li, et al.

Abstract

Telomeres are found at the end of chromosomes and are important for chromosome stability. Here, we describe a specific telomere-associated protein: TZAP (Telomeric Zinc finger-Associated Protein). TZAP binds preferentially to long telomeres that have a low concentration of shelterin complex, competing with the telomeric repeat binding factors TRF1 and TRF2. When localized at telomeres, TZAP triggers “telomere trimming,” a process that results in the rapid deletion of telomeric repeats.

Based on these results, we propose a model for telomere length regulation in mammalian cells: The reduced concentration of the shelterin complex at long telomeres results in TZAP binding and initiation of telomere trimming. Binding of TZAP to long telomeres represents the switch that triggers telomere trimming, setting the upper limit of telomere length

US6492117
Methods for modulating telomerase activity

Inventor(s): CHOO YEN, et al.

Disclosed herein are engineered zinc finger proteins which bind to telomeric structures; methods for their design, synthesis and use; and cells comprising a telomere-binding zinc finger protein. Methods for modulating telomerase activity using telomere-binding zinc finger proteins are also provided.

http://rocketcrafters.space/u-s-patent-awarded-to-design-and-3d-print-rocket-fuel-for-safe-affordable-high-performance-rocket-engines/

U.S. Patent Awarded to Design and 3D Print Rocket Fuel for Safe, Affordable, High-Performance Rocket Engines

Rocket Crafters, Inc. (RCI) announced today a U.S. patent was granted to co-founder, President & CTO

Ronald Jones for a method for designing and fabricating flawless, high-performance, safer handling fuel grains for hybrid rocket engines using additive manufacturing technology (also known as 3D printing) which will allow the fabrication of an inherently safe and less expensive launch vehicle with only two moving parts. Jones stated that 3D printing of the rocket combustion chamber allows RCI’s expendable motors to deliver small satellites to orbits at as low as half current launch costs...

The patented method (US 9,453,479) uses a design and fabrication technique that is only possible using advanced 3D printing technology to boost rocket engine performance while eliminating the historical inconsistencies and sources of excessive vibration that have plagued traditionally designed hybrid rockets for decades. His patented method takes advantage of 3D printing’s unique ability to precisely fabricate fuel grains (a tubular shaped structure that dually serves as the rocket’s solid fuel source and combustion chamber) which features internal geometric patterns designed to significantly increase the amount of fuel that is available for combustion on a second-by-second basis during the rocket engine’s operation...

US9453479
Solid fuel grain for a hybrid propulsion system of a rocket and method for manufacturing same

Inventor: JONES RONALD D [US]

A solid fuel grain suitable for use in hybrid propulsion systems has a generally cylindrical shape and defines a center port. The solid fuel grain is formed as a series of concentric layers arrayed around the center port. When incorporated into a rocket, an oxidizer is introduced into the solid fuel grain along a pathway defined by the center port, with combustion occurring along the exposed surface area of the solid fuel grain section adjacent to the center port. Each concentric layer has a surface pattern that serves to increase the surface area for combustion, a surface pattern that persists even as the fuel burns. To achieve such a construction, the concentric layers of the solid fuel grain are preferably manufactured using any one of several available freeform-fabrication machines capable of fabricating articles in a polymeric material suitable for a hybrid propulsion system.

http://newatlas.com/bioclay-gene-silencing-plants-pesticide-alternative/47344/

Pesticide alternative helps plants protect themselves from disease

Lisa-Ann Lee

...Scientists have been experimenting with alternatives to conventional pesticides and thanks to a newly developed gene-silencing technique, farmers might be able to strengthen their crops' defense systems without any potential gene-altering fallout.

The study, led by agricultural biotechnologist Neena Mitter at the University of Queensland (UQ), involves the development of BioClay, a spray that makes use of microscopic sheets of clay that contain double-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid). This is released when a plant is threatened, triggering a process known as RNA interference (RNAi), a natural process that leads to the plant silencing the genes of the harmful virus. What makes this so fascinating is that this plant defense system is highly adaptive. Its responses are not one-size-fits-all but tailored to counter each virus that enters its system based on the information it receives from the latter's genome...

"Once BioClay is applied, the plant 'thinks' it is being attacked by a disease or pest insect and responds by protecting itself from the targeted pest or disease," explains Mitter. "A single spray of BioClay protects the plant and then degrades, reducing the risk to the environment or human health."

http://www.nature.com/articles/nplants2016207
doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.207

Clay nanosheets for topical delivery of RNAi for sustained protection against plant viruses

Neena Mitter, et al.

Abstract

Topical application of pathogen-specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for virus resistance in plants represents an attractive alternative to transgenic RNA interference (RNAi). However, the instability of naked dsRNA sprayed on plants has been a major challenge towards its practical application. We demonstrate that dsRNA can be loaded on designer, non-toxic, degradable, layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay nanosheets. Once loaded on LDH, the dsRNA does not wash off, shows sustained release and can be detected on sprayed leaves even 30 days after application. We provide evidence for the degradation of LDH, dsRNA uptake in plant cells and silencing of homologous RNA on topical application. Significantly, a single spray of dsRNA loaded on LDH (BioClay) afforded virus protection for at least 20 days when challenged on sprayed and newly emerged unsprayed leaves. This innovation translates nanotechnology developed for delivery of RNAi for human therapeutics to use in crop protection as an environmentally sustainable and easy to adopt topical spray.

WO2015089543
PLANT-PROTECTING RNAI COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING PLANT-PROTECTING DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA ADSORBED ONTO

LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE PARTICLES
Inventor: MITTER NEENA, et al.

Aspects of the present invention relate to a plant-protecting RN Ai composition comprising plant-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) particles, and to methods for protecting a plant comprising the step of administering to a plant an RNAi composition comprising plant-protecting double-stranded RNA adsorbed onto LDH particles.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170109102443.htm https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170109102443.htm

Chemicals in ubiquitous Mediterranean plants may hold key to delaying neurodegenerative diseases,
study suggests

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are classic age-related disorders characterised by the accumulation of sticky protein clumps that over time damage the nervous system to erode mobility or memory. The human suffering they cause, as well as the strain on healthcare, are enormous. But there is hope on the horizon. Chemicals extracted from the prickly pear and brown seaweed, two ubiquitous Mediterranean plants, have been elevated to possible drug candidates to combat the neurodegenerative disease, according to research by scientists from the University of Malta and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS/University of Bordeaux)...

On regular treatment with seaweed extract, the median lifespan of diseased flies was prolonged by two days. A greater four-day extension was observed when prickly pear extract was administered.

Considering that one day in the life of a fruit fly is equivalent to around one year in humans, the results are dramatic. Interestingly, the mobility of sick flies was improved by about 18% after treatment, highlighting a significant improvement...

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.058

Extracts from two ubiquitous Mediterranean plants ameliorate cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative proteinopathies

Michelle Briffaa, et al.

Extract of Padina pavonica (EPP) and Opuntia ficus-indica (EOFI) investigated.
EOFI or EPP improved viability of a yeast model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
EOFI or EPP treatment ameliorated lifespan and mobility defects in AD flies.
Survival of Parkinson’s disease but not wild-type flies is enhanced by EOFI or EPP.
Either extract mitigates toxicity of Amyloid-β and α-synuclein aggregates.

Abstract

A signature feature of age-related neurodegenerative proteinopathies is the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, typically amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson’s disease (PD), into soluble oligomeric structures that are highly neurotoxic. Cellular and animal models that faithfully replicate the hallmark features of these disorders are being increasing exploited to identify disease-modifying compounds. Natural compounds have been identified as a useful source of bioactive molecules with promising neuroprotective capabilities. In the present report, we investigated whether extracts derived from two ubiquitous Mediterranean plants namely, the prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica (EOFI) and the brown alga Padina pavonica (EPP) alleviate neurodegenerative phenotypes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fly (Drosophila melanogaster) models of AD and PD. Pre-treatment with EPP or EOFI in the culture medium significantly improved the viability of yeast expressing the Arctic Aβ42 (E22G) mutant. Supplementing food with EOFI or EPP dramatically ameliorated lifespan and behavioural signs of flies with brain-specific expression of wild-type Aβ42 (model of late-onset AD) or the Arctic Aβ42 variant (model of early-onset AD).

Additionally, we show that either extract prolonged the survival of a PD fly model based on transgenic expression of the human α-syn A53T mutant. Taken together, our findings suggest that the plant-derived extracts interfere with shared mechanisms of neurodegeneration in AD and PD. This notion is strengthened by evidence demonstrating that EOFI and to a greater extent EPP, while strongly inhibiting the fibrillogenesis of both Aβ42 and α-syn, accumulate remodelled oligomeric aggregates that are less effective at disrupting lipid membrane integrity. Our work therefore opens new avenues for developing therapeutic applications of these natural plant extracts in the treatment of amyloidogenic neurodegenerative disorders.

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/newsevents/news/newsrecords/2017/01-January/Natural-tooth-repair-method-using-

Alzheimer's-drug-could-revolutionise-dental-treatments.aspx

Natural tooth repair method, using Alzheimer's drug, could revolutionise dental treatments

A new method of stimulating the renewal of living stem cells in tooth pulp using an Alzheimer’s drug has been discovered by a team of researchers at King’s College London.

Following trauma or an infection, the inner, soft pulp of a tooth can become exposed and infected. In order to protect the tooth from infection, a thin band of dentine is naturally produced and this seals the tooth pulp, but it is insufficient to effectively repair large cavities. Currently dentists use man-made cements or fillings, such as calcium and silicon-based products, to treat these larger cavities and fill holes in teeth. This cement remains in the tooth and fails to disintegrate, meaning that the normal mineral level of the tooth is never completely restored.

However, in a paper published today in Scientific Reports, scientists from the Dental Institute at King’s College London have proven a way to stimulate the stem cells contained in the pulp of the tooth and generate new dentine – the mineralised material that protects the tooth - in large cavities, potentially reducing the need for fillings or cements.

The novel, biological approach could see teeth use their natural ability to repair large cavities rather than using cements or fillings, which are prone to infections and often need replacing a number of times. Indeed when fillings fail or infection occurs, dentists have to remove and fill an area that is larger than what is affected, and after multiple treatments the tooth may eventually need to be extracted. As this new method encourages natural tooth repair, it could eliminate all of these issues, providing a more natural solution for patients.

Significantly, one of the small molecules used by the team to stimulate the renewal of the stem cells included Tideglusib, which has previously been used in clinical trials to treat neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. This presents a real opportunity to fast-track the treatment into practice.

Using biodegradable collagen sponges to deliver the treatment, the team applied low doses of small molecule glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) inhibitors to the tooth. They found that the sponge degraded over time and that new dentine replaced it, leading to complete, natural repair. Collagen sponges are commercially-available and clinically-approved, again adding to the potential of the treatment’s swift pick-up and use in dental clinics.

Lead author of the study, Professor Paul Sharpe from King’s College London said: “The simplicity of our approach makes it ideal as a clinical dental product for the natural treatment of large cavities, by providing both pulp protection and restoring dentine.

“In addition, using a drug that has already been tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease provides a real opportunity to get this dental treatment quickly into clinics.”

http://www.nature.com/articles/srep39654
Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 39654 (2017)
doi:10.1038/srep39654

Promotion of natural tooth repair by small molecule GSK3 antagonists

Vitor C. M. Neves, Rebecca Babb, Dhivya Chandrasekaran & Paul T. Sharpe

Abstract

The restoration of dentine lost in deep caries lesions in teeth is a routine and common treatment that involves the use of inorganic cements based on calcium or silicon-based mineral aggregates. Such cements remain in the tooth and fail to degrade and thus normal mineral volume is never completely restored. Here we describe a novel, biological approach to dentine restoration that stimulates the natural formation of reparative dentine via the mobilisation of resident stem cells in the tooth pulp. Biodegradable, clinically-approved collagen sponges are used to deliver low doses of small molecule glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) antagonists that promote the natural processes of reparative dentine formation to completely restore dentine. Since the carrier sponge is degraded over time, dentine replaces the degraded sponge leading to a complete, effective natural repair. This simple, rapid natural tooth repair process could thus potentially provide a new approach to clinical tooth restoration.

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-01/uoa-rt010517.php

Researcher turns 'SARS mask' into a virus killer

Innovative improvement on surgical masks will make them effective by empowering them to kill viruses

A University of Alberta engineering researcher has developed a new way to treat common surgical masks so they are capable of trapping and killing airborne viruses. His research findings appear in the prestigious journal Scientific Reports, published by Nature Publishing Group.

Hyo-Jick Choi, a professor in the University of Alberta Department of Chemical and Materials

Engineering, noticed that many people wear a simple surgical-style mask for protection during outbreaks of influenza or other potentially deadly viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).

Trouble is, the masks weren't designed to prevent the spread of viruses."Surgical masks were originally designed to protect the wearer from infectious droplets in clinical settings, but it doesn't help much to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases such as SARS or MERS or influenza," says Choi.

Airborne pathogens like influenza are transmitted in aerosol droplets when we cough or sneeze. The masks may well trap the virus-laden droplets but the virus is still infectious on the mask. Merely handling the mask opens up new avenues for infection. Even respirators designed to protect individuals from viral aerosols have the same shortcoming--viruses trapped in respirators still pose risks for infection and transmission.

Masks capable of killing viruses would save lives, especially in an epidemic or pandemic situation. During the 2014-2015 season nearly 8,000 Canadians were hospitalized with the flu. That same year, deaths related to influenza in Canada reached an all-time high of nearly 600.

Knowing that the masks are inexpensive and commonly used, Choi and his research team went about exploring ways to improve the mask's filter. And this is where a problem he is struggling with in one field of research--the development of oral vaccines like a pill or a lozenge--became a solution in another area.

A major hurdle in the development of oral vaccines is that when liquid solutions dry, crystals form and destroy the virus used in vaccines, rendering the treatment useless. In a nifty bit of engineering judo, Choi flipped the problem on its head and turned crystallization into a bug buster, using it as a tool to kill active viruses.

Choi and his team developed a salt formulation and applied it to the filters, in the hope that salt crystals would "deactivate" the influenza virus.

The mechanics of simple chemistry make the treatment work. When an aerosol droplet carrying the influenza virus contacts the treated filter, the droplet absorbs salt on the filter. The virus is exposed to continually increasing concentrations of salt. As the droplet evaporates, the virus suffers fatal physical damage when the salt returns to its crystalized state.

While developing solid vaccines, Choi observed that sugar used for stabilizing the vaccine during the drying process crystalizes as it dries out. When crystals form, sharp edges and spikes take shape and they physically destroy the virus vaccine.

"We realized that we could use that to our advantage to improve surgical masks," said Choi.

In a series of experiments and tests at the University of Alberta and in the Department of Medical Zoology at the Kyung Hee University School of Medicine in Seoul, South Korea, the team arrived at a perfect treatment that improves the efficacy of the fibre filter inside the masks.

By using a safe substance (table salt) to improve an existing, approved product, Choi sees very few roadblocks to implementing the innovation.

The research was funded by the University of Alberta. Choi has been awarded a provisional patent for the development of virus deactivation systems based on the salt-crystallization mechanism.

http://www.nature.com/articles/srep39956
Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 39956 (2017)
doi:10.1038/srep39956

Universal and reusable virus deactivation system for respiratory protection

Fu-Shi Quan, Ilaria Rubino, Su-Hwa Lee, Brendan Koch & Hyo-Jick Choi

Abstract

Aerosolized pathogens are a leading cause of respiratory infection and transmission. Currently used protective measures pose potential risk of primary/secondary infection and transmission. Here, we report the development of a universal, reusable virus deactivation system by functionalization of the main fibrous filtration unit of surgical mask with sodium chloride salt. The salt coating on the fiber surface dissolves upon exposure to virus aerosols and recrystallizes during drying, destroying the pathogens. When tested with tightly sealed sides, salt-coated filters showed remarkably higher filtration efficiency than conventional mask filtration layer, and 100% survival rate was observed in mice infected with virus penetrated through salt-coated filters. Viruses captured on salt-coated filters exhibited rapid infectivity loss compared to gradual decrease on bare filters. Salt-coated filters proved highly effective in deactivating influenza viruses regardless of subtypes and following storage in harsh environmental conditions. Our results can be applied in obtaining a broad-spectrum, airborne pathogen prevention device in preparation for epidemic and pandemic of respiratory diseases...

Methods
Bare and salt-coated filter samples preparation

The commercial surgical masks had a three-ply structure. The middle layer is the filter media, whereas the inner and outer layers provide support and protect the filter against wear and tear. The metal nose clips and elastic ear loops were removed and circular samples (radius: 3 cm) were cut from the masks. The PP filters (middle layer) were isolated by removing the inner and outer protective layers (bare filters, Filterbare). The coating solution was prepared by dissolving sodium chloride (NaCl; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in filtered DI water (0.22 μm pore size; Corning, Tewksbury, MA) under stirring at 400 rpm and 90 °C, followed by the addition of Tween 20 (Fisher Scientific) to a final concentration of 29.03 w/v% of NaCl and 1 v/v% of Tween 20. To obtain the salt-coated filters, the mask bare PP filters were pre-wet to contain approximately 600 μL of coating solution by incubating overnight at room temperature. Any remaining dry areas were removed by applying gentle strokes with tweezers to the filters while immersed in the coating solution. Subsequently, the filters were deposited in the desired volume of coating solution (0, 100, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 μL, of which corresponding membranes are abbreviated as Filterwet, Filterwet+100μL, Filterwet+300μL, Filterwet+600μL, Filterwet+900μL, and Filterwet+1200μL, respectively) on petri dishes (60 × 15 mm; Fisher Scientific) to control the amount of NaCl per unit area and dried in an oven (Isotemp Incubator, Fisher Scientific) at 37 °C for 1 day....

WO9725415
PROCESS FOR THE DEACTIVATION OF HIV AND OTHER VIRUSES

GAECHTER RUDOLF, et al.

The invention concerns the deactivation of HIV and other viruses which have a high chemical affinity with multivalent heavy metal. The virus proteins are cationized and made into virucides and their chemically-active amino or carboxyl groups react with a monovalent cation of the first main group of the "periodic system" that is higher in the electrochemical series. The chemically-bonded heavy metals are converted into a heavy solution through chemical reactions, preferably into a "chelate complex". The use of given concentrations of a monovalent metal cation in the form of a carbonate or hydroxide makes possible the cationization of virus proteins and the deactivation of viruses as well as the suppression of the immobilization of the virus spikes from the heavy metals chemically bonded to them. Thus there is the basis for the healing of virus infections of various kinds and the requirement for the preparation of corresponding vaccinal substances is created.

http://newatlas.com/prostate-cancer-vtp-light-therapy-ucl/47074/

Laser therapy blasts early-stage prostate cancer without killing patient's mojo

...Researchers in the UK have announced a new laser therapy treatment that can kill tumor cells without inflicting collateral damage on healthy tissue or the patient's lifestyle.

Called Vascular-Targeted Photodynamic therapy (VTP), the new treatment is administered by injecting a light-sensitive drug, called WST11, into the bloodstream via fiber lasers that are inserted into the prostate gland. The laser then activates the drug to destroy the tumor tissue. Interestingly, WST11 is derived from deep-sea bacteria that have evolved a mechanism to survive in the dark by efficiently converting whatever little light it can get into energy. Researchers were able to develop a compound that releases free radicals to kill cancer cells when activated by laser using this property...

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(16)30661-1/fulltext

Padeliporfin vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy versus active surveillance in men with low-risk
prostate cancer

Prof Abdel-Rahmène Azzouzi, et al.

Interpretation

Padeliporfin vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy is a safe, effective treatment for low-risk, localised prostate cancer. This treatment might allow more men to consider a tissue-preserving approach and defer or avoid radical therapy.

http://newatlas.com/ebola-vaccine-final-trials/47104/

Ebola vaccine proves 100 percent effective in final trials

Nick Lavars

If there is to be a silver lining in the massive Ebola outbreak to recently sweep through West Africa, it is the progress being made toward developing an effective vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) last year reported some very promising signs during the early stages of a trial involving a vaccine called rVSV-ZEBOV, and now the final results are in, confirming the previously seen 100 percent protection rate from the deadly disease...

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32621-6/fulltext

Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease...

Dr Ana Maria Henao-Restrepo, et al.

Interpretation

The results add weight to the interim assessment that rVSV-ZEBOV offers substantial protection against Ebola virus disease, with no cases among vaccinated individuals from day 10 after vaccination in both randomised and non-randomised clusters.

http://newatlas.com/different-diseases-different-breathprints/47088/

Scientists identify unique "breathprint" of 17 diseases

Lisa-Ann Lee

A team of international researchers recently unveiled a nano array that can identify the chemical signatures of 17 different diseases, possibly bringing us closer to the day when doctors might be able to use a medical tricorder a la Star Trek to instantly diagnose a patient's conditions...

"Just as each of us has a unique fingerprint that distinguishes us from others, each disease has a chemical signature that distinguishes it from other diseases and from a normal state of health," explains lead researcher Hossam Haick, an Israeli nanotech expert whose name is synonymous with disease-detecting sensors. "These odor signatures are what enables us to identify the diseases using the technology that we developed."

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsnano.6b04930

Diagnosis and Classification of 17 Diseases from 1404 Subjects via Pattern Analysis of Exhaled
Molecules

Morad K. Nakhleh, et al.

We report on an artificially intelligent nanoarray based on molecularly modified gold nanoparticles and a random network of single-walled carbon nanotubes for noninvasive diagnosis and classification of a number of diseases from exhaled breath. The performance of this artificially intelligent nanoarray was clinically assessed on breath samples collected from 1404 subjects having one of 17 different disease conditions included in the study or having no evidence of any disease (healthy controls). Blind experiments showed that 86% accuracy could be achieved with the artificially intelligent nanoarray, allowing both detection and discrimination between the different disease conditions examined. Analysis of the artificially intelligent nanoarray also showed that each disease has its own unique breathprint, and that the presence of one disease would not screen out others.

Cluster analysis showed a reasonable classification power of diseases from the same categories. The effect of confounding clinical and environmental factors on the performance of the nanoarray did not significantly alter the obtained results. The diagnosis and classification power of the nanoarray was also validated by an independent analytical technique, i.e., gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry. This analysis found that 13 exhaled chemical species, called volatile organic compounds, are associated with certain diseases, and the composition of this assembly of volatile organic compounds differs from one disease to another. Overall, these findings could contribute to one of the most important criteria for successful health intervention in the modern era, viz. easy-to-use, inexpensive (affordable), and miniaturized tools that could also be used for personalized screening, diagnosis, and follow-up of a number of diseases, which can clearly be extended by further development.

http://www.upc.edu/saladepremsa/al-dia/mes-noticies/upc-researchers-in-collaboration-with-the-companies-comsa-and-gmn-create-a-new-material-from-textile-fibres-of-old-tyres

UPC researchers, in collaboration with the companies COMSA and GMN, create a new material from textile fibres of old tyres

Lluís Gil and Xavier Cañavate, researchers and professors at the Terrassa School of Industrial, Aerospace and Audiovisual Engineering (ESEIAAT) of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), in collaboration with the companies COMSA and Gestión Medioambiental de Neumáticos (GMN), have created a new material from textile fibres of used tyres. This product incorporates a tyre component that was previously not reused.

Vehicle tyres are essentially made of three materials: latex, fabric and steel fibres. The only thing that could not be reused up to now was the fabric, which ended up in landfills or incinerators.

Lluís Gil, of the Laboratory for Technological Innovation in Structures and Materials (LITEM), and Xavier Cañavate, of the POLQUITEX research group, both on the UPC's Terrassa Campus, in collaboration with the companies COMSA and GMN, have developed a new textile material from disused tires. ProfessorTeresa Vidal, of the UPC's Paper Engineering Research Group (CELBIOTECH), also participated in the project.

Recycling and competitiveness

One of the strengths of the project is that it adapts the final product to customer requirements and supplies it in the form of sacks or panels. After several tests, the key to obtaining the new material was the combination of three components: fibres, recycled paper pulp and white glue. The new material has proven to be very effective in the construction sector and for railway projects because it is a good insulator.

According to Lluís Gil, “this new material is technically equivalent to the rock wool and glass wool materials previously used for thermal and acoustic insulation of buildings, but it is cheaper”.

Xavier Cañavate says “our material can reuse millions of tons of fibres that were previously sent to landfills at the end of the tyres' life, thus saving energy and CO2 emissions. It also incorporates recycled paper pulp, which is very difficult to reuse”.

The new material was created thanks to the participation of the companies COMSA and GMN and funding of €130,000 from the INNPACTO programme of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. In addition, the project has generated eight bachelor's theses and a master's thesis.

http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/1/20160092
DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0092

Bioinspired morphing wings for extended flight envelope and roll control of small drones

M. Di Luca, S. Mintchev, G. Heitz, F. Noca, D. Floreano

Abstract

Small-winged drones can face highly varied aerodynamic requirements, such as high manoeuvrability for flight among obstacles and high wind resistance for constant ground speed against strong headwinds that cannot all be optimally addressed by a single aerodynamic profile. Several bird species solve this problem by changing the shape of their wings to adapt to the different aerodynamic requirements.

Here, we describe a novel morphing wing design composed of artificial feathers that can rapidly modify its geometry to fulfil different aerodynamic requirements. We show that a fully deployed configuration enhances manoeuvrability while a folded configuration offers low drag at high speeds and is beneficial in strong headwinds. We also show that asymmetric folding of the wings can be used for roll control of the drone. The aerodynamic performance of the morphing wing is characterized in simulations, in wind tunnel measurements and validated in outdoor flights with a small drone.

http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=4333
December 12, 2016

Sawdust reinvented into super sponge for oil spills

Environmentally friendly material tweaked to soak up to 5 times its weight in oil, float 4 months in icy, rough waters

Frances White, PNNL, (509) 375-6904

Lowly sawdust, the sawmill waste that's sometimes tossed onto home garage floors to soak up oil spilled by amateur mechanics, could receive some new-found respect thanks to science.

Researchers at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have chemically modified sawdust to make it exceptionally oil-attracting and buoyant, characteristics that are ideal for cleaning oil spills in the icy, turbulent waters of the Arctic. The nontoxic material absorbs up to five times its weight in oil and stays afloat for at least four months.

"Most of today's oil remediation materials are designed for warm water use," said PNNL microbiologist George Bonheyo, who leads the modified sawdust's development from PNNL's Marine Sciences Laboratory.

"But as ice retreats in the Arctic Sea, fossil fuel developers are looking north, and we need new oil spill response methods that perform well in extreme conditions," added Bonheyo, who also holds a joint appointment in bioengineering with Washington State University.

"The chance of an oil spill in the Arctic is real," said fellow PNNL microbiologist Robert Jeters, who is also part of the project. "We hope materials like our modified sawdust can help if an accident happens."

Fire & ice

Containing oil spills in cold waters is especially tricky, as bobbing ice chunks push oil below the water's surface, making it difficult to collect. The same goes for rough waters, whose tall, clashing waves disperse oil.

The modified saw dust pulls double duty. Beyond absorbing oil, it also enhances another approach to combatting oil spills — controlled burns. If changing weather or tides move spilled oil toward a sensitive area fast, oil can be burned before it can cause further harm. Called in-situ burning, the practice can significantly reduce the amount of oil in water and minimize its adverse environmental effects.

Bonheyo and his team looked to develop an environmentally friendly and inexpensive material that floats despite rough or freezing waters and can support in-situ burning. Not wanting to create more pollution if emergency responders can't retrieve oil cleanup material, Bonheyo's team considered other natural ingredients like rice hulls and silica. But they ultimately found their winner in a fine dust called wood flour. A woodworking byproduct, wood flour is often used to make wood composites.

To turn the dust into a thirsty oil mop, researchers chemically attach components of vegetable oil onto the material's surface. These attachments make the modified material oil-grabbing and water-shunning. The final product is a light, fluffy, bleached powder. The team is also trying out adding tiny, oil-eating microbes — fungi and bacteria — to the powder's surface so any left-behind material could naturally break down oil over time.

Just a sprinkle

Applying the modified sawdust is simple: sprinkle a thin layer over oil on the water's surface. The material immediately starts soaking up oil, creating a concentrated and solid slick that stays afloat thanks to the material's buoyant nature. The oil-soaked material can either be burned or retrieved.

The team is using PNNL's unique Arctic simulation lab in Sequim, Washington to evaluate the material in icy waters. The facility is a customized shipping container that cools down to as low as 5 degrees Fahrenheit, which prompts researchers to don snowmobile suits and ski masks while they work. Ice slush forms on the surface of water that circulates inside a 290-gallon raceway pond placed inside the bitterly cold lab space. Oil is spilled on the slushy surface, followed by a sprinkle of modifiedsawdust. Tests have shown the material's water-repellent nature prevents ice from forming on it, allowing it to soak up oil and remain at the surface.

Researchers are also testing how well the material performs in controlled burns. They conducted initial burns this fall at the U.S. Coast Guard and Naval Research Laboratory's Joint Maritime Test Facility near Mobile, Alabama. Burn tests continue today at PNNL's Marine Science Laboratory. Early results indicate a small amount of material enables burning of both thin and thick layers of spilled oil.

In the coming months, PNNL will further evaluate the modified sawdust. The material will need additional testing and approval by multiple agencies before it can be used at actual oil spills.

PNNL is developing the material for the Department of Interior's Bureau of Safety of Environmental Enforcement. BSEE is the lead federal agency charged with improving safety and ensuring environmental protection related to the offshore energy industry, primarily oil and natural gas on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf.

The material's development team includes Bonheyo, Jeters, Yongsoon Shin, Jiyeon Park, Andrew Avila
and Maren Symes.

https://www.empa.ch/web/s604/magnetic-blood-purification

"Pulling" bacteria out of blood

CORNELIA ZOGG

Magnets instead of antibiotics could provide a possible new treatment method for blood infection.

This involves the blood of patients being mixed with magnetic iron particles, which bind the bacteria to them after which they are removed from the blood using magnets. The initial laboratory tests at Empa in St. Gallen have been successful, and seem promising.

Blood poisoning is still fatal in more than 50% of cases, but can be cured if treated at an early stage. The highest priority is therefore to act quickly. For this reason, doctors usually administer antibiotics even in the event of a suspicion of blood poisoning, without first ascertaining whether it is actually a bacterial sepsis, which in turn greatly increases the risk of resistance to antibiotics developing. It is therefore important to identify and develop a fast and effective therapy, if possible without the need to use antibiotics.

An antibody for everything

Empa researcher Inge Herrmann and her team are developing a solution in collaboration with modelling expert Marco Lattuada from the Adolphe Merkle Institute and doctors from the Harvard Medical School.

The idea for the treatment is the magnetic purification of blood. The principle is, at least in theory, quite straightforward. Iron particles are coated with an antibody that detects and binds the harmful bacteria in the blood. As soon as the iron particles are attached to the bacteria, they are removed from the blood magnetically.

However, there is (still) a small catch: So far, it has only been possible to coat the iron particles with antibodies that recognise one type of bacteria – but many different types of bacteria may be involved, depending on the species causing the blood poisoning. Using blood analysis, doctors must therefore first determine which bacteria is causing the poisoning before the appropriate antibodies can be used. "This blood analysis is time-consuming and time plays a vital role in the treatment of blood poisoning," explains Herrmann. This is also the reason for magnetic dialysis rarely having been used to date.

But a team at the Harvard Medical School led by Gerald Pier has now developed an antibody that can bind almost all the bacteria that can trigger blood poisoning - so if there is a suspicion of sepsis, the magnetic treatment could be started immediately, regardless of which pathogen is in the blood.

https://wyss.harvard.edu/patching-a-gap-in-wound-care/
November 29, 2016

Patching a gap in wound care

A Wyss Institute team has engineered a method for directly bonding biocompatible chitosan materials to living tissues, which could be used to quickly patch life threatening wounds

Chitosan, a biomaterial derived from the chitin shells of crustaceans and insects, has already been developed by scientists at Harvard’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering into an environmentally-friendly and fully biodegradable substitute for plastic. It is only natural that the team, led by Wyss Institute Founding Director Donald Ingber, has also become interested in extending chitosan’s usefulness into the clinical realm.

“What’s good for the environment is also good for us,” said Javier Fernandez, who first developed a chitosan bioplastic called ‘Shrilk’ with Ingber back in 2014.

Now Ingber and Fernandez have unveiled a new study in the journal Tissue Engineering that demonstrates biodegradable chitosan bioplastics can be used to bond bodily tissues to repair wounds or even to hold implanted medical devices in place. As chitosan is already approved for clinical use and it has antimicrobial properties, the approach could one day be utilized to immediately seal tissue tears or other serious injuries, preventing infection from setting in before a patient can be moved to a hospital for more in-depth care.

“This work really spans the entire mission of the Wyss, as we have developed a biomaterial that could be used in sustainable consumer products and packaging or, as we now show, be adapted for clinical uses,” said Fernandez, Ph.D., the first author on the new study, who is a former Wyss Institute Postdoctoral Fellow and is currently an Assistant Professor at Singapore University of Technology and Design. “The material is non-toxic and biodegradable, leaving behind no trace once it has served its purpose.”

To adapt chitosan to seal wounds and surgical incisions, Ingber and Fernandez searched for a way to quickly and tightly bond chitosan materials to living tissues. They zeroed in on transglutaminase (TG), a naturally occurring enzyme found in the body – where it keeps skin strong and strengthens blood clots – that has also been adopted to bond proteins together during commercial food processing.

“As we started thinking about going in vivo, we faced the challenge of how to adhere chitosan to living tissues,” said Ingber, M.D., Ph.D., who is senior author on the new study and in addition to directing the Wyss Institute is Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children’s Hospital as well as Professor of Bioengineering at Harvard’s John A. Paulson School of Engineering an Applied Sciences. “We explored using different formulations of transglutaminase to bond various forms of chitosan materials, including sheets, foams and sprays, to many different types of tissues.”

A sheet of chitosan may be applied with a transglutaminase powder to patch wounds, as the team demonstrated using an ex vivo porcine intestine with a large hole in it. A pressure test revealed that the chitosan patch was even stronger than the native intestinal tissue.

For the spray, a stream of liquid chitosan and liquid transglutaminase combine during application to quickly bond chitosan to tissue and close wounds. The team used this approach to seal a porcine lung that had sustained a puncture wound while it was cyclically insufflated with air to mimic inspiration and expiration. The spray application could also be useful for covering large areas of vulnerable tissue, like might be found on someone whose skin had sustained serious burns.

To treat even larger and more traumatic wounds like those that might occur on the battlefield or during a motor vehicle accident, Ingber and Fernandez formulated a chitosan foam that could potentially be used to fill and seal larger wound cavities until a patient can be transported to a hospital for surgical intervention.

The team’s findings also suggest that their approach could be tailored to bond inorganic surfaces – which make up crucial components of many different kinds of biomedical implants and microfluidic devices – to tissue or chitosan.

“Right now our approach is very general, but we could theoretically take this concept and adapt it into almost any form imaginable for a broad number of possible uses,” said Fernandez.

Looking ahead, the team hopes to develop an array of specific applications through collaboration with clinical partners.

Additional co-authors on the study include Wyss Institute researchers Suneil Seetharam, Christopher Ding, and Edward Doherty.

http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ten.TEA.2016.0266?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&
Tissue Engineering Part A. December 2016
doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0266.

Direct Bonding of Chitosan Biomaterials to Tissues Using Transglutaminase for Surgical Repair or
Device Implantation

Fernandez Javier G., et al.

ABSTRACT

Natural biomaterials, such as chitosan and collagen, are useful for biomedical applications because they are biocompatible, mechanically robust, and biodegradable, but it is difficult to rapidly and tightly bond them to living tissues. In this study, we demonstrate that the microbial transglutaminase (mTG), can be used to rapidly (<5 min) bond chitosan and collagen biomaterials to the surfaces of hepatic, cardiac, and dermal tissues, as well as to functionalized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials that are used in medical products. The mTG-bonded chitosan patches effectively sealed intestinal perforations, and a newly developed two-component mTG-bonded chitosan spray effectively repaired ruptures in a breathing lung when tested ex vivo. The mechanical strength of mTG-catalyzed chitosan adhesive bonds were comparable to those generated by commonly used surgical glues. These results suggest that mTG preparations may be broadly employed to bond various types of organic materials, including polysaccharides, proteins, and functionalized inorganic polymers to living tissues, which may open new avenues for biomedical engineering, medical device integration, and tissue repair.

https://www.qut.edu.au/news/news?news-id=112276
29 November 2016

Tests on oil recycled from tyres finds a cleaner diesel blend

Old tyres can be completely recycled into lower emission diesel engine oil, instead of being dumped in dangerous, highly flammable stockpiles that become breeding grounds for malaria and dengue-carrying mosquitoes.

QUT mechanical engineers tested the oil extracted from old tyres in a process developed by Australian company Green Distillation Tecnologies (GDT).

QUT’s Professor Richard Brown and PhD student Farhad Hossain tested the oil’s emissions and output at QUT's Biofuel Engine Research Facility.

Professor Brown said that when the oil was blended with diesel it was found to produce a fuel with reduced emissions and no loss of engine performance.

“Globally, 1.5 billion tonnes of tyres are discarded each year. Australia, alone, will generate 55 million disused tyres a year by 2020," Professor Brown said.

“Getting rid of old tyres in an environment-friendly way is a universal nightmare.

“Stockpiles of used tyres around the world are a health hazard, as demonstrated by the recent Broadmeadows fire in Victoria, which was difficult to put out and generated huge amounts of toxic smoke.”

Mr Farhad said the QUT engineering team, including process engineer Dr Tom Rainey and air-quality expert Professor Zoran Ristovski, performed rigorous tests on the oil.

“We tested the oil which GDT produces from both recycled natural and synthetic rubber tyres in 10 per cent and 20 per cent diesel blends,” Mr Farhad said.

“We tested the tyre oil blends in a turbocharged, common rail, direct injection, six-cylinder engine in the Biofuel Engine Research Facility at QUT.

“The engine is typical of engine types used in the transport industry.

“Our experiments were performed with a constant speed and four different engine loads of 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent of full load.

“We found a 30 per cent reduction in nitrogen oxide which contributes to photochemical smog, and lower particle mass which means fewer problems for emission treatment systems.”

GDT chief operating officer Trevor Bayley said the oil could also be used as a heating fuel or further refined into automotive or aviation jet fuel.

“The process recycles end-of-life tyres into oil, carbon and steel, leaving nothing wasted and even uses some of the recovered oil as the heat source,” Mr Bayley said.

“Carbon is the most common recovered ingredient and the steel rim and framework is the third most common ingredient, while the oil is the most valuable.

“We are delighted at the findings of the QUT research as it will help us promote the sustainable use for end-of-life tyres.

“The potential of this source of biofuel feedstock is immense, and it is more sustainable than other bio-oils from plants such as corn, or algae.

“A recycled 10kg car tyre yields 4 litres of oil, 1.5kg of steel and 4 kg of carbon,, and a 70kg truck tyre provides 28 litres of oil, 11kg of steel and 28kg of carbon.

“GDT plans to have the first fully operational commercial plant delivering eight million litres of oil a year from mid-2017, followed by a world-first mining tyre processing plant in either Qld or WA.”

US6863004

Process and system for recovering energy from carbon-containing materials


Inventor: RANDALL DENIS A [AU]

The invention provides processes and systems for generating heat from a carbon-containing material or converting a carbon-containing material to a combustible gaseous fuel, comprising (a) pyrolysing the material in a reactor to produce a carbon-enriched solid and a first gaseous product, (b) burning at least part of the first gaseous product and/or a second gaseous product obtained by reacting the carbon-enriched solid with water vapour to generate heat, and (c) returning combustion products from the burning step to the reactor and/or removing part of the first gaseous product and/or the second gaseous product as a combustible fuel.

http://www.gdtc6.com/

Cleanly Recycled Tyres – A World Technology First

Green Distillation Technologies has achieved an Australian world technological breakthrough by effectively and profitably recycling end of life car and truck tyres (ELTs) into saleable commodities of oil, carbon and steel.

End of life car and truck tyres are a blight on the environment ever since they were invented over a century ago, because until now no means had been found to effectively and economically recycle them.

Grinding up old tyres to make crumbs or flakes is not a means of recycling tyres as the rubber has not been changed and there is a limit to how much of this material can be used for kindergarten playgrounds and soccer fields and using it as a furnace fuel in Asia creates noxious greenhouse damaging emissions.

As well as the environmental problem caused by dumps of old tyres or illegally discarding them in bushland and waterways, after rain they become a breeding ground for mosquitoes and a source of such dangerous diseases as Dengue and Ross River Fever.

However, using a technique known as destructive distillation, Green Distillation Technologies is able to convert this wasted resource and an environmental hazard into high demand valuable raw materials.The process is emission free and the recycled oil is used as the heat source for the production process.

The GDT Tyre Recycling Process – How It Works

Destructive Distillation is the name GDT gives to their tyre recycling process which is developed from basic chemistry, the genius of Technical Director Denis Randall and his thirty five years of study and experimentation into organic waste streams. As a result GDT has developed the knowledge of getting the chemical reaction to occur.

The process begins by loading whole end of life tyres into a process chamber, which is evacuated of air and sealed. In the initial steps no further processing of the tyres, such as chopping or crumbing is required.

Heat is applied, which acts as a catalyst for the chemical reaction, which sees the tyre destructed into different compounds, one of which is collected and condensed into ‘manufactured’ oil. At the end of the process and the chemical reaction is over, the carbon and steel can be extracted cooled and separated.

http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=4282
June 13, 2016
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Weird, water-oozing material could help quench thirst

Frances White

PNNL researchers saw for the first time a phenomenon that was theorized more than 20 years ago. Shown here is a PNNL illustration of the phenomenon, "solvent cavitation under solvo-phobic confinement," which PNNL researchers saw occur with carbon-rich nanorods they mistakenly created. PNNL's viewing of the phenomenon involved liquid spontaneously evaporating after being confined within tiny spaces in between touching nanorods.

RICHLAND, Wash. – After their nanorods were accidentally created when an experiment didn't go as planned, the researchers gave the microscopic, unplanned spawns of science a closer look.Chemist Satish Nune was inspecting the solid, carbon-rich nanorods with a vapor analysis instrument when he noticed the nanorods mysteriously lost weight as humidity increased. Thinking the instrument had malfunctioned, Nune and his colleagues moved on to another tool, a high-powered microscope.They jumped as they saw an unknown fluid unexpectedly appear between bunches of the tiny sticks and ooze out. Video recorded under the microscope is shaky at the beginning, as they quickly moved the view finder to capture the surprising event again.

The team at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory would go on to view the same phenomenon more than a dozen times. Immediately after expelling the fluid, the nanorods' weight decreased by about half, causing the researchers to scratch their heads even harder.

A paper published today in Nature Nanotechnology describes the physical processes behind this spectacle, which turned out to be the first experimental viewing of a phenomenon theorized 20-some years ago. The discovery could lead to a large range of real-world applications, including low-energy water harvesting and purification for the developing world, and fabric that automatically pulls sweat away from the body and releases it as a vapor.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYCiD_B6fSY

Water epulsion in real time

http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v11/n9/full/nnano.2016.91.html
Nature Nanotechnology 11, 791–797 (2016)
doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.91

Anomalous water expulsion from carbon-based rods at high humidity

Satish K. Nune,    et al.

Abstract

Three water adsorption–desorption mechanisms are common in inorganic materials: chemisorption, which can lead to the modification of the first coordination sphere; simple adsorption, which is reversible; and condensation, which is irreversible. Regardless of the sorption mechanism, all known materials exhibit an isotherm in which the quantity of water adsorbed increases with an increase in relative humidity. Here, we show that carbon-based rods can adsorb water at low humidity and spontaneously expel about half of the adsorbed water when the relative humidity exceeds a 50–80% threshold. The water expulsion is reversible, and is attributed to the interfacial forces between the confined rod surfaces. At wide rod spacings, a monolayer of water can form on the surface of the carbon-based rods, which subsequently leads to condensation in the confined space between adjacent rods. As the relative humidity increases, adjacent rods (confining surfaces) in the bundles are drawn closer together via capillary forces. At high relative humidity, and once the size of the confining surfaces has decreased to a critical length, a surface-induced evaporation phenomenon known as solvent cavitation occurs and water that had condensed inside the confined area is released as a vapour.

US2016279600
PROCESS FOR MAKING CARBON-BASED NANO-RODS FROM SWITCHABLE IONIC LIQUIDS AND DEVICES AND PROCESSES INCORPORATING SAME

Inventor: NUNE SATISH, et al.
Applicant: BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE [US]

A method of making carbon-based nano-rods from switchable ionic liquids (SWIL) that incorporates the SWIL is disclosed. Resulting nano-rods provide adsorption and spontaneous desorption of water at selected relative humidity values that find use in selected applications and devices.

UPDATE 17 January

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14R9QB7cJiM

Body Language: NASA Planet X, Dr. Steven Greer, Corey Goode

http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?95346-Body-Language-Expert-Does-Steven-Greer-Corey-Goode

Her conclusions:

- For the NASA panel, they exhibited "guarded" body language about the idea of a brown dwarf, but showed no signs of stress about any imminent threat, ie Planet X. So they literally knew of nothing to worry about.

- For Greer, she says he tries to make himself appear bigger and more important than he actually is, basically exhibiting narcissistic behavior. He has collected a lot of public information and then constructed additional stories around it. Her conclusion is to assume that he is just "telling you a story."

- For Corey Goode, she concludes that he seems to truly believe what he's saying based on his body language, but that this doesn't necessarily mean what he says is true. So he could be a MILAB or he could just be coo-coo for Coco Puffs. I know from personal experience that Goode is not above lying so I wonder if he's not been coached in some way considering the "career" he has chosen for himself.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwdwZVe3hR4

Body Language: Alex Jones

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0zsJftk860

The Smartest Man in the world -- Clif High Web bot

This is what Clif High predicted 5 Months ago:

-bitcoin will top $425 3 times before taking off.
-Bitcoin will slice through the $500's.
-Chinese flock to Bitcoin.
Nearly a month ago his predictions said the following:

-Bitcoin will begin to take off July.12th moving from a solid $688 to $1000 by the End of the Year.
-when it touches $1000 for the first time it will drop down to $900.
-When it slices through $1000, the trip to $2000 will be talked about regarding how fast it went.

Well, today - January 1st, 2017 we recorded $1000 Bitcoin. According to his predictions it will fall to $900 and than we will see $2000 Bitcoin in 2017. This recent video by Clif talks about $600 silver.

Clif High believes all humans are psychic but only a few realise it. All others unconsciously "leak" their psychic predictions out on Twitter, Facebook, Reddit and other places online through things they post. High's "web bot" crawls the internet for these psychic premonitions. That is what this post is based on.
Edit: For example, High predicts a major earthquake in continental American in 2017, based on internet chatter. Geologists, meanwhile, can barely predict earthquakes a few hours ahead of time.Never sell bitcoin until you don't need to sell it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qMDUswYw00

clif high wujo January 12, 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEhE_exmOwY

Clif High, Web bot Report | 2008 vs 2017/2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-hq4gpg7bQ
http://farsight.org

Remote Viewing January 2017: Time-Cross Predictions

Jim Stone reports :

http://82.221.129.208/baasepagem8.html
jimstone.is

"Here's a message that spooked me:

The scum who run the NZ government use 1080 poison dropped from helicopters over huge tracts of wilderness with the stated aim of killing off all deer, as they are an introduced species, as well as possums. What happens is that they kill off the entire ecosystem. From a conservation viewpoint this makes absolutely no sense at all --- the only plausible reason is to eliminiate all wild sources of food. Why? So that when the rats flee to NZ the locals, the few who will not take kindly to their arrival, will have nothing to eat when they go bush into wilderness areas, and they risk death from eating and in some cases drinking from the 1080 poisoned ecosystem. If you think the 1080 will break down, it won't do for a long time under normal circumstances in the wilderness ... and anything that dies keeps on poisoning the ecosystem anyway.

Deer head for water when dying from 1080, the eels eat them and die, the freshwater crayfish eat the eels and die ... everything dies. Save the native birds you reckon? No, most die. NZ has been taken over by scum getting ready for the influx of their mates. Airfields have been built at taxpayer expense. And most NZers are too stupid now to understand, let alone do anything to stop this. (See youtube "poisoning paradise") And certain US administration personnel left immediately prior to the past 2 serious earthquakes. Paradise it was ... but now it is paradise lost. RIP NZ."

My response: 1080 poison is the classic fluoride poison that used to be used for rats in the U.S..."

https://www.lewrockwell.com/2017/01/jack-perry/coming-famine/

The Coming Famine

By Jack Perry

...Russia has already eclipsed Saudi Arabia as the world’s biggest oil producer. This means the big Saudi oil fields are drying up. And the government knows that, but they can’t tell us this because it’ll create a panic. One would think this would motivate the United States to get cozier with Russia. However, what the United States government fears is that if we do that, Russia will twig to the motive for it, and realize it has the United States over a barrel. An oil barrel. At which point the price goes up. Not to mention extracting concessions in the global sphere of influence.

Thus, what the United States is playing at here is trying to install a different “regime” in Russia. That being, one that Vladimir Putin does not control or have any influence over. This is easier said than done and the United States knows this. But the stakes are quite a bit higher than controlling the dwindling oil supply in the Middle East. Russia is obviously in control of most of the world’s remaining oil reserves. The United States needs a puppet regime in Russia to have access to that oil without paying the correct market price for it...

..The truth is this: Our entire economic system is based on petroleum and low-cost petroleum at that. But the actual nightmare is that our entire agricultural system is based on cheap oil.

The United States diet, especially for average Americans, is based on only three crops: Corn, wheat, and soy. Every processed food you see is based on fractions of those three staples. Meat is fed those three staples, even the farm-raised salmon you see in the store. Without those three crops, the United States would undergo a famine not seen in the United States ever at any point. The United States cannot feed itself without those three crops. What’s more, many large parts of the world depend on those three crops exported from the United States to feed themselves, too. Therefore, without them, the famine would turn into a runaway famine of global proportions.

Those three crops require large inputs of oil to grow, maintain, fertilize, and harvest. The corn alone depletes the soil to the extent synthetic fertilizer made by the Haber Process is an absolute requirement. That synthetic fertilizer requires oil to produce. The tractors and combines to plant and harvest these crops run on oil. All the transportation involved runs on oil. People have been led to believe we’ve discovered domestic oil reserves that will give us self-sufficiency. Who’s telling us this? The oil companies who are in bed with the government. The fact is, if we have to rely on these reserves alone, they will need to be devoted to agriculture alone. Or we won’t eat...

...we better start thinking about the fact food is about to get a lot more expensive. The days of .99 cent super bags of corn chips are about to come to an end. Soon.

Keep in mind that the government heavily subsidizes those three crops as it is. Otherwise, food would be a LOT more expensive. Understand this: We are all on food stamps because the government subsidizes corn, wheat, and soy. If they did not, many people would not be able to afford food at all. What you see in the store is not the real and actual cost of that food. You’re seeing it after the government paid up to half (or more) of the cost to grow that corn, wheat, and soy. Including that which was fed to animals, we eat. Meaning, if you think beef is expensive at $6.99 a pound, the actual cost is $15.99 a pound if the government did not subsidize the corn fed to that cattle.

That can only take place because the oil is relatively cheap. Were the oil not cheap and the government still had to subsidize the food crops, the money will probably have to be diverted from Social Security, interstate highways, and the military budget. So you can see the corner the government has painted themselves into. They can’t afford to do nothing but they can’t afford to get into an actual war with Russia, either. However, the steps they are taking carry the very real seeds of a war, but the government is willing to risk that, gambling a certain future of food riots against the possibility of a war. It’s a lose-lose proposition, but the government and Wall Street are stubbornly refusing to own up to the truth. They have staked “growth” of the economy on the price of oil. We are in a suicide pact with them right now...

This is the “end game”. This is the future. There can be no other reason the United States is willing to risk war with Russia. Oil is always the reason the United States goes to war since the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo showed us how vulnerable we really are. But this time, we’ve got a “false prosperity” and millions of people born solely because of the cheap food brought to us by cheap oil. When that oil is gone, guess what? We will not be able to feed all those people born because cheap oil made feeding them possible. You do the math on what that means.

http://sploid.gizmodo.com/9-fun-tricks-you-can-do-with-static-electricity-1791047817

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViZNgU-Yt-Y&feature=em-uploademail

9 Fun Tricks You Can Do With Static Electricity
Casey Chan

Levitate light objects
Make an electroscope
Control the movement of balloons
Bend water
Make styrofoam balls dance around in aluminum foil
Control bubbles
Move a stick
Make a can roll around without touching it
Hover a styrofoam plate

https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/2585763/end-of-the-world-500-year-old-prophecy-from-italian-nostradamus-comes-true/

End of the world? A 500-year-old prophecy from ‘Italian Nostradamus’ comes TRUE

Armageddon said to follow two days of snow in southern town of Salento - which has just been blanketed by icy falls

By NATALIE KEEGAN

“Two days of snow, two flashes in the sky, I know the world ends, but I do not yearn.”
COULD the end of the world be looming?

According to a prophecy from the Italian Nostradamus, Armageddon is just around the corner.

It all comes down to the snow that has been hitting Italian resort town Salento for the last two days.

Philosopher Matteo Tafuri, who lived between 1492 and 1582, warned that two consecutive days of snow in the town would lead to the apocalypse.

The region is known for its mild climate but has been left blanketed by icy falls of late.

Matteo predicted: “Salento of palm trees and mild south wind, snowy Salento but never after the touch.

Philosopher Matteo Tafuri, who lived between 1492 and 1582, warned that two consecutive days of snow in the town would lead to the apocalypse

This week snow has blanketed some parts of southern Italy – leading some superstitious observers to believe Matteo’s predictions will soon come true.

This revelation comes just days after a picture of the Virgin Mary in Macedonia was spotted crying – a manifestation which has also been linked to the end of days.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boU8eM_-JO4&feature=youtu.be

Large Saucer UFO Found Buried In Antarctica!

Disc coords: 74°38'18.53" S 164°31'48.53" E

Caves: 66°33'12.33"S, 99°50'20.37"E --- 66°36'12.69"S, 99°43'12.44"E

http://www.naturalnews.com/2017-01-12-rats-intestines-destroyed-just-90-days-after-being-fed-monsanto-gmo-corn.html

Rats’ intestines destroyed just 90 days after being fed Monsanto GMO corn

by: Daniel Barker

Ever since agribusiness giant Monsanto began pushing its GM crops on the public, the company has maintained that the technology is safe, and that consumption of Frankenfood products, such as genetically-modified corn, causes no ill effects in either animals or humans.

Monsanto propaganda holds that GMOs have been proven safe, but the truth is that few real safety studies have ever been conducted, while much of the existing scientific literature on the subject is bogus industry-backed drivel. However, despite Monsanto’s efforts to control the narrative, independent researchers have been finding evidence that contradicts the company’s claims.

GM Watch recently published the results of one such study, conducted by two researchers at the Faculty of Medicine at Tanta University, Egypt.

The researchers fed Monsanto GM corn – a genetically-altered version of a local Egyptian corn variety – to laboratory rats over a 90-day period, with a control group being fed a non-GM variety of local corn. (RELATED: Stay informed about all the news on GMOs at GMO.news)
Researchers find ‘alarming signs’

The rats which were fed the GM corn (MON810: Ajeeb YG) developed “serious damage to the surface mucous membranes of the jejunum (part of the small intestine).”

From GM Watch:

“In the GM-fed rats, some areas of the villi – finger-like structures in the intestine that absorb nutrients from food – were damaged. They were distorted and flattened, with some cells joined together. The damage can clearly be seen in the images included in the study. The crypts (mucosal glands) were disrupted and blood vessels were congested. Signs of inflammation – white blood cell infiltration – were seen around areas of damage. In addition, the cells of the intestinal lining were abnormal in structure.

“Other signs of damage included increased shedding of mucosal cells, increased numbers of mucous-secreting goblet cells, and higher rates of division of cells lining the crypts.”

The researchers concluded that despite Monsanto’s assurances, the consumption of GM corn “profoundly altered the histological structure of the jejunal mucosa at many levels and revealed several alarming signs.”

Two earlier Egyptian studies involving rats that consumed the same Monsanto GM variety corn revealed other types of damage. One of the studies found “differences in organ and body weights and in blood biochemistry” between rats that consumed MON810: Ajeeb YG and those which ate a non-GM version of the same variety, suggesting that the GM corn might produce “potential adverse health/toxic effects.”

The second study, conducted by the same research team, found “toxic effects” in several organs of lab rats caused by the same GM variety – including damage to the liver, kidneys, intestines and testes.

The publication of the study comes as the European Commission pushes plans to begin growing MON810 corn in 2017. A vote is scheduled for January 17.

Monsanto GM corn strain poses genetic contamination risk

Interestingly, there appears to be another problem with MON810. Independent nonprofit research institute Test Biotech has reported that MON810 poses a risk of GM transgenes spreading to other plant species, and is calling for a withdrawal of Monsanto’s application to the EU for approval of its cultivation.

It’s become increasingly evident that GM technology has turned out to be – as many predicted – a dangerous experiment gone completely awry. GM crops have failed to produce the promised yields, while more and more studies are uncovering health risks associated with the technology.

Glyphosate, the main ingredient in Monsanto’s Roundup – an herbicide essential to the whole Monsanto biotech equation – is a highly toxic and carcinogenic chemical. Glyphosate has now become the most widely used herbicide in history, and roughly 19 percent of all glyphosate produced since it was first introduced in 1974 has been dumped on the United States alone. (Related: We also cover glyphosate “RoundUp” news at Glyphosate.news)

It’s time for a complete global ban on GM agriculture and the use of glyphosate.

To stay informed on all the nefarious people pushing these poisons on humanity, read MonsantoMafia.com.

Sources:

GMWatch.org
TestBiotech.org
Truth-Out.org
EcoWatch.com

http://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-have-created-a-new-form-of-hydrogen

Physicists have created a new form of hydrogen

The most abundant element in the Universe just got interesting.

As the element that makes up 75 percent of all the mass in the Universe, and more than 90 percent of all the atoms, we’re all pretty well acquainted with hydrogen.

But the simplest and most abundant element in the Universe still has some tricks up its sleeve, because physicists have just created a never-before-seen form of hydrogen - negatively charged hydrogen clusters.

To understand what negatively charged hydrogen clusters are, you first have to wrap your head around their far more common counterparts - positively charged hydrogen clusters.

Positively charged hydrogen clusters are pretty much exactly what they sound like - positively charged clusters of a few or many hydrogen molecules.

Known simply as hydrogen ion clusters, they form at very low temperatures, and can contain as many as 100 individual atoms.

Physicists confirmed the existence of hydrogen ion clusters some 40 years ago, and while a negative counterpart to these clusters boasting large numbers of atoms were theorised, no one could figure out how to create one.

But that didn't stop a team of physicists led by Michael Renzler from the University of Innsbruck in Austria from giving it a shot.

First, they injected cold liquid helium droplets with hydrogen (H2) molecules. This caused the mixture to form clusters with a neutral charge.

Next, they exposed these H2-infused droplets to an electron beam, and that caused some of the hydrogen molecules to ionise, and be flung out into the surrounding vacuum as negatively charged hydrogen ions.

Soon, nearby hydrogen molecules started clustering around the negatively charged ions, and the researchers discovered that these newly formed groups could boast a few, or many molecules each.

As is often the case with the most elusive structures in particle physics, these negatively charged hydrogen clusters existed only for an incredibly fleeting moment - several microseconds (1 microsecond = 0.000001 seconds).

But that was enough time for the team to determine their geometric structures.

As Michael Schirber reports for the American Physical Society, the researchers found that the clusters only had odd atom numbers, ranging from n= 5 to n = 129.

The most stable clusters had a central, negatively charged H− ion core sounded by shells that were completely filled up by hydrogen molecules.

"The odd values implied that the clusters were a combination of several H2 molecules and a single H− ion core, held together through an induced dipole attraction," Schirber explains.

The most commonly recorded clusters had the atomic numbers n = 25, n = 65, and n = 89.

These 'magic numbers', as the team calls them, correspond to symmetrical, almost solid arrangements of H2 molecules, such as a 20-sided icosahedron. (You can see one of these formations in the image at the top of the page.)

So why does all this matter? For years now, researchers have suspected that these large hydrogen clusters could form naturally in outer space, either in cold, dense clouds, or the atmospheres of gas planets.

Now that we know that negatively charged hydrogen clusters aren't impossible, and what their most common and stable form could be, it could make it easier to identify them in nature for the time.

And at a time when researchers are questioning if dark matter - the stuff that hypothetically makes up 27 percent of the observable Universe - even exists, we need all the help we can get when it comes to deciphering the smallest constituents of the space around us.

The research has been published in Physical Review Letters.

https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.273001

Synopsis: Hydrogen Clusters Go Negative

Negatively charged hydrogen ion clusters—consisting of five or more hydrogen atoms—have been observed for the first time.

At very low temperatures, hydrogen (H) can form ionized clusters containing as many as a hundred atoms. Previously only observed with positive charge, researchers have now detected negatively charged clusters. The number of hydrogen atoms in these clusters is always odd, but certain numbers of atoms appear more often than others. The results suggest that the clusters are based on a solid-like structure in which a single H−
ion is surrounded by an ordered arrangement of H2 molecules.

Theorists long ago predicted that hydrogen clusters with large atom numbers may form in outer space, and lab experiments confirmed the existence of positively charged clusters 40 years ago. Negatively charged clusters (or anions) have proved more elusive. Until now, the largest hydrogenic anion was H−3

In their experiment, Michael Renzler from the University of Innsbruck in Austria and his colleagues injected H2 molecules into cold liquid-helium droplets, where the molecules form neutral clusters. When the team exposed the droplets to an electron beam, the clusters ionized and escaped into the surrounding vacuum. The H−n clusters were stable for at least several microseconds—long enough for them to reach a mass spectrometer that recorded a range of odd atom numbers from n=5 to n=129. The odd values implied that the clusters were a combination of several H2 molecules and a single H− ion core, held together through an induced dipole attraction. The highest observed abundances were for n=25, 65, and 89. These “magic numbers” correspond to symmetrical solid-like arrangements of H2 molecules, such as a 20-sided icosahedron. Future studies may explore the chemistry of these large anions and possible quantum effects in the vibrational excitations of the crystalline structures..

http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.273001
Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 273001 (2016)

Anionic Hydrogen Cluster Ions as a New Form of Condensed Hydrogen

Michael Renzler, Martin Kuhn, Andreas Mauracher, Albrecht Lindinger, Paul Scheier, and Andrew M. Ellis

Abstract

We report the first experimental observation of negatively charged hydrogen and deuterium cluster ions, H−n and D−n, where n≥5. These anions are formed by an electron addition to liquid helium nanodroplets doped with molecular hydrogen or deuterium. The ions are stable for at least the lifetime of the experiment, which is several tens of microseconds. Only anions with odd values of n are detected, and some specific ions show anomalously high abundances. The sizes of these “magic number” ions suggest an icosahedral framework of H2 (D2) molecules in solvent shells around a central H− (D−) ion. The first three shells, which contain a total of 44 H2 or D2 molecules, appear to be solidlike, but thereafter a more liquidlike arrangement of the H2 (D2) molecules is adopted.

http://www.keelynet.com/news/011017a6.html
http://www.eagle-research.com/erpdf/bg/PlantsDontLie.pdf

Plants Don't Lie

Proof Brown's Gas enhances life and health

Hillary Clinton's Greatest Speech :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-fluUQApO8

Kruzah chook

http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/life-saving-malaria-drug-artemisinin-also-shows-promise-treatment-tuberculosis-1597276?utm_campaign=soficalflowtwitter&utm_source=socialflowtwitter&utm_medium=articles

Ancient Chinese medicine shows promise in the treatment of tuberculosis
Scientists have identified new compound that could reduce TB treatment duration.

By Léa Surugue

Artemisinin, the ancient Chinese medicine that dramatically reduced the number of deaths from malaria around the world, may also help treat people suffering from tuberculosis. This approach could provide a solution to one of main problems associated with TB treatment – the length it takes to cure the disease completely...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0xII3gcRho&feature=youtu.be

2017 Prophecy For Israel & USA: America Will Be Divided Into Two Like Israel
Sadhu Sundar Selvaraj

MMS Jim Humble the Good the Bad the Truth

by

Robert Teeter

I've been working with, and researching, chlorine dioxide for two years. I've made my own batches of nearly 100%, using a different formula. There are more than eight formulas to make chlorine dioxide. I have the Genesis II Church member card. I'm not anti-MMS.

Jim Humble is a great humanitarian, and must have been a good NASA engineer. However, his chemistry is bad, which he has said in his book. And his understanding of body biochemistry is completely wrong. My main purpose, for this paper, is to correct his mistakes.

The medical establishment's attack, against MMS, is based on a simplistic, uninformed, negative, buzz word slander. Clorox bleach is not labeled with the skull poison symbol. Like many products, it has warnings. And the warnings are exaggerated, as usual. For instance, it warns of burns to the skin. Hah, I've had bleach on my hands many times. It feels slimy, but doesn't cause a burn. They also use the word "industrial" bleach. "Industrial" makes it sound bad. Supermarket packaged foods are made in a factory. It's an industry. There's nothing bad about being industrial. Sodium chlorite and chlorine dioxide are in the general category of "bleach". That's good if you want to disinfect. And chlorine dioxide is used, for instance in municipal water supplies, because it is the safest one. As I will cover later, bleach oxidizers can do damage. So concentrations must be low.

I'm experienced enough to be aware of the inner works of some groups, especially ones like the FDA. The whole attack, on MMS, may possibly be traced to one man, Mr. Mizer in the US Dept. of Justice, since everyone is repeating his slander, about bleach. There's a cadre of such people who hate Christianity, and so can't stand medical people using the words "cure" or "miracle". For sure, the attack is uninformed, and so it is illegitimate.

To begin correcting Jim's mistaken ideas about chemistry. Chlorine dioxide is not an ion. It does not have a charge. It is a molecule. Molecules do not have a charge. Chlorine dioxide is unusual, in that it doesn't dissolve, ionize, in water. Body cells are a complex structure of many molecules. They do not have a charge. So chlorine dioxide is not repelled by body cells, and it is not attracted to only bad bacteria. Bacteria are cells, and so do not have a charge. The Gram Stain is not a positive or negative charge. The positive and negative means yes or no for the bacteria becoming stained with a dye. Chlorine dioxide is a free radical, meaning it has an unfilled electron space. This is how it oxidizes. When reacting with organic molecules, chlorine dioxide usually functions as a highly selective oxidant due to its unique, one-electron transfer mechanism where it is reduced back to the chlorite ion. When oxidizing some inorganics, like ferric oxide, it can accept a total of five electrons, which would break it down to a chloride ion, as in salt, and two oxygen ions. Jim's claim that electron shells hold atoms together, and that the nucleus would fly apart if the electrons are drawn away, is false. It takes a high-powered atom smasher to do that.

Chlorine dioxide is said to work differently on different pathogens. Bacteria, fungi, parasite and tumor cells are vulnerable to oxidants because of these components; thiols, polyamines, purines, amino acids with thiols, phenols, and amines [Dr. Thomas Hesselink's paper about malaria]. The method of chlorine dioxide bacterial kill, at low ppm concentration, seems to occur by the disruption of protein synthesis and enzyme inactivation. This is similar to the non-toxic mechanism of some common antibiotics. It does not blow a hole in cell walls. It acts on good as well as bad bacteria, so probiotics should be taken after treatment is finished. Oxidation of RNA and DNA do not appear to take place, or are at least unimportant in the process. The site of action lies in the soluble fraction of the cell and there appears to be no damage to internal structural components such as ribosomes. At high ppm, the method of rapid bacterial and viral kill appears to be the softening and destroying of the cell wall, or viral capsid.

Chlorine dioxide can definitely hurt body tissue, as well as pathogens. It kills algae, parasite organisms, and some insect eggs or larvae, such as mosquitoes. If the concentration is high enough, it can kill zebra mussels and some fish, such as trout (the lethal LC50 for rainbow trout is 290 ppm for 96 hours). Since I believed Jim's harmlessness claim, at first, I took massive doses of pure chlorine dioxide, and inhaled full breaths of it. Once, my lungs hurt for three days afterwards. And massive doses caused my ears to ring, probably damaging sensitive inner ear nerve hairs. So doses should be kept small, and luckily chlorine dioxide works with the lowest doses, compared to other disinfectants. There are many institutional papers assessing the toxicity of chlorine dioxide, sodium chlorite and chlorate. The main problem area is red blood cells. With prolonged, higher dose (up to 1000 ppm for chlorine dioxide, and 100 ppm for chlorite and chlorate) daily use in rat's drinking water, for 1-2 months, some hemoglobin can be oxidized to methemoglobin which doesn't carry oxygen. Also, red blood cell count can decrease. Chlorate (ClO3-), which can rupture RBCs, is the worst with serious RBC loss after nine months. There is a claim that some chlorate can be produced in MMS reactions, such as with pH less than 3, and some chemical studies claim chlorine dioxide can change into some chlorate in water. Red blood cells have glutathione to protect them from oxidation, but cell levels can be decreased with prolonged treatment. Other studies show no methemoglobin at these dose levels. There is a reference stating that there's an enzyme that reduces methemoglobin back to normal hemoglobin. One study with low dose, single dose, pure chlorine dioxide using people, showed no problems at 0.34 mg/kg of body weight. In these studies, the doses of sodium chlorite and chlorate were only 1/10th of the amount of chlorine dioxide, evidently for safety reasons, meaning they considered chlorine dioxide much safer. Different studies have found the following safe levels of chlorine dioxide in all of the drinking water, per day: 15 mg/kg in mice for 1 month; 9 mg/kg in green monkeys for 1-2 months; 2 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 months. At higher doses there could be some nasal irritation from chlorine dioxide gas evaporating at the drinking tube. Effect on newborn rat pups: decreased pup development, decreased thyroid hormone levels (thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are phenols), and decreased brain cell count, were found at 14 mg/kg of body weight per day in drinking water for the mother rats during gestation and lactation. Dosing below 14 mg/kg had no observed effect, such as in a 3 mg/kg test. I don't think anyone should take maintenance doses for years, especially with so much sodium chlorite in the MMS mix. And doses should be in mg/kg or /pound of body weight, not in drops. Also, Jim is wrong about MMS lasting only one hour in the body. Rat studies show that 100% chlorine dioxide, not the MMS mix, reaches peak blood level in 2 hours, with half absorbed in 3.5 hours. The leftover sodium chlorite, in the MMS mix, reaches peak blood level in 8 hours. 21% of it is still in the blood after 72 hours. So dosing every hour is not a good idea. Studies use one dose per day. There probably hasn't been much research about the effect of chlorite and chlorine dioxide on prescription drugs in the body, but oxidizers are one thing used by illegal drug users to nullify drugs in their urine test. So they probably can affect some prescription drugs in the body. For myself, I would only take low dose pure chlorine dioxide, such as chlorine dioxide solution (CDS), or the new MMS1 tablets in a glass of water [do not swallow the tablet]. Precautions must be employed in people with glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency disease, as they are especially sensitive to oxidants of all kinds.

As chlorine dioxide is a free radical, antioxidants will quench it back into a chlorite ion. This happens with many antioxidants; Vit. E, Vit. A, CoQ10, flavonoids, Beta-carotene, Lycopene, Lutein, etc., not only vitamin C. So no antioxidant supplements, or natural juices or foods should be consumed with chlorine dioxide. Lemon, or lime juice, has vitamin C and other antioxidants, so are not good to mix with chlorine dioxide.

Jim believes that MMS gets completely changed into chlorine dioxide, in the stomach, if you swallow it. This is no more true than what happens when activating MMS in a glass beaker. There is only a small continuous basal secretion of gastric acid, on an empty stomach, of usually less than 10 mEq/hour. It takes food to stimulate the secretion of gastric fluid, and then the HCl is only 0.5 to 1% of it. And acidifying sodium chlorite does not produce chlorine dioxide as the first step. It produces chlorous acid, HClO2. [HCl + NaClO2 = HClO2 + NaCl] HClO2 is unstable, and breaks down into chlorine dioxide and hydrochloric acid. [5 HClO2 decomposes to 4 ClO2 + HCl + 2 H2O] Furthermore, at a pH in the range of 2.3 - 3.2, only about 30% chlorous acid is produced from the acidification. That leaves about 70% leftover sodium chlorite. Citric acid is a weak acid, and only produces about 10% chlorine dioxide. And citric acid can have the taste problem. Luckily, the leftover sodium chlorite is also a disinfectant, although it is much harsher than chlorine dioxide, and not as selective. With exact concentrations and conditions, HCl can produce nearly 100% chlorine dioxide. Also, the acidification of 1.3M sodium chlorite with 10% acetic acid yielded almost entirely chlorine dioxide as the major product of the disproportionation. Acidified Sodium Chlorite is used by many food processing companies, and the short-lived chlorous acid is also a disinfectant.

Sodium chlorite is a different animal. I have brushed my teeth with less than one ounce of 80% sodium chlorite solution. Afterwards, one corner of my lips hurt, and my gums were red and sore, with a small amount of bleeding when brushed. This took several days to heal. A single dose of 105 mg/kg weight will kill half of rats tested. That's called the LD50, lethal dose. For a 150 lb person, that's a little over 7 grams. In another test, with cats, a single dose of 1.5 mg/kg caused as much as 32% methemoglobin. That's losing about 1/3 of your blood oxygen supply. This loss does reverse back into normal hemoglobin over time. A 90 day study on rats found a No Adverse Effect Level at 1 mg/kg. Another 13 week study found very serious consequences at the highest doses; death, increased spleen and adrenal weights, ulceration, chronic inflammation and edema in the stomach. In a 90 day study, red blood cell glutathione levels, in a high dose group, were 40% below those of controls. MMS with citric acid has about 90% sodium chlorite leftover. So it's safer to use only chlorine dioxide alone.

Under some circumstances, calcium hypochlorite, MMS2, solutions can decompose to form some chlorate. In water it reacts to form hypochlorous acid and calcium hydroxide. This is the same chemistry as Clorox, sodium hypochlorite. The hydroxide part is caustic. It eats into body tissue. It's well known that these pool chemicals can irritate the eyes, if you swim a long time. He notes that hypochlorous acid is formed in the body. Yes. However it is formed inside white blood cells when they find an invading micro-organism, and only then. So it works only on the invader. Normal mammalian body cells, as well as bacteria, do not have a catalytically active detoxifying mechanism for it. So the hypochlorous acid can destroy body tissue as well as invaders. And ingesting it puts it in your bloodstream and body. Also, it's not as effective as chlorine dioxide. So it offers nothing new. No one should ingest MMS2, calcium hypochlorite, in any way. Swallowing a capsule containing solid calcium hypochlorite must surely "burn" the stomach. Also, calcium hypochlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid, stomach acid, to produce chlorine gas. Chlorine gas is the worst of all types of chlorine compounds.

Here's a quote from one of Jim's books: "Actually my friend next door in the Nevada desert, Bill Boynton, came over one day and said that calcium hypochlorite killed germs in swimming pools and it might just be another MMS. He suggested that we try taking small amounts and see what happens. I figured if he was game to do it, I was too. We made up some gel capsules with calcium hypochlorite in them and started taking them and when they didn't kill us, we had some friends take them. ... I decided to use the gel caps and started sending it out to people in the gel cap form. It's something a doctor could never do. He has the Hippocratic Oath and AMA and FDA looking over his shoulder. But I am an inventor and never took that oath." p.112.

Stabilized Oxygen, as sodium chlorite, is known by some people as a biocide for killing parasites. And at first, this is what Jim used, alone, to cure malaria. It's not clear who started selling Stabilized Oxygen, or why the mistaken name was used. It goes back far enough that the ingredient was not listed, leading to confusion. In 1929, Dr. Moisés de Guevarra was selling a dry powder named "stabilized oxygen". In 1971, Dr. La Mar was the first to use a solution with "stabilized oxygen" to increase blood oxygen level. Evidently, it's unknown if either of these was sodium chlorite. E.D. Goodloe, 1971, sold "aerobic stabilized oxygen", produced in a 2-month-long production process in 14 stages. The oxygen is in association with sodium chloride, not sodium chlorite. Sodium chlorite could be used alone, as long as doses are below the vomiting threshold. Making up a new name, for Stabilized Oxygen (sodium chlorite), is what commercial companies do to sell a product. And changing the wording, of MMS, only causes confusion. Health newsletters simply use the names of the chemicals.

Getting sick, with Jim's method, is not a herxheimer reaction. The herxheimer reaction (Jarrisch and Herxheimer) is a phenomena originally observed in the treatment of syphilis. In general terms, it is described as a temporary increase of symptoms when antibiotics are administered. This effect happens with only a few diseases. Similar reactions have been found to occur in two kinds of borreliosis (Lyme disease and relapsing fever), brucellosis, Q fever, and trypanosomiasis. Herxheimer can occur within days to weeks after the onset of antibiotic therapy. The most common effects include: increased joint or muscle pain, headaches, chills, fever (usually low-grade), drop in blood pressure, hives and rash. Lyme is the main one, now, to have this problem. The extremely large doses of pure chlorine dioxide, that I took, caused no nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. In fact I felt high until the next morning. I've also swallowed a half eye-dropper of the 80% liquid sodium chlorite alone in water. It caused a vomit stomach spasm reaction within 30 minutes. Chlorous acid is evidently the one that causes liquid diarrhea. I got that with my first use of MMS with lime juice. The vomiting and diarrhea are the body's attempt to get rid of what you ingested. They are not a die-off or Herxheimer effect.

We owe Jim for making this subject public, and his other work. But I discovered, from being on the Genesis II Church Forum, that everyone was extremely closed minded about saying anything that disagreed with Jim. They even ban people who disagree with anything, even a chemist. So I have to conclude that Jim's history, with NASA or otherwise, has made him somewhat arrogant. I don't like to criticize people, but he's created an atmosphere that he is perfect, and knows more. That's the kind of problem in cults. Chlorine dioxide, and acidified sodium chlorite, are not new. There's been plenty of official health research, and patents, long before Jim found that "stabilized oxygen" (sodium chlorite) kills the malaria parasite. And some of his protocols may have too much sodium chlorite per day. He's so unprofessional that he doesn't give dosages per pound of weight of the patient. Obviously Jim has done no stomach sample tests, or blood tests to prove his claims. Chlorine dioxide has been said, by a chemist society, to be the best anti-pathogen. But do your own research.

I'm not trying to scare you away from MMS. As long as you stay within the No Adverse Effect Levels, it's usable. If I had a deadly disease, I would use it even at somewhat damaging levels. For recommended dose levels of the sodium chlorite part, see Dr. Hesselink's table below. One benefit of these chlorine oxidants is that, in low doses, they can stimulate white blood cells to produce cytokines which stimulate other white blood cells, activating the immune system.

There's a great Patent, from 1990's work, with very exacting biochemical research. The test studies showed that sodium chlorite alone is successful at treating autoimmune diseases, which may include diabetes-1, Parkinson, MS, hepatitis, etc. [Use of a chemically-stabilized chlorite solution for inhibiting an antigen-specific immune response]...
　
Lab Tests with Chlorine Dioxide

Disinfection examples include bacteria, yeast, fungi, mold, algae, spores, protozoans, cryptosporidia, actinomycetes, cysts, giardia and larval eggs (mosquito, tse tse fly), insect eggs and larvae (agricultural pests, fruit fly, floricultural and horticultural insects), problematic veligers (zebra mussels, quagga mussels), fish and shellfish diseases (VHS, KHS, ISA) and many others.

Unlike chlorine, ClO2 has the ability to kill water-borne viruses such as legionella, cholera, dengue, hepatitis and typhoid. ClO2 also kills airborne viruses when misted into air. Airborne viruses include anthrax, influenza, SARS, smallpox, chickenpox and avian flu. ClO2 kills all known bacteria, including coliform, salmonella, E-coli, listeria and cinobacteria. ClO2 eliminates microbial slime (biofilm).

Hospital Infection Research Laboratory UK, Institute de Recherche Microbiologique France, Micropathology UK, Biotech-Germande France, Bluscientific UK, PHLS UK

Spores: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis var niger, Anthrax [used to disinfect the DC anthrax attack]
Mycobacteria: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Poli-R
Viruses: Canine Parvovirus, Coxsackivirus B3, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Herpes simplex virus Type 1, HIV Type 1 , Human Norovirus, Influenza virus Type A2, Poliovirus Type 1, Poliovirus Type 2, SARS,
Fungi: Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans
Bacteria: Acetinobacter baumannii, Clostridium difficile [C. diff], Enterococcus faecium (vancomycin resistant), Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli [E. coli], Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gentamicin resistant), Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin resistant) [MRSA], Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Listeria monocytogenes