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Stuff & Stuff
Sci-Tech News & Olds & Social Studies
January 2016
Sci-Tech News & Olds & Social Studies
January 2016
UPDATE : 25
January
WARNING : NO SUPERVISION -- READ AT YOUR
OWN RISK !
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303940p
Environmental Science & Technology
DOI: 10.1021/es303940p
Reported inexplicable shifts of Mercury isotopes in consumer lamps Source: webpage at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303940p Quoting abstract directly: “The recent widespread adoption of compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) has increased their importance as a source of environmental Hg. Stable isotope analysis can identify the sources of environmental Hg, but the isotopic composition of Hg from CFL is not yet known. Results from analyses of CFL with a range of hours of use show that the Hg they contain is isotopically fractionated in a unique pattern during normal CFL operation. This fractionation is large by comparison to other known fractionating processes for Hg and has a distinctive, mass-independent signature, such that CFL Hg could be uniquely identified from other sources. The fractionation process described here may also explain anomalous fractionation of Hg isotopes in precipitation.” Direct quotes selected from body of paper: “Trapped Hg of used CFL show unusually large isotopic fractionation, the pattern of which is entirely different from that which has been observed in previous Hg isotope research aside from intentional isotope enrichment. Most notably, there is no straightforward relationship between extent of fractionation and isotope mass. Thus, while previous studies of MIF of Hg only observed large deviations from mass- dependence in odd mass isotopes, our results clearly show MIF across multiple even mass and odd mass isotopes.” Fig. shows large deviations from MDF and unused samples.
Jonathan Boreyko, et al. : Micropattern-Controlled Condensation
http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2016/01/012516-engineering-frostresearch.html
Jan. 25, 2016
In a discovery that may lead to ways to prevent frost on airplane parts, condenser coils, and even windshields, a team of researchers led by Virginia Tech has used chemical micropatterns to control the growth of frost caused by condensation.
Writing in Scientific Reports, an online journal from the publishers of Nature, the researchers describe how they used photolithography to pattern chemical arrays that attract water over top of a surface that repels water, thereby controlling or preventing the spread of frost.
The inspiration for the work came from an unlikely source — the Namib Desert Beetle, which makes headlines because it lives in one of the hottest places in the world, yet it still collects airborne water.
The insect has a bumpy shell and the tips of the bumps attract moisture to form drops, but the sides are smooth and repel water, creating channels that lead directly to the beetle’s mouth.
“I appreciate the irony of how an insect that lives in a hot, dry desert inspired us to make a discovery about frost,” said Jonathan Boreyko, an assistant professor of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics in the Virginia Tech College of Engineering. “The main takeaway from the Desert Beetle is we can control where dew drops grow.”
Working at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the researchers developed their beetle-inspired, frost-controlling chemical pattern on a surface only about the size of a centimeter, but they believe the area can be scaled up to large surface areas with thirsty, hydrophilic patterns overtop of a hydrophobic, or water-repellant, surface.
“We made a single dry zone around a piece of ice,” Boreyko said. “Dew drops preferentially grow on the array of hydrophilic dots. When the dots are spaced far enough apart and one of the drops freezes into ice, the ice is no longer able to spread frost to the neighboring drops because they are too far away. Instead, the drops actually evaporate completely, creating a dry zone around the ice.”
Creating frost-free zones on larger surfaces could have a variety of applications – consider the water that forms and freezes on heat pump coils or the deicing with harsh chemicals that has to take place on wind turbines or airplane wings.
“Keeping things dry requires huge energy expenditures,” said C. Patrick Collier, a research scientist at the Nanofabrication Research Laboratory Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and a co-author of the study. “That’s why we are paying more attention to ways to control water condensation and freezing. It could result in huge cost savings.”
The journey of frost across a surface begins with a single, frozen dew drop, the researchers said.
“The twist is how ice bridges grow,” Boreyko said. “Ice harvests water from dew drops and this causes ice bridges to propagate frost across the droplets on the surface. Only a single droplet has to freeze to get this chain reaction started.”
By controlling spacing of the condensation, the researchers were able to control the speed frost grows across surfaces, or completely prevent frost.
“Fluids go from high pressure to low pressure,” Boreyko said. “Ice serves as a humidity sink because the vapor pressure of ice is lower than the vapor pressure of water. The pressure difference causes ice to grow, but designed properly with this beetle-inspired pattern, this same effect creates a dry zone rather than frost.”
A portion of the research was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is a Department of Engineering Office of Science user facility. The Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics at Virginia Tech provided startup support.
VIDEO : By controlling the spacing of condensation, researchers were able to control the speed of frost growth across surfaces, or completely prevent frost. The video shows frost spreads more quickly when drops are closer, and the chain reaction is not as quick when the drops are farther apart. Video by Saurabh Nath, a graduate student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics at Virginia Tech.
Quantum Knottiness -- Moebius Bands in Bose Condenstates :
http://www.aalto.fi/en/current/news/2016-01-14-005/
The scientists at Aalto University (Finland) and Amherst College (USA) created knotted solitary waves, or knot solitons, in the quantum-mechanical field describing a gas of superfluid atoms, also known as a Bose–Einstein condensate.
In contrast to knotted ropes, the created quantum knots exist in a field that assumes a certain direction at every point of space. The field segregates into an infinite number of linked rings, each with its own field direction. The resulting structure is topologically stable as it cannot be separated without breaking the rings. In other words, one cannot untie the knot within the superfluid unless one destroys the state of the quantum matter.
To make this discovery we exposed a Rubidium condensate to rapid changes of a specifically tailored magnetic field, tying the knot in less than a thousandth of a second. After we learned how to tie the first quantum knot, we have become rather good at it. Thus far, we have tied several hundred such knots, says Professor David Hall, Amherst College.
The scientists tied the knot by squeezing the structure into the condensate from its outskirts. This required them to initialize the quantum field to point in a particular direction, after which they suddenly changed the applied magnetic field to bring an isolated null point, at which the magnetic field vanishes, into the center of the cloud. Then they just waited for less than a millisecond for the magnetic field to do its trick and tie the knot.
–For decades, physicists have been theoretically predicting that it should be possible to have knots in quantum fields, but nobody else has been able to make one. Now that we have seen these exotic beasts, we are really excited to study their peculiar properties. Importantly, our discovery connects to a diverse set of research fields including cosmology, fusion power, and quantum computers, says research group leader Mikko Möttönen, Aalto University.
Experimental images of the superfluid in the course of the knot tying process. Tying time advances from the left to right as indicated. The brightness denotes the particle density corresponding to the field direction up or down. The black circles in the rightmost panel reveal the colorful torus shown in Figure 1 where the field direction points sideways. See instruction below to access the full-resolution image. Credit: David Hall.
Knots have been used and appreciated by human civilizations for thousands of years. For example, they have enabled great seafaring expeditions and inspired intricate designs and patterns. The ancient Inca civilization used a system of knots known as quipu to store information. In modern times, knots have been thought to play important roles in the quantum-mechanical foundations of nature, although they have thus far remained unseen in quantum dynamics.
In everyday life, knots are typically tied on ropes or strings with two ends. However, these kinds of knots are not what mathematicians call topologically stable since they can be untied without cutting the rope. In stable knots, the ends of the ropes are glued together. Such knots can be relocated within the rope but cannot be untied without scissors.
Mathematically speaking, the created quantum knot realizes a mapping referred to as Hopf fibration that was discovered by Heinz Hopf in 1931. The Hopf fibration is still widely studied in physics and mathematics. Now it has been experimentally demonstrated for the first time in a quantum field.
This is the beginning of the story of quantum knots. It would be great to see even more sophisticated quantum knots to appear such as those with knotted cores. Also it would be important to create these knots in conditions where the state of the quantum matter would be inherently stable. Such system would allow for detailed studies of the stability of the knot itself, says Mikko Möttönen.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFIAINR6rTY
Amherst College and Aalto University
In this video, we illustrate the structure of the first quantum knot ever tied in quantum matter. These results were reported in Nature and produced by a collaboration of research teams headed by Prof.
Mikko Möttönen (QCD Labs, Aalto University) and Prof. David Hall (Hall Labs, Amherst College). The knots are tied in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) that is an atomic gas with superfluid properties. The created structure realizes the celebrated Hopf fibration for the first time in the context of quantum physics and quantum mechanics. This type of knot formed in a quantum gas is also referred to as a knot soliton.
http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nphys3624.html
Nature Physics, DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS3624
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3624
As topologically stable objects in field theories, knots have been put forward to explain various persistent phenomena in systems ranging from atoms and molecules to cosmic textures in the universe. Recent experiments have reported the observation of knots in different classical contexts. However, no experimental observation of knots has yet been reported in quantum matter. Here we demonstrate the experimental creation and detection of knot solitons in the order parameter of a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate. The observed texture corresponds to a topologically nontrivial element of the third homotopy group and exhibits the celebrated Hopf fibration, which unites many seemingly unrelated physical phenomena. Our work calls for future studies of the stability and dynamics knot solitons in the quantum regime.
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303940p
Environmental Science & Technology
DOI: 10.1021/es303940p
Unique Hg stable isotope signatures of
compact fluorescent lamp-sourced Hg
C. Mead, J. Lyons, T. Johnson, and D. Anbar
C. Mead, J. Lyons, T. Johnson, and D. Anbar
Reported inexplicable shifts of Mercury isotopes in consumer lamps Source: webpage at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303940p Quoting abstract directly: “The recent widespread adoption of compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) has increased their importance as a source of environmental Hg. Stable isotope analysis can identify the sources of environmental Hg, but the isotopic composition of Hg from CFL is not yet known. Results from analyses of CFL with a range of hours of use show that the Hg they contain is isotopically fractionated in a unique pattern during normal CFL operation. This fractionation is large by comparison to other known fractionating processes for Hg and has a distinctive, mass-independent signature, such that CFL Hg could be uniquely identified from other sources. The fractionation process described here may also explain anomalous fractionation of Hg isotopes in precipitation.” Direct quotes selected from body of paper: “Trapped Hg of used CFL show unusually large isotopic fractionation, the pattern of which is entirely different from that which has been observed in previous Hg isotope research aside from intentional isotope enrichment. Most notably, there is no straightforward relationship between extent of fractionation and isotope mass. Thus, while previous studies of MIF of Hg only observed large deviations from mass- dependence in odd mass isotopes, our results clearly show MIF across multiple even mass and odd mass isotopes.” Fig. shows large deviations from MDF and unused samples.
Jonathan Boreyko, et al. : Micropattern-Controlled Condensation
http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2016/01/012516-engineering-frostresearch.html
Jan. 25, 2016
Beetle-inspired engineering could
lessen energy costs associated with controlling frost
In a discovery that may lead to ways to prevent frost on airplane parts, condenser coils, and even windshields, a team of researchers led by Virginia Tech has used chemical micropatterns to control the growth of frost caused by condensation.
Writing in Scientific Reports, an online journal from the publishers of Nature, the researchers describe how they used photolithography to pattern chemical arrays that attract water over top of a surface that repels water, thereby controlling or preventing the spread of frost.
The inspiration for the work came from an unlikely source — the Namib Desert Beetle, which makes headlines because it lives in one of the hottest places in the world, yet it still collects airborne water.
The insect has a bumpy shell and the tips of the bumps attract moisture to form drops, but the sides are smooth and repel water, creating channels that lead directly to the beetle’s mouth.
“I appreciate the irony of how an insect that lives in a hot, dry desert inspired us to make a discovery about frost,” said Jonathan Boreyko, an assistant professor of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics in the Virginia Tech College of Engineering. “The main takeaway from the Desert Beetle is we can control where dew drops grow.”
Working at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the researchers developed their beetle-inspired, frost-controlling chemical pattern on a surface only about the size of a centimeter, but they believe the area can be scaled up to large surface areas with thirsty, hydrophilic patterns overtop of a hydrophobic, or water-repellant, surface.
“We made a single dry zone around a piece of ice,” Boreyko said. “Dew drops preferentially grow on the array of hydrophilic dots. When the dots are spaced far enough apart and one of the drops freezes into ice, the ice is no longer able to spread frost to the neighboring drops because they are too far away. Instead, the drops actually evaporate completely, creating a dry zone around the ice.”
Creating frost-free zones on larger surfaces could have a variety of applications – consider the water that forms and freezes on heat pump coils or the deicing with harsh chemicals that has to take place on wind turbines or airplane wings.
“Keeping things dry requires huge energy expenditures,” said C. Patrick Collier, a research scientist at the Nanofabrication Research Laboratory Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and a co-author of the study. “That’s why we are paying more attention to ways to control water condensation and freezing. It could result in huge cost savings.”
The journey of frost across a surface begins with a single, frozen dew drop, the researchers said.
“The twist is how ice bridges grow,” Boreyko said. “Ice harvests water from dew drops and this causes ice bridges to propagate frost across the droplets on the surface. Only a single droplet has to freeze to get this chain reaction started.”
By controlling spacing of the condensation, the researchers were able to control the speed frost grows across surfaces, or completely prevent frost.
“Fluids go from high pressure to low pressure,” Boreyko said. “Ice serves as a humidity sink because the vapor pressure of ice is lower than the vapor pressure of water. The pressure difference causes ice to grow, but designed properly with this beetle-inspired pattern, this same effect creates a dry zone rather than frost.”
A portion of the research was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is a Department of Engineering Office of Science user facility. The Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics at Virginia Tech provided startup support.
VIDEO : By controlling the spacing of condensation, researchers were able to control the speed of frost growth across surfaces, or completely prevent frost. The video shows frost spreads more quickly when drops are closer, and the chain reaction is not as quick when the drops are farther apart. Video by Saurabh Nath, a graduate student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics at Virginia Tech.
Quantum Knottiness -- Moebius Bands in Bose Condenstates :
http://www.aalto.fi/en/current/news/2016-01-14-005/
Quantum Knot Solitons
The scientists at Aalto University (Finland) and Amherst College (USA) created knotted solitary waves, or knot solitons, in the quantum-mechanical field describing a gas of superfluid atoms, also known as a Bose–Einstein condensate.
In contrast to knotted ropes, the created quantum knots exist in a field that assumes a certain direction at every point of space. The field segregates into an infinite number of linked rings, each with its own field direction. The resulting structure is topologically stable as it cannot be separated without breaking the rings. In other words, one cannot untie the knot within the superfluid unless one destroys the state of the quantum matter.
To make this discovery we exposed a Rubidium condensate to rapid changes of a specifically tailored magnetic field, tying the knot in less than a thousandth of a second. After we learned how to tie the first quantum knot, we have become rather good at it. Thus far, we have tied several hundred such knots, says Professor David Hall, Amherst College.
The scientists tied the knot by squeezing the structure into the condensate from its outskirts. This required them to initialize the quantum field to point in a particular direction, after which they suddenly changed the applied magnetic field to bring an isolated null point, at which the magnetic field vanishes, into the center of the cloud. Then they just waited for less than a millisecond for the magnetic field to do its trick and tie the knot.
–For decades, physicists have been theoretically predicting that it should be possible to have knots in quantum fields, but nobody else has been able to make one. Now that we have seen these exotic beasts, we are really excited to study their peculiar properties. Importantly, our discovery connects to a diverse set of research fields including cosmology, fusion power, and quantum computers, says research group leader Mikko Möttönen, Aalto University.
Experimental images of the superfluid in the course of the knot tying process. Tying time advances from the left to right as indicated. The brightness denotes the particle density corresponding to the field direction up or down. The black circles in the rightmost panel reveal the colorful torus shown in Figure 1 where the field direction points sideways. See instruction below to access the full-resolution image. Credit: David Hall.
Knots have been used and appreciated by human civilizations for thousands of years. For example, they have enabled great seafaring expeditions and inspired intricate designs and patterns. The ancient Inca civilization used a system of knots known as quipu to store information. In modern times, knots have been thought to play important roles in the quantum-mechanical foundations of nature, although they have thus far remained unseen in quantum dynamics.
In everyday life, knots are typically tied on ropes or strings with two ends. However, these kinds of knots are not what mathematicians call topologically stable since they can be untied without cutting the rope. In stable knots, the ends of the ropes are glued together. Such knots can be relocated within the rope but cannot be untied without scissors.
Mathematically speaking, the created quantum knot realizes a mapping referred to as Hopf fibration that was discovered by Heinz Hopf in 1931. The Hopf fibration is still widely studied in physics and mathematics. Now it has been experimentally demonstrated for the first time in a quantum field.
This is the beginning of the story of quantum knots. It would be great to see even more sophisticated quantum knots to appear such as those with knotted cores. Also it would be important to create these knots in conditions where the state of the quantum matter would be inherently stable. Such system would allow for detailed studies of the stability of the knot itself, says Mikko Möttönen.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFIAINR6rTY
Tying Quantum Knots
Amherst College and Aalto University
In this video, we illustrate the structure of the first quantum knot ever tied in quantum matter. These results were reported in Nature and produced by a collaboration of research teams headed by Prof.
Mikko Möttönen (QCD Labs, Aalto University) and Prof. David Hall (Hall Labs, Amherst College). The knots are tied in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) that is an atomic gas with superfluid properties. The created structure realizes the celebrated Hopf fibration for the first time in the context of quantum physics and quantum mechanics. This type of knot formed in a quantum gas is also referred to as a knot soliton.
http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nphys3624.html
Nature Physics, DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS3624
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3624
Tying quantum knots
D. S. Hall, M. W. Ray, K. Tiurev, E. Ruokokoski, A. H. Gheorghe & M. Möttönen
D. S. Hall, M. W. Ray, K. Tiurev, E. Ruokokoski, A. H. Gheorghe & M. Möttönen
As topologically stable objects in field theories, knots have been put forward to explain various persistent phenomena in systems ranging from atoms and molecules to cosmic textures in the universe. Recent experiments have reported the observation of knots in different classical contexts. However, no experimental observation of knots has yet been reported in quantum matter. Here we demonstrate the experimental creation and detection of knot solitons in the order parameter of a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate. The observed texture corresponds to a topologically nontrivial element of the third homotopy group and exhibits the celebrated Hopf fibration, which unites many seemingly unrelated physical phenomena. Our work calls for future studies of the stability and dynamics knot solitons in the quantum regime.
UPDATE : 25 January
http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=160098&CultureCode=en
18 January 2016
No More Needles at the Dentist – Just a
Tiny Electric Current Instead
Research reveals a new way to administer anesthetic in the mouth
Research reveals a new way to administer anesthetic in the mouth
…A study published in Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces reveals how the dentist could give you anesthetic using a tiny electric current instead of a needle...
“Needle-free administration could save costs, improve patient compliance, facilitate application and decrease the risks of intoxication and contamination,” explained Professor Renata Fonseca Vianna Lopez, one of the authors of the study from the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil. “This may facilitate access to more effective and safe dental treatments for thousands of people around the world.”
In the new study, the researchers investigated a way of getting... topical anesthetics into the body more effectively, to see if they could replace needles altogether. They found that applying a tiny electric current – a process called iontophoresis – made the anesthetics more effective.
The researchers first prepared the anesthetic hydrogels with a polymer to help it stick to the lining of the mouth. They added two anesthetic drugs, prilocaine hydrochloride (PCL) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LCL). They tested the gel on the mouth lining of a pig, applying a tiny electric current to see if it made the anesthetic more effective.
The anesthesia was fast-acting and long-lasting. The electric current made the prilocaine hydrochloride enter the body more effectively; the permeation of the anesthetic through the mouth lining increased 12-fold…
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927776515302897
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26590633
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces
doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.005
Needle-free buccal anesthesia using
iontophoresis and amino amide salts combined in a
mucoadhesive formulation
Camila Cubayachi, Renê Oliveira do Couto, Cristiane Masetto de Gaitani, Vinícius Pedrazzi, Osvaldo de Freitas and Renata Fonseca Vianna Lopez;
Camila Cubayachi, Renê Oliveira do Couto, Cristiane Masetto de Gaitani, Vinícius Pedrazzi, Osvaldo de Freitas and Renata Fonseca Vianna Lopez;
Abstract
Iontophoresis is a strategy to increase the penetration of drugs through biological membranes; however, its use has been underexplored in mucosa. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of iontophoresis in the mucosal penetration of prilocaine hydrochloride (PCL) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LCL), which are largely used in dentistry as local anesthetics, when combined in the same formulation. Semisolid hydrogels containing these drugs either alone or in combination were developed at two different pHs (7.0 and 5.8) and presented adequate mechanical and mucoadhesive properties for buccal administration. The distribution coefficients between the mucosa and the formulations (Dm/f) and the in vitro mucosa permeation and retention rates were evaluated for both PCL and LCL. At pH 7.0, the combination of the drugs decreased the Dm/f of PCL by approximately 3-fold but did not change the Dm/f of LCL; iontophoresis increased the permeation rate of PCL by 12-fold and did not significantly change LCL flux compared with the passive permeation rate of the combined drugs. Combining the drugs also resulted in an increase in both PCL (86-fold) and LCL (12-fold) accumulation in the mucosa after iontophoresis at pH 7.0 compared with iontophoresis of the isolated drugs. Therefore, applying iontophoresis to a semisolid formulation of this drug combination at pH 7.0 can serve as a needle-free strategy to speed the onset and prolong the duration of buccal anesthesia.
1. Introduction
The development of injectable, efficient and safe local anesthetics is considered a breakthrough of 20th century dentistry [1]. Their use has allowed the improvement of routine and surgical procedures and has increased access to dental care for thousands of patients. However, the use of injectable anesthetics is a main source of fear and phobia in a significant portion of dental patients [2], making them delay or even avoid visits to the dentist [3], [4] and [5].
To minimize patient discomfort at initial needle perforation, topical anesthetics are used in the clinic prior to local anesthetic injection [6] and [7]. Topical anesthetics can be found in a number of different preparations, such as in hydrogels, ointments and sprays; the most commonly used are hydrogels containing 20% benzocaine [7], [8] and [9]. However, the use of amino esters such as benzocaine has been replaced by the use of amino amides such as lidocaine and prilocaine. When compared to amino esters, amino amides present higher lipophilicity, easier tissue penetration, faster onset and longer anesthesia duration due to their stability when in contact with tissue enzymes [10], [11] and [12].
Formulations that combine lidocaine and prilocaine at 2.5% each, such as EMLA® (AstraZeneca, King’s Langley, Hertfordshire, UK) and ORAQIX® (Dentsply Pharmaceutical, York, PA, USA), are an interesting approach toward improving the anesthetic performance of each of these drugs, taking advantage of their slightly different partition coefficients and pharmacological effects: the more lipophilic lidocaine, which also has greater vasodilatory properties confers a rapid anesthetic onset, whereas prilocaine confers a smaller vasodilator effect, leading to a longer duration of action [7].
Although capable of inducing superficial anesthesia, the use of topical anesthetics does not substitute the use of local anesthetic injections, especially due to the low concentration of drugs able to penetrate the epithelium after topical application [6]. Therefore, topical anesthetics are only recommended for superficial procedures, for cases where a patient presents a high level of anxiety and pain sensibility, or for procedures that requires multiple anesthetic injections [13].
Non-invasive administration of local anesthetics in the buccal cavity to replace painful injections would enable the improvement of routine and surgical procedures. Among other advantages, non-invasive administration could save costs, improve patient compliance, facilitate application and decrease risk of contamination. Moreover, in areas such as the hard palate, injected anesthetics cannot completely reduce the pain due to the displacement of the firmly attached mucoperiosteum by needle and liquid insertion [14] and [15]. Therefore, an effective topical anesthetic formulation that could totally reduce pain without the need for an additional injection would be a contribution to dentistry.
However, there are some challenges to overcome when developing an effective drug delivery system for topical deep anesthesia: the system should deliver the drug quickly; keep the drug in intimate contact with a restricted area; target the release and the permeation of the drug through the mucosa; and induce anesthesia, maintain it for a suitable period of time, and enable it to be easily removed after the procedure. These challenges can be overcome by using a mucoadhesive delivery system that employs iontophoresis to enhance and target anesthetic permeation.
Iontophoresis is a non-invasive technique that is based on the application of a low-density electric current to facilitate the release of drugs, regardless of whether they are charged, through biological membranes. The electrical current is provided by a battery or power source and is distributed via positive (anode) and negative (cathode) electrodes through an electrolytic solution. When the current is applied, the cations that are in contact with the anode move in the direction of the cathode, whereas the anions at the cathode move in the opposite direction [16].
Iontophoresis has been studied since 1900, and it is typically used in medicine for transdermal drug delivery [17] and [18]. Although buccal mucosa represents an attractive site for iontophoretic release of drugs because it remains moistened for long periods of time and offers lower resistance to the passage of current than the stratum corneum [19] and [20], it has not been deeply explored in dentistry. Iontophoresis of lidocaine, for instance, which has been widely explored for transdermal application in surgical treatments [21], [22], [23], [24] and [25] has mostly been studied for transbuccal delivery in combination with penetration enhancers [26] and [27]. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of iontophoresis on the mucosal penetration of prilocaine and lidocaine salts when combined in a mucoadhesive semisolid formulation and used for deep buccal anesthesia...
...In summary, the formulation that included the combination of the drugs at pH 7.0 significantly enhanced the total permeated amount and flux of PCL, in addition to increasing the amounts of both drugs that were recovered from the mucosa. It is interesting to use the combination of the drugs at pH 7.0 because, besides combining a higher onset (LCL) and duration of action (PCL) [7], it is possible to achieve higher amounts of both anesthetics permeating through and recovered from the mucosa.
5. Conclusion
The developed formulation presented adequate mechanical and mucoadhesive properties for buccal administration. The combination of PCL and LCL does not cause the formation of an eutectic mixture, as verified by DSC studies, but it did change the distribution coefficients of PCL into the epithelium. The combination of PCL and LCL at pH 7.0, when subjected to iontophoresis, resulted in fast permeation of high concentrations of PCL through the mucosa together with high amounts of both PCL and LCL being retained in the mucosa. Therefore, this can be considered a valuable strategy for the administration of needle-free anesthesia during dental procedures, likely offering a fast onset and prolonged duration of anesthesia.
http://www.sciencealert.com/cancer-drug-clears-alzheimer-s-related-plaques-and-improves-memory-function-in-mice
Cancer drug clears Alzheimer's-related
plaques and improves memory function in mice
Toxic plaques in the brain were reduced by half.
Toxic plaques in the brain were reduced by half.
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/151208/ncomms9997/full/ncomms9997.html
Nature Communications 6, Article number 8997
doi:10.1038/ncomms9997
EPPS rescues hippocampus-dependent
cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice by disaggregation of
amyloid-β oligomers and plaques
Hye Yun Kim, Hyunjin Vincent Kim, Seonmi Jo, C. Justin Lee, Seon Young Choi,Dong Jin Ki & YoungSoo Kim
Hye Yun Kim, Hyunjin Vincent Kim, Seonmi Jo, C. Justin Lee, Seon Young Choi,Dong Jin Ki & YoungSoo Kim
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the transition of amyloid-β (Aβ) monomers into toxic oligomers and plaques. Given that Aβ abnormality typically precedes the development of clinical symptoms, an agent capable of disaggregating existing Aβ aggregates may be advantageous. Here we report that a small molecule, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulphonic acid (EPPS), binds to Aβ aggregates and converts them into monomers. The oral administration of EPPS substantially reduces hippocampus-dependent behavioural deficits, brain Aβ oligomer and plaque deposits, glial γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release and brain inflammation in an Aβ-overexpressing, APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model when initiated after the development of severe AD-like phenotypes. The ability of EPPS to rescue Aβ aggregation and behavioural deficits provides strong support for the view that the accumulation of Aβ is an important mechanism underlying AD.
US8536178
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING OR TREATING DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH BETA AMYLOID ACCUMULATION CONTAINING EPPS AS AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING OR TREATING DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH BETA AMYLOID ACCUMULATION CONTAINING EPPS AS AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT
PURPOSE: A pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating beta-amyloid accumulation-associated diseases is provided to suppress toxicity by beta-amyloid. CONSTITUTION: A pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating beta-amyloid accumulation-associated diseases contains EPPS(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(3-propansulfonic acid)) of chemical formula 1 as an active ingredient. The pharmaceutical composition is used by oral administration or parenteral administration. The oral formulation is used in the form of tablet, pill, hard/soft capsule, liquid, suspension, emulsion, syrup, granule, and elixir.
http://internettheories.blogspot.com/2013_05_01_archive.html
Internet Myths, Lies and Misinformation
One of the more understandable misunderstandings on the Internet is the notion that the United States' federal government (and by extension the country as a whole) is in reality a corporation with its own set of rules, CEO's etc. This theory is held by many and is parroted across hundreds of websites and online forums, some with seemingly strong arguments. To complicate matters they point to a series of laws which, on the surface, may appear to validate their claims. I hope to be able to explain where the misunderstandings come from and to clear up the whole issue.
These are the two laws which are the most quoted:
28 USC § 3002 - Definitions
(15) “United States” means—
(A) a Federal corporation;
(B) an agency, department, commission, board, or other entity of the United States; or
(C) an instrumentality of the United States.
And the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 which creates a city government for the District of Columbia. You can find the full text of the Act here.
An example of the most common claims and arguments can be found here. Aside from claiming the US government is a for-profit corporation, it naturally asserts that we are and have been under the control of the evil Rothschild international bankers and that since some people think our "current" government is unlawful, that their minority opinion holds with the full force of law and is actionable i.e they do not have to follow any laws set forth after 1871 (a fantasy of the highest order).
The "Definitions" controversy rests in the meaning of "a Federal corporation." The rest of the issues arising from 28 USC § 3002 are really rather basic. This section is saying that for the purpose of identifying what is or is not a part of the United States federal government, the "United States" may refer to EITHER; a Federal corporation; an agency, department, commission, board of other entity of the United States; or an instrumentality of the United States.
As of 2011 there are 17 federal corporations. According to a report on federal corporations by the Congressional Research Service "The federal government does not possess a general incorporation statute as states do. Each government corporation is chartered through an act of Congress." Federal government corporations include the Postal Service, the Federal Reserve and the TVA. The definition does NOT say that the federal government *is* a corporation but rather, federal corporations (like the TVA) are part of the federal government of the United States.
English is a tricky language and words take on new popular meanings and tones, especially words that have a modern negative connotation, like "corporation." A person with only a cursory understanding of the law or only focusing on the "definitions" section could easily come to the wrong conclusion. This section has been used to great effect and unfortunately most people never step outside of themselves and their distrust of all things government to actually research the issue themselves. A meme showing evil bankers with "the United States is a corporation" will be passed along the Internet simply because people do not trust government and the meme reinforces pre-held biases; it reinforces a negative image and people are all too eager to indulge themselves.
The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 was an act to formally give a government to the District of Columbia which, up to that point, had been governed as a mixture of municipalities and counties within District boundaries. Let me give you some more background.
Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress (with the approval of the affected States) the power to create a district in which to hold the seat of government. This district, 10 miles squared (not 10 square miles, but 10 miles on each side), was formally placed under the direct control of the Congress.
The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 allowed Congress to retain control over the city itself, known as the City of Washington, however the remaining territories were divided into Washington County and the County of Alexandria. The cities of Georgetown and Alexandria, which had existed prior to 1801 and which existed within the 100 square mile federal territory, were allowed to keep their city charters. In 1802, the City of Washington was granted its own charter. The mayor of the City of Washington was to be appointed by the President.
The citizens within the District were no longer citizens of Maryland or Virginia and were thus disenfranchised. This disenfranchisement is what led Virginia, in 1846, to ultimately reclaim the territory it had ceded to the District.
Next, comes the Act of 1871. This act repealed the individual charters of Georgetown and Alexandria, brought them in with Washington County (since the County of Alexandria now belonged to Virginia), and brought the whole area under one single government, the District of Columbia. Nowhere in the law's text does it say anything about the government of the United States being a corporation. Additionally, Congress repealed the Act in 1874 and replaced the system of direct Congressional governance for the local government of the District in favor of a more direct rule system. The District of Columbia would then be ruled by a three-member Board of Commissioners until 1967 when it was replaced with a mayor and city council who would be appointed by the President. This was changed once again by the 1973 Home Rule Act.
What is a corporation?
The word "corporation" has several meanings, however it is generally understood as a legal entity that has been incorporated (in one way or another) by a legislative act. A fair amount of confusion arises because the modern American understanding of the term is somewhat different than the original English definitions. In the US, the term tends to mean a business, but the term really means that it is now an entity which can be sued, do business (activity), etc. without respect to the individuals who made it or control it. Basically, an incorporated entity can act and be brought to court.
The notion that the term "corporation" is solely an entity with its own separate laws and whose only purpose is to make money is an utter misconception. Cities, states, colonies, nations, and yes, businesses have been incorporating themselves for centuries.
In the American system of government, States hold the power to grant or refuse the incorporation (or home rule) of a city, county or other body. However, since the federal district was explicitly authorized by the Constitution and Congress was given direct control over the district, it took an Act (or Acts) of Congress to set it up.
Final words
Under federal law, for an entity to become a federal corporation there must be an Act of Congress creating that corporation. And as we have seen, Congress has created multiple federal corporations. There are no acts incorporating the United States, only the District of Columbia; which is not the same thing as the government of the United States, no more so than the City of Nashville is the government of the State of Tennessee.
In the Supreme Court case, United States v. Cooper Corporation (1941), the Court said: "We may say in passing that the argument that the United States may be treated as a corporation organized under its own laws, that is, under the Constitution as the fundamental law, seems so strained as not to merit serious consideration."
This view is additionally supported by the doctrine of "sovereign immunity," which states that the government of the United States, or of the individual States, or of certain tribal entities, may not be sued unless the government first allows it. A business/company/corporation can be sued.
The government of the United States and the entity of the District of Columbia are not one and the same. The District of Columbia is no different than the incorporated cities of Nashville, Sacramento or Atlanta when compared to the Constitutional governing bodies (the governments of the States) that reside within their limits.
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/lawmen/E56yTpJ67fw
Get over yourself, or: "We could have saved The Planet, but we were too damned lazy." ( Kurt Vonnegut ) :
http://www.pnas.org/content/91/15/6758.full.pdf
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/sixth-extinction/
Storyline
Everywhere around the world habitat destruction continues and we don't know what this is going to do because other extinctions have not been like this one. They haven't been wholesale removal of habitats because of the activities of one species. The previous great extinctions have been the result of often external disasters - a meteorite impact, huge desertification - but never before we had one where one species has done for so many others.
The Earth's climate has suffered successive changes which have determined the number and variety of species in each period. The concept of biodiversity specifically refers to the richness of life in a determined time and space. It's a calculation that measures the variety of species, keeping in mind that those species are capable of reproducing among themselves. There is little difference between insects, plants and mammals because every living being counts... and not only because it's alive but because life also depends on it.
The number of species that exist today is unknown. There are about 2 million classified although no one really knows the percentage that this figure represents with respect to the total number of species inhabiting the Earth. Scientists do not agree on approximations because some believe that there are at least 4 million species while others who are more optimistic estimate that there are more than 100 million. Between the two extremes the most accepted figure is around 14 million different living beings.
The predominance and diversity of what is small is not a whim of nature... small creatures correspond to a need. Without insects the machinery of life would not work. They rid the ecosystems of biological remains, they oxygenate the soil and serve as food for hundreds of species of birds, reptiles and mammals. But most of all they're essential for plants whose reproduction depends almost exclusively on the millions of insects that transfer the pollen from one flower to another.
http://zoob.eml.cc/becker1-2.pdf
On January 32, 2016, while smoking a massive quantity of crack cocaine obtained from a vigilante raid on a local drug dealer's lair, I received a clairvoyant-telepathic revelation from Descended Master Barack Obama, who warned me of an impending disaster that will strike Las Vegas Nevada on March 21, 2016 !
Las Vegas sits on a limestone crust above a huge volcanic caldera ( cavern ). At this time it is the site of a super-secret military base -- Area 52 -- which houses thousands of personnel-dupes.
The disastrous leak of methane at Porter Ranch in southern California will ignite and cause an earthquake which will release even more methane. The shock waves from the explosions will trigger another quake on the nearby Garlock Fault, which will be transmitted to Las Vegas with catastrophic results.
Las Vegas will sink into the caldera cavern upon which it sits.
I have seen it. Soon, you will see it too. Run away !
Meanwhile :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-H4y-8OD9Y
Internet Myths, Lies and Misinformation
Is the United States of America a
Corporation?
One of the more understandable misunderstandings on the Internet is the notion that the United States' federal government (and by extension the country as a whole) is in reality a corporation with its own set of rules, CEO's etc. This theory is held by many and is parroted across hundreds of websites and online forums, some with seemingly strong arguments. To complicate matters they point to a series of laws which, on the surface, may appear to validate their claims. I hope to be able to explain where the misunderstandings come from and to clear up the whole issue.
These are the two laws which are the most quoted:
28 USC § 3002 - Definitions
(15) “United States” means—
(A) a Federal corporation;
(B) an agency, department, commission, board, or other entity of the United States; or
(C) an instrumentality of the United States.
And the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 which creates a city government for the District of Columbia. You can find the full text of the Act here.
An example of the most common claims and arguments can be found here. Aside from claiming the US government is a for-profit corporation, it naturally asserts that we are and have been under the control of the evil Rothschild international bankers and that since some people think our "current" government is unlawful, that their minority opinion holds with the full force of law and is actionable i.e they do not have to follow any laws set forth after 1871 (a fantasy of the highest order).
The "Definitions" controversy rests in the meaning of "a Federal corporation." The rest of the issues arising from 28 USC § 3002 are really rather basic. This section is saying that for the purpose of identifying what is or is not a part of the United States federal government, the "United States" may refer to EITHER; a Federal corporation; an agency, department, commission, board of other entity of the United States; or an instrumentality of the United States.
As of 2011 there are 17 federal corporations. According to a report on federal corporations by the Congressional Research Service "The federal government does not possess a general incorporation statute as states do. Each government corporation is chartered through an act of Congress." Federal government corporations include the Postal Service, the Federal Reserve and the TVA. The definition does NOT say that the federal government *is* a corporation but rather, federal corporations (like the TVA) are part of the federal government of the United States.
English is a tricky language and words take on new popular meanings and tones, especially words that have a modern negative connotation, like "corporation." A person with only a cursory understanding of the law or only focusing on the "definitions" section could easily come to the wrong conclusion. This section has been used to great effect and unfortunately most people never step outside of themselves and their distrust of all things government to actually research the issue themselves. A meme showing evil bankers with "the United States is a corporation" will be passed along the Internet simply because people do not trust government and the meme reinforces pre-held biases; it reinforces a negative image and people are all too eager to indulge themselves.
The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 was an act to formally give a government to the District of Columbia which, up to that point, had been governed as a mixture of municipalities and counties within District boundaries. Let me give you some more background.
Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress (with the approval of the affected States) the power to create a district in which to hold the seat of government. This district, 10 miles squared (not 10 square miles, but 10 miles on each side), was formally placed under the direct control of the Congress.
The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 allowed Congress to retain control over the city itself, known as the City of Washington, however the remaining territories were divided into Washington County and the County of Alexandria. The cities of Georgetown and Alexandria, which had existed prior to 1801 and which existed within the 100 square mile federal territory, were allowed to keep their city charters. In 1802, the City of Washington was granted its own charter. The mayor of the City of Washington was to be appointed by the President.
The citizens within the District were no longer citizens of Maryland or Virginia and were thus disenfranchised. This disenfranchisement is what led Virginia, in 1846, to ultimately reclaim the territory it had ceded to the District.
Next, comes the Act of 1871. This act repealed the individual charters of Georgetown and Alexandria, brought them in with Washington County (since the County of Alexandria now belonged to Virginia), and brought the whole area under one single government, the District of Columbia. Nowhere in the law's text does it say anything about the government of the United States being a corporation. Additionally, Congress repealed the Act in 1874 and replaced the system of direct Congressional governance for the local government of the District in favor of a more direct rule system. The District of Columbia would then be ruled by a three-member Board of Commissioners until 1967 when it was replaced with a mayor and city council who would be appointed by the President. This was changed once again by the 1973 Home Rule Act.
What is a corporation?
The word "corporation" has several meanings, however it is generally understood as a legal entity that has been incorporated (in one way or another) by a legislative act. A fair amount of confusion arises because the modern American understanding of the term is somewhat different than the original English definitions. In the US, the term tends to mean a business, but the term really means that it is now an entity which can be sued, do business (activity), etc. without respect to the individuals who made it or control it. Basically, an incorporated entity can act and be brought to court.
The notion that the term "corporation" is solely an entity with its own separate laws and whose only purpose is to make money is an utter misconception. Cities, states, colonies, nations, and yes, businesses have been incorporating themselves for centuries.
In the American system of government, States hold the power to grant or refuse the incorporation (or home rule) of a city, county or other body. However, since the federal district was explicitly authorized by the Constitution and Congress was given direct control over the district, it took an Act (or Acts) of Congress to set it up.
Final words
Under federal law, for an entity to become a federal corporation there must be an Act of Congress creating that corporation. And as we have seen, Congress has created multiple federal corporations. There are no acts incorporating the United States, only the District of Columbia; which is not the same thing as the government of the United States, no more so than the City of Nashville is the government of the State of Tennessee.
In the Supreme Court case, United States v. Cooper Corporation (1941), the Court said: "We may say in passing that the argument that the United States may be treated as a corporation organized under its own laws, that is, under the Constitution as the fundamental law, seems so strained as not to merit serious consideration."
This view is additionally supported by the doctrine of "sovereign immunity," which states that the government of the United States, or of the individual States, or of certain tribal entities, may not be sued unless the government first allows it. A business/company/corporation can be sued.
The government of the United States and the entity of the District of Columbia are not one and the same. The District of Columbia is no different than the incorporated cities of Nashville, Sacramento or Atlanta when compared to the Constitutional governing bodies (the governments of the States) that reside within their limits.
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/lawmen/E56yTpJ67fw
Becraft debunks patriot myth about Act
1871
Get over yourself, or: "We could have saved The Planet, but we were too damned lazy." ( Kurt Vonnegut ) :
http://www.pnas.org/content/91/15/6758.full.pdf
The Role of Extinction in Evolution
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/sixth-extinction/
The Sixth Extinction
Storyline
Everywhere around the world habitat destruction continues and we don't know what this is going to do because other extinctions have not been like this one. They haven't been wholesale removal of habitats because of the activities of one species. The previous great extinctions have been the result of often external disasters - a meteorite impact, huge desertification - but never before we had one where one species has done for so many others.
The Earth's climate has suffered successive changes which have determined the number and variety of species in each period. The concept of biodiversity specifically refers to the richness of life in a determined time and space. It's a calculation that measures the variety of species, keeping in mind that those species are capable of reproducing among themselves. There is little difference between insects, plants and mammals because every living being counts... and not only because it's alive but because life also depends on it.
The number of species that exist today is unknown. There are about 2 million classified although no one really knows the percentage that this figure represents with respect to the total number of species inhabiting the Earth. Scientists do not agree on approximations because some believe that there are at least 4 million species while others who are more optimistic estimate that there are more than 100 million. Between the two extremes the most accepted figure is around 14 million different living beings.
The predominance and diversity of what is small is not a whim of nature... small creatures correspond to a need. Without insects the machinery of life would not work. They rid the ecosystems of biological remains, they oxygenate the soil and serve as food for hundreds of species of birds, reptiles and mammals. But most of all they're essential for plants whose reproduction depends almost exclusively on the millions of insects that transfer the pollen from one flower to another.
http://zoob.eml.cc/becker1-2.pdf
The Denial of Death
by
Ernest Becker
by
Ernest Becker
WARNING !
PSYCHIC VISION OF LAS VEGAS DESTRUCTION !
On January 32, 2016, while smoking a massive quantity of crack cocaine obtained from a vigilante raid on a local drug dealer's lair, I received a clairvoyant-telepathic revelation from Descended Master Barack Obama, who warned me of an impending disaster that will strike Las Vegas Nevada on March 21, 2016 !
Las Vegas sits on a limestone crust above a huge volcanic caldera ( cavern ). At this time it is the site of a super-secret military base -- Area 52 -- which houses thousands of personnel-dupes.
The disastrous leak of methane at Porter Ranch in southern California will ignite and cause an earthquake which will release even more methane. The shock waves from the explosions will trigger another quake on the nearby Garlock Fault, which will be transmitted to Las Vegas with catastrophic results.
Las Vegas will sink into the caldera cavern upon which it sits.
I have seen it. Soon, you will see it too. Run away !
Meanwhile :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-H4y-8OD9Y
The Last Election?! Clinton Insider
Larry Nichols Spills Scary Secrets About What’s To Come!
It’ll Rattle Bones …
UPDATE -- 20 January
Clif High / halfpasthuman.com Interview :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-RPAAmyJpk
Clif High, 2016 Year of
Chaos, Nuclear Fallout, Megaquakes, Epidemics,
Weather Wars
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fmj3wzg4Ag
Triune humans and the vortex
of time
Referenced by Clif High :
http://thewordfoundation.org/b-Thinking_and_Destiny.shtml
THINKING and DESTINY
by
Harold W. Percival
by
Harold W. Percival
What is most important to you in life?
If your answer is to achieve greater understanding of yourself and the world in which you live; if it is to understand why you are here on earth and what awaits you after death; if it is to know the true purpose of life, your life, Thinking and Destiny offers you the opportunity to find these answers. And many more.
Within these pages, information older than recorded history is now made known to the world—about Consciousness. The great value of this is that it can help us to better understand ourselves, the universe ... and beyond. This book is not a doctrine that will tell you how to live your life. The author states that an important lesson for each man and woman is to determine for one’s self what to do and what not to do. He said: “I do not presume to preach to anyone; I do not consider myself a preacher or a teacher.”
Although this great work was lovingly written for all of humanity, relatively few throughout the world have found it. But the tides are shifting as more seek to understand the meaning of the personal and global challenges we face, as well as the pain and suffering that often accompany them. The author's sincerest wish was that Thinking and Destiny serve as a beacon light to help all human beings to help themselves.
Both the casually curious reader and the most ardent seeker of profound knowledge cannot help but be intrigued by the abundance, scope and detail of the subjects that are addressed in this book. Many will wonder how the author obtained the information. The unusual manner in which this masterpiece was produced is described in both the Author’s Foreword and the Afterword.
Percival began to outline chapters for Thinking and Destiny following experiences of potent illumination, which he referred to as being conscious of Consciousness. He stated that being conscious of Consciousness reveals the “unknown” to the one who has been so conscious. These experiences allowed Percival to later access knowledge about any subject by a particular method of focusing, or what he called "real thinking." It was through this method that the book was written.
There is an authenticity in Percival's writing because it is devoid of assumptions, theory or pretense. His impeccable dedication to the highest mode of truth never wavers. This is a book that speaks to the longing in every human heart to know why humankind is as it is. Thinking and Destiny is an unusually eloquent discourse on the science of man that can also be applied to the lives of all who discover its liberating message.
http://www.treehugger.com/health/how-eat-better-sleep.html
A new study finds three food
choices that can lead to improved slumber.
If you are one of the many millions of people who suffer from the crazy-making scourge that is insomnia, you have likely read plenty of tips on how to achieve that elusive state of bliss known as sleep. You know about the importance of regular sleep routines and turning off the electronics, about skipping the boozy nightcap and limiting caffeine. But now a new study has a few more pearls of wisdom to add to the bag – and all natural approaches to better sleep are a step up from using pharmaceutical sleep aids which come with their own set of risks.
Not surprisingly, since food is the driving force of our bodies, they found several areas in which sleep improved based on food choices. Their research shows that a greater fiber intake during the day resulted in more time spent in the stage of deep, slow wave sleep. Meanwhile, more saturated fat predicted less slow wave sleep, and higher consumption was associated with more arousals from sleep.
"Our main finding was that diet quality influenced sleep quality," said principal investigator Marie-Pierre St-Onge, PhD, assistant professor in the department of medicine and Institute of Human Nutrition at Columbia University Medical Center in New York, N.Y. "It was most surprising that a single day of greater fat intake and lower fiber could influence sleep parameters."
"The finding that diet can influence sleep has tremendous health implications, given the increasing recognition of the role of sleep in the development of chronic disorders such as hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease," said St-Onge.
So there you have it. More fiber, less fat and less sugar could be helpful for those seeking to improve sleep. Not really earth shattering, the treatment for so many ailments often boils down to eating better – but it's a great reminder that our bodies are sensitive machines that run best when well-fueled ... and possibly sleep better too.
http://www.utdallas.edu/news/2012/8/16-19201__article-wide.html
Aug. 16, 2012
Researchers Find Material
for Cleaner-Running Diesel Vehicles
Discovery May Yield Cheaper, More Efficient Alternative to Platinum in Automotive Engines
Dr. Kyeongjiae "K.J." Cho, professor of materials science and engineering and physics at UT Dallas, says platinum is too scarce and expensive to be a long-term answer to diesel's pollution problems.
Engineers at a company co-founded by a University of Texas at Dallas professor have identified a material that can reduce the pollution produced by vehicles that run on diesel fuel.
The material, from a family of minerals called oxides, could replace platinum, a rare and expensive metal that is currently used in diesel engines to try to control the amount of pollution released into the air.
In a study published in the August 17 issue of Science, Dr. Kyeongjae "K.J." Cho, professor of materials science and engineering and physics at UT Dallas, and others, found that when a manmade version of the oxide mullite replaces platinum, pollution is up to 45 percent lower than with platinum catalysts.
“Many pollution control and renewable-energy applications require precious metals that are limited – there isn’t enough platinum to supply the millions and millions of automobiles driven in the world,” said Cho, a senior author of the study and co-founder of the company Nanostellar. “Mullite is not only easier to produce than platinum, but also better at reducing pollution in diesel engines.”
For the environmentally conscious, the higher fuel efficiency of diesel engines makes an attractive alternative to engines that run on gasoline. On the flip side, compared with gasoline engines, diesel vehicles produce more nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which are known as NOx pollutants.
Dr. Weichao Wang, who earned his PhD from UT Dallas in 2011, was part of the research team.
In June, the World Health Organization upgraded the classification of diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic in humans, putting it in the same category as cigarette smoke and asbestos. Countries throughout the world have drafted guidelines to reduce diesel air pollution in the next decade.
Platinum, because of its expense to mine and limited supply, is considered a precious metal. Estimates suggest that for 10 tons of platinum ore mined, only about 1 ounce of usable platinum is produced.
In 2003, Cho became a co-founder and lead scientist at Nanostellar, a company created to find catalysts through a material design that would replace platinum in reducing diesel exhaust (carbon monoxide, or CO, and NOx pollutants). His company has designed and commercialized a platinum-gold alloy catalyst that is a viable alternative to platinum alone, but until this experiment with mullite, had not found a catalyst made of materials that are less expensive to produce.
Cho, also a visiting professor at Seoul National University in South Korea, and his team suspected that the oxygen-based composition of mullite, originally found off the Isle of Mull in Scotland, might prove to be a suitable alternative. His team synthesized mullite and used advanced computer modeling techniques to analyze how different forms of the mineral interacted with oxygen and NOx. After computer modeling confirmed the efficiency of mullite to consume NOx, researchers used the oxide catalyst to replace platinum in diesel engine experiments.
“We’ve found new possibilities to create renewable, clean energy technology by designing new functional materials without being limited by the supply of precious metals.”
“Our goal to move completely away from precious metals and replace them with oxides that can be seen commonly in the environment has been achieved,” Dr. Cho said. “We’ve found new possibilities to create renewable, clean energy technology by designing new functional materials without being limited by the supply of precious metals.”
The mullite alternative is being commercialized under the trademark name Noxicat. Dr. Cho and his team will also explore other applications for mullite, such as fuel cells.
Dr. Weichao Wang, who earned his PhD in materials science and engineering in 2011 under Dr. Cho’s supervision in Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science at UT Dallas, was lead author of this study. Researchers from the University of Kentucky and Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China were also involved in this work.
The study was supported by the Texas Advanced Computing Center, Nanostellar and the National Research Foundation of South Korea.
https://www.nasa.gov/content/nanostellar/#.Vp1EaqTR1FU
September 4, 2011
Nanostellar
Company BackgroundNanostellar develops advanced nanomaterial catalysts for an array of applications that include emissions control, energy efficiency, and the synthesis of chemicals and fuels. These solutions are developed using the Company's innovative and proprietary Rational Design Methodology. This methodology incorporates computational models, algorithms and subject matter expertise in nano-materials and advanced synthetic chemistry.
The company has commercialized its first product in diesel vehicle emissions control and is in the pre-commercial testing phase with its second emissions control product. Its pipeline includes catalysts for non-automotive applications such as hydrogen peroxide production, synthesis gas (syngas) reformation and waste-heat recovery systems. These solutions satisfy essential market needs such as complying with emissions control standards at lower cost, reducing harmful by-products of industrial processes, cost-effectively generating alternative fuels, and increasing energy efficiency for heating and cooling.
The company is located in Silicon Valley, California, and is funded by venture capital and other private investors. It was founded in 2004 by scientists from Stanford University and NASA Ames Research Center at NASA Research Park...
Innovation and Technology
Nanostellar's core Rational Design Methodology (RDM) technology unites three disciplines - computational nano-science, advanced synthetic chemistry and characterization. This enables Nanostellar to gain a fundamental understanding of the surface chemistry and properties of nano-materials. This insight enables the Company to develop advanced catalysts on a recurrent, cost-effective basis. Relative to catalysts developed using traditional laboratory based research methods, the Company's catalysts have been developed with superior performance, significantly shorter development time, and substantially lower development cost. The company's intellectual property covers materials, manufacturing methods and coating processes. Its intellectual property assets are protected worldwide with 21 issued and 37 pending patents.
Nanostellar had a paper based on its Noxicat™ catalyst published in the August 2012 issue of Science. Noxicat™ has already received considerable interest from manufacturers of light-duty and heavy-duty diesel engines for its ability to help engine manufacturers reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions while dramatically reducing the cost of doing so. In addition to significantly reducing the costs of emissions control systems, Noxicat™ has numerous performance benefits over the incumbent platinum based catalysts; Noxicat™ enables higher fuel efficiency by allowing engine designers to reduce the frequency of filter regeneration events and allows for redesign of the emissions control system for further optimization.
Nanostellar's success in outpacing other emissions control technologies is due, in part, to its success in pioneering the application of Rational Design to the development of automotive catalysts. While the traditional materials development process is driven by an empirical approach that involves a significant amount of time-consuming lab work, Nanostellar's Rational Catalyst Design methodology uses quantum physics-based models to develop a fundamental understanding of chemical reactions and material properties and incorporates this knowledge in the design of new materials. By substituting fast and inexpensive computational cycles for time-consuming lab work, Rational Catalyst Design enables the design of better-targeted materials and cuts months or even years off the catalyst development process.
Nanostellar succeeded in diesel emissions reduction by pioneering the use of gold as a catalyst. In engine testing, the new NS Gold(TM) catalyst demonstrated a 20-percent reduction in emissions over Nanostellar's first-generation products.
Products
Diesel Emissions Catalysts (Euro 5 Catalysts, Euro 6 Catalysts)
Syngas catalysts for converting coal or biomass into liquid fuels
Catalysts for capturing waste heat for vehicular air conditioning and other energy efficiency applications
Catalysts for on-site synthesis of hydrogen peroxide
http://exoticwarfare.com
Perceptual and Motor Skills, June 1995, 80, 791-799.
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF
DIRECTLY ACCESSING EVERY HUMAN BRAIN BY
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION OF FUNDAMENTAL
ALGORITHMS
By
M.A. Persinger, Laurentian University June 1995
By
M.A. Persinger, Laurentian University June 1995
Summary -- Contemporary neuroscience suggests the existence of fundamental algorithms by which all sensory transduction is translated into the intrinsic, brain-specific code. Direct stimulation of these codes within the human temporal or limbic cortices by applied electromagnetic patterns may require energy levels which are within the range of both geomagnetic activity and contemporary communication networks. A process which is coupled to the narrow band of brain temperature could allow all normal human brains to be affected by a subharmonic whose frequency range at about 10 Hz would only vary by 0.1 Hz. The pursuit of the basic algorithms by which all human brains operate can be considered a central theme of modern neuroscience. Although individual differences are expected to accommodate most of the variance in any specific neurobehavioral measure, there should exist basic patterns of information and structure within brain space. They would be determined by the human genome, i.e., be species-specific, and would contribute to or would serve as the substrate upon which all phenomena that affect neurobehavioral measures are superimposed.
One logical extrapolation to a neurophysical basis of consciousness is that all experiences must exist as correlates of complex but determined sequences of electromagnetic matrices. They would control the theme for the format of cognition and affect while the myriad of possible serial collections of random variations of "noise" within the matrices could potentially differentiate between individual brains. Identification of these sequences could also allow direct access to the most complex neurocognitive processes associated with the sense of self, human consciousness and the aggregate of experiential representations (episodic memory) that define the individual within the brain (Squire, 1987).
The existence of fundamental commonalities between all human brains by which a similar physical stimulus can affect them is not a new concept. It is demonstrated daily by the similar shifts in qualitative functions that are evoked by psychotropic drugs. Classes of chemical structures, crudely classified as antidepressant, antipsychotic, or anxiolytic compounds, produce general attenuations of lowered mood, extreme eccentric thinking, or extreme vigilance. The characteristics of these changes are very similar within millions of different human brains regardless of their cultural or genetic history. The idiosyncratic experiences such as the specific thoughts and images which reflect each person's continuing process of adaptation are superimposed upon these general functions. When translated into the language of neuroelectrical domains, the unique components of individual consciousness would be both embedded within and interacting with the species-invariant patterns.
We have been studying the phenomenological consequences of exposure to complex electromagnetic fields whose temporal structures have been derived from the most recently observed neuroelectrical profiles such as burst-firing or long-term potentiating sequences (Brown, Chapman, Kairiss, & Keenan, 1988) which can be considered the prototypical basis of a major domain of brain activity. These temporal patterns of potential codes for accessing and influencing neuronal aggregates have been applied across the two cerebral hemispheres (through the regions of the temporo-parietal lobes or within the region of the hippocampal-amygdaloid complex) of the brain as weak electromagnetic fields whose intensities are usually less than 10 milligauss (1 microT). The purpose of this research, as suggested by both E.R. John (1967) and Sommerhoff (1974), is to identify the basic codes for the language of the representational systems within the human brain.
In the tradition of Johannes Mueller, we have assumed that the normal transduction of stimuli by sensors into afferent, graded potentials and the subsequent translation into digital patterns of action potentials (which are more likely to behave functionally as a composite of pixels within a neural field) can be circumvented by direct introduction of this information within the brain. Induction of complex information would require simulation of the resonance patterns which would normally be transiently created by sensory afferents. The basic premise is that synthetic duplication of the neuroelectrical correlates generated by sensors to an actual stimulus should produce identical experiences without the presence of that stimulus.
We have focused upon the polymodal and most labile portions of the parahippocampal (Van Hoesen, 1982) and entorhinal cortices (Vinagradova, 1975) and the anterior superior gyrus of the temporal cortices (Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994) as the region within which circumvention would be most probable. Extraction and translation of neural patterns from different sensory inputs into common codes occur within these regions before they are consciously perceived (Edelman, 1989). That central codes are present was shown by E.R. John (1967, pp. 348-349) who reported an immediate transference of the operant control of a response from a pulsatile auditory stimulus to a pulsatile visual stimulus if its temporal pattern was identical to the previous (acoustic) stimulus.
We (Fleming, Persinger, & Koren, 1994) reported that whole brain exposure of rats to a 5-microT burst-firing magnetic field for 1 sec. every 4 sec. evoked an analgesic response that was similar to that elicited by the application of more noxious, tactile simulation for 1 sec. every 4 sec. directly to the footpads. Direct electrical stimulation of the limbic structures which simulate episodic, systemic application of muscarinic (cholinergic) agents can evoke electrical kindling (Cain, 1989). More recently, direct induction of chaotic electrical sequences within the labile CA1 region of the hippocampus has been shown either to promote and attenuate paroxysmal discharges (Schiff, Jerger, Duong, Chang, Spano, & Ditto, 1994).
These results strongly indicate that imitation of the temporal pattern of sensory transmission directly within the brain by any nonbiogenic stimuli can evoke changes which are just as effective as (and perhaps require less energy than) classical transduction. As stated more recently and succinctly by E.R. John (1990), the fundamental operation of brain electrical activity suggests that some form of frequency encoding may play a significant role in informational transactions within and between brain structures. Consciousness would be associated with an electromagnetic pattern generated by a neural aggregate with invariant statistical features which are independent of the cells contributing to each feature (John 1990, p. 53).
The effects of applied time-varying magnetic fields upon brain activity have been considered minimal or within the range of normal biological limits unless the intensity of the field exceeded natural endogenous or exogenous (ambient) levels by several orders of magnitude. Until very recently, almost all of the studies from which this conclusion was derived involved highly redundant stimuli such as 60 Hz fields or repetitive pulses. A simple illustration presents the problem: only 1 min. of a 60-Hz sine-wave field exposes a neural net to 3,600 presentations (60 sec. x 60 cycles per sec.) of the same redundant information. Even general estimates of habituation (Persinger, 1979) such as the equation:
H = IRT2 / Rt
(IRT = inter-response time, Rt = duration of response)
indicate that habituation to the stimulus would have occurred long before its termination after 1 min. Although the burst-firing frequencies (100 to 200 Hz) of the hippocampal neurons, for example, exceed this pattern, they are not temporally symmetrical and exhibit a variability of inter-stimulus intervals that would contain different information and would attenuate habituation.
The apparent dependence of organismic responses upon the intensity of the applied electromagnetic field, the "intensity-dependent response curve," could simply be an artifact of the absence of biorelevant information within the wave pattern. If the temporal structure of the applied electromagnetic field contained detailed and biorelevant information (Richards, Persinger, & Koren, 1993), then the intensity of the field required to elicit a response could be several orders of magnitude below the values which have been previously found to elicit changes. For example, Sandyk (1992) and Jacobson (1994) have found that complex magnetic fields with variable interstimulus pulse durations could evoke unprecedented changes in melatonin levels even with intensities within the nanoT range.
The classical counterargument that "very strong" magnetic fields must be present "to exceed or to compensate for the electromagnetic noise associated with intrinsic (Boltzmann) thermal energies" is based upon equations and calculations for the quantitative indices of aggregates of molecular activity and not upon the pattern of their interaction. There are other possibilities. For example, Weaver and Astumian (1990) have shown mathematically that detection of very weak (microV/cm) fields can occur if the response is exhibited within a narrow band of frequencies; the detection is a function of both thermally induced fluctuations in membrane potential and the maximum increment of change in the membrane potential which is evoked by the applied magnetic field. The ion-cyclotron-resonance model which was initiated by the research of Blackman, Bename, Rabinowitz, House, and Joines (1985) and supported by Lerchl, Reiter, Howes, Honaka, and Stokkan (1991) indicates that, when an alternating magnetic field at a distance (resonance) frequency is superimposed upon a steady-state magnetic field, the movement of calcium and other ions can be facilitated with very small energies. More than 25 years ago, Ludwig (1968) developed a compelling (but hereto ignored) mathematical argument which described the absorption of atmospherics within the brain.
Above these minimal thresholds, the information content of the wave structure becomes essential. The simplest analogy would be the response of a complex neural network such as a human being to sonic energy. If only a 1000-Hz (sine wave) tone were presented, the intensity required to evoke a response could well exceed 90 db; in this instance the avoidant response would be overt and crude. However, if the structure of the sonic field was modified to exhibit the complex pattern which was equivalent to biorelevant information such as "help me, I am dying," field strengths several orders of magnitude weaker, e.g., 30 db, could be sufficient. This single, brief but information-rich stimulus would evoke a response which could recruit every major cognitive domain.
If the information within the structure of the applied magnetic field is a major source of its neurobehavioral effect, then the "intensity-dependent" responses which are interpreted as support for experimental hypotheses of biomagnetic interaction could be both epiphenomenal and artifactual. Such amplification of electromagnetic-field strengths would also increase the intensity of the extremely subtle and almost always ignored sub-harmonics, ripples, and other temporal anomalies which are superimposed upon or within the primary frequency. These subtle anomalies would be due to the artifacts within the different electronic circuits and components whose similarities are based upon the fidelity of the endpoint (the primary frequency) despite the different geometries employed to produce the endpoint.
If information rather than intensity is important for interaction with the neural network (Jahn & Dunne, 1987), then these unspecified "background" patterns may be the source of both the experimental effects and the failures of inter-laboratory replications. A concrete example of this problem exists within the putative association between exposure to power (60 Hz) frequency magnetic fields and certain types of cancer. The existence of these transients, often superimposed upon the fundamental 60-Hz frequency, is still the least considered factor in the attempts to specify the characteristics of the fields which promote aberrant mitosis (Wilson, Stevens, & Anderson,1990).
Within the last five years, several researchers have reported that direct and significant effects upon specific neuropatterns can be evoked by extremely weak magnetic fields whose intensities are within the range of normal geomagnetic variations. Sandyk (1992) has discerned significant changes in vulnerable subjects such as patients who were diagnosed with neurological disorders following exposure of short durations to magnetic fields whose strengths are within the pT to nT range but whose spatial applications are multifocal (a fasces-type structure) and designed to introduce heterogeneous patterns within a very localized brain space. The effective components of the field (which are assumed to be discrete temporal patterns due to the modulation of the frequency and intensity of the electromagnetic fields) are not always obvious; however, the power levels for these amplitudes are similar to those associated with the signals (generated globally by radio and communication systems) within which most human beings are exposed constantly.
The most parsimonious process by which all human brains could be affected would require (1) the immersion of all the approximately 6 billion brains of the human species within the same medium or (2) a coercive interaction because there was facilitation of a very narrow-band window of vulnerability within each brain. For the first option, the steady-state or "permanent" component of the earth's magnetic field meets the criterion. The possibility that masses of susceptible people could be influenced during critical conditions by extremely small variations (less than 1%) of the steady-state amplitude (50,000 nT) of the earth's magnetic field such as during geomagnetic storms (50 to 500 nT) has been discussed elsewhere (Persinger, 1983). Recent experimental evidence which has shown a threshold in geomagnetic activity of about 20 nT to 30 nT for the report of vestibular experiences in human beings and the facilitation of limbic seizures in rodents is consistent with this hypothesis.
The potential for the creation of an aggregate process with gestalt-like properties which reflect the average characteristics of the brains that are maintained with this field and that generate the aggregate has also been developed (Persinger & Lafreniere, 1977) and has been labelled the "geopsyche." This phenomenon would be analogous to the vectorial characteristics of an electromagnetic field which is induced by current moving through billions of elements such as wires contained within a relative small volume compared to the source. Such gestalts, like fields in general, also affect the elements which contribute to the matrix (Freeman, 1990).
The second option would require access to a very narrow limit of physical properties within which all brains are maintained to generate consciousness and the experience of self-awareness. This factor would be primarily loaded by the variable of brain temperature. Although the relationship between absolute temperature and wavelength is generally clear [an example which can be described by Wien's law and is well documented in astrophysics (Wyatt, 1965)], the implications for access to brain activity have not been explored. The fragile neuro-cognitive processes that maintain consciousness and the sense of self normally exist between 308oK and 312oK (35oC and 39oC). The fundamental wavelength associated with this emission is about 10 micrometers which is well within the long infrared wavelength.
However, the ratio of this normal range divided by the absolute temperature for normal brain activity which maintains neuro-cognitive processes is only about 0.013 (4oK/312oK) or 1.3%. If there were a sub-harmonic pattern in naturally occurring or technically generated magnetic fields which also reflected this ratio, then all brains which were operative within this temperature range could be affected by the harmonic. For example, if 11.3 Hz were one of these sub-harmonic electromagnetic frequencies, variations of only 1.3% of this mean, i.e., 11.3 Hz ± 0.1 Hz, would hypothetically be sufficient to affect the operations of all normal brains. If this "major carrier frequency" contained bio-relevant information by being modulated in a meaningful way, then the effective intensities could well be within the natural range for background radiation (microwatts/cm2) and could be hidden as chaotic components within the electromagnetic noise associated with power generation and use.
One of the major direct prophylactics to the effects of these fields would require alterations in core (brain) temperature such as deep but reversible hypothermia. However, this condition would disrupt the biochemical process upon which neuronal activity and hence consciousness depends. Treatments which precipitate alterations in neural activity, similar to those which are associated with crude hypothermia, would be less disruptive. Specific candidates which affect multiple receptor systems such as clozepine (Clozaril) and acepromazine could be possible pharmacological interventions.
The characteristics of the algorithm for euthermic individuals are likely to be conspicuous (once isolated) but should now be hidden within the synchronous activity which is (1) modified and filtered by aggregates of neurons and (2) modulated by sensory inputs and intrinsic oscillations (Kepler, Marder, & Abbott, 1990) before they are crudely measured by electrodes. Because the fundamental algorithm would be essentially a stable parameter of body temperature, most electrode montages (including monopolar to a non-brain reference, e.g., ear) would cancel or attenuate this index. Effectively, the algorithm would be expressed in a manner similar to descriptors for other aggregate phenomena as a physical constant or as a limited set of these constants. This suggestion is commensurate with the observation that the underlying neuronal networks which coordinate millions of neurons manifest the properties of a (mathematical) strange attractor with a very limited number of degrees of freedom (Lopes, Da Silva, Kamphuis, Van Neerven, & Pijn, 1990).
The physical chemical evidence for a fundamental process, driven by a narrow limit of biological temperature, has been accumulating. Fixed, oscillatory electromagnetic variations have been shown in vitro for enzymes of the glycolytic pathway (Higgins, Frenkel, Hulme, Lucas, & Rangazas, 1973) whose narrow band of temperature sensitivity (around 37oC) is well known. Although these oscillations are often measured as periods (2.5-min. cycles), Ruegg (1973) reported a clear temperature dependence of these oscillations within a range of 1 to 20 Hz between 20oC and 35oC in invertebrate muscle.
The most probable brain source which might serve as the primary modulatory of these biochemical oscillators would involve structures within the thalamus (Steriade & Deschenes, 1984). Neuronal aggregates with surprisingly fixed (within 0.1-Hz) oscillations are found within this structure and depend primarily upon neurons that require gamma amino butyric acid or GABA (von Krosigk, Bal, & McCormick, 1993). This inhibitory amino acid is specially derived from the normal, temperature-sensitive degradation of glucose by the GABA shunt (Delorey & Olsen, 1994).
Within the last two decades (Persinger, Ludwig, & Ossenkopp, 1973) a potential has emerged which was improbable but which is now marginally feasible. This potential is the technical capability to influence directly the major portion of the approximately six billion brains of the human species without mediation through classical sensory modalities by generating neural information within a physical medium within which all members of the species are immersed. The historical emergence of such possibilities, which have ranged from gunpowder to atomic fission, have resulted in major changes in the social evolution that occurred inordinately quickly after the implementation. Reduction of the risk of the inappropriate application of these technologies requires the continued and open discussion of their realistic feasibility and implications within the scientific and public domain.
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Reinhard MULLER-SIEBERT, et al. ; Electrodynamic Fragmentation
http://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2012/october/lightning-strike.html
1 October 2012
Lightning, strike!
Every year several millions of tons of building rubble are produced. An efficient way of recycling concrete – the building material of the 20th and 21st century – does not yet exist. Researchers are working on new recycling methods, and with the aid of lightning bolts, they can break down the mixture of cement and aggregate into its components.
Researchers have developed a method of breaking down concrete into its constituent parts.
Whether the Pantheon in Rome or the German concrete canoe regatta, whether ultra-light or decorative: concrete is unbelievably versatile and is the world’s most widely used material – next to water. It is made of cement, water and aggregate, a mixture of stone particles such as gravel or limestone grit in various sizes. However, the CO2 emissions, which are mainly the result of cement production, are problematic: the production of one ton of burned cement clinker of limestone and clay releases 650 to 700 kilograms of carbon dioxide. This means that every year 8 to 15 percent of global CO2 production is attributable to concrete manufacturing. And when it comes to recycling waste concrete, there is no ideal solution for closing the materials loop. In Germany alone the quantity of construction waste amounted to almost 130 million tons in 2010.
“This is an enormous material flow, but at the moment there is no effective recycling method for concrete rubble” explains Volker Thome from the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP from the Concrete Technology Group in Holzkirchen. The current method is to shred the concrete, which produces huge amounts of dust. At best, the stone fragments end up as sub-base for roads. “This is downcycling,” explains Thome, in other words, simply the reutilization of raw materials, the quality of which deteriorates from process to process. On the other hand, if it were possible to separate the stone particles from the cement stone, the gravel could easily be reused as an aggregate in new cement – a first decisive step in the direction of recycling waste concrete. “The recovery of valuable aggregate from waste concrete would multiply the recycling rate by a factor of around ten and thereby increase it to 80 percent,” says Thome. If it were also possible to obtain a cement substitute from waste concrete, the cement industry’s CO2 emissions would be considerably reduced. To achieve these goals Thome revived a method that Russian scientists already developed in the 1940s then put on ice: electrodynamic fragmentation. This method allows the concrete to be broken down into its individual components – aggregate and cement stone.
Recycling valuable components
Using this approach, the researchers in Holzkirchen are unleashing a veritable storm of lightning bolts. “Normally, lightening prefers to travel through air or water, not through solids,” says Thomas. To ensure the bolt strikes and penetrates the concrete, the expert uses the Russian scientists‘ expertise. More than 70 years ago they discovered that the dieletric strength, i.e. the resistance of every fluid or solid to an electrical impulse, is not a physical constant, but changes with the duration of the lightning. “With an extremely short flash of lightning – less than 500 nanoseconds – water suddenly attains a greater dielectric strength than most solids,” explains Thome. In simple terms, this means that if the concrete is under water and researchers generate a 150 nanosecond bolt of lightning the discharge runs preferably through the solid and not through the water.“ That is the essence of the method,” says Thome. In the concrete the lightning then runs along the path of least resistance which is the boundaries between the components, i.e. between the gravel and the cement stone. The initially generated impulses, the pre-discharges, first weaken the material mechanically. “The pre-discharge which reaches the counter-electrode in our fragmentation plant at first, then causes an electrical breakdown,” explains Thome. At this instant a plasma channel is formed in the concrete which grows within a thousandth of a second, like a pressure wave from the inside outwards.
“The force of this pressure wave is comparable with a small explosion,” says Thome. The concrete is torn apart and broken down into its basic components. With the laboratory fragmentation plant the researchers can currently process one ton of concrete waste per hour. “To work efficiently, our goal is a throughput rate of at least 20 tons per hour,” says Thome. In as little as two years’ time, an appropriate installation could be ready for market-launch.
Patents
US2014042146
ELECTRODE ARRANGEMENT FOR AN ELECTRODYNAMIC FRAGMENTATION PLANT
ZA200903641
Sample container and assembly for the electrodynamic fragmentation of samples
EP2266701
Work electrode for an electrodynamic fragmentation assembly
US8138952
SAMPLE HOLDER AND ASSEMBLY FOR THE ELECTRODYNAMIC FRAGMENTATION OF SAMPLES
US8002209
Method for Operating a Fragmentation System and System Therefor
US7677486
Assembly of an electrodynamic fractionating unit
US7246761
Process reactor and method for the electrodynamic fragmentation
WO2007112599 (A1)
METHOD FOR GROUNDING A HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRODE
Olive Oil : Brain Food
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26695409
Eur J Nutr. 2015 Dec 22
A nutrigenomics approach for
the study of anti-aging interventions: olive oil
phenols and the modulation of gene and microRNA
expression profiles in mouse brain.
Luceri C, Bigagli E, Pitozzi V, Giovannelli L
Luceri C, Bigagli E, Pitozzi V, Giovannelli L
Abstract
PURPOSE:
Middle-aged C57Bl/6J mice fed for 6 months with extra-virgin olive oil rich in phenols (H-EVOO, phenol dose/day: 6 mg/kg) showed cognitive and motor improvement compared to controls fed the same olive oil deprived of phenolics (L-EVOO). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether these behavioral modifications were associated with changes in gene and miRNA expression in the brain.
METHODS:
Two brain areas involved in cognitive and motor processes were chosen: cortex and cerebellum. Gene and miRNA profiling were analyzed by microarray and correlated with performance in behavioral tests.
RESULTS:
After 6 months, most of the gene expression changes were restricted to the cerebral cortex. The genes modulated by aging were mainly down-regulated, and the treatment with H-EVOO was associated with a significant up-regulation of genes compared to L-EVOO. Among those, we found genes previously associated with synaptic plasticity and with motor and cognitive behavior, such as Notch1, BMPs, NGFR, GLP1R and CRTC3. The agrin pathway was also significantly modulated. miRNAs were mostly up-regulated in old L-EVOO animals compared to young. However, H-EVOO-fed mice cortex displayed miRNA expression profiles similar to those observed in young mice. Sixty-three miRNAs, out of 1203 analyzed, were significantly down-regulated compared to the L-EVOO group; among them, we found miRNAs whose predicted target genes were up-regulated by the treatment, such as mir-484, mir-27, mir-137, mir-30, mir-34 and mir-124.
CONCLUSIONS:
We are among the first to report that a dietary intervention starting from middle age with food rich in phenols can modulate at the central level the expression of genes and miRNAs involved in neuronal function and synaptic plasticity, along with cognitive, motor and emotional behavior.
Molecular & Cellular Oncology
Volume 2, Issue 4, 2015
DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1006077
(-)-Oleocanthal rapidly and
selectively induces cancer cell death via
lysosomal membrane permeabilization
Onica LeGendre, Paul AS Breslin & David A Foster
Onica LeGendre, Paul AS Breslin & David A Foster
Abstract
(-)-Oleocanthal (OC), a phenolic compound present in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), has been implicated in the health benefits associated with diets rich in EVOO. We investigated the effect of OC on human cancer cell lines in culture and found that OC induced cell death in all cancer cells examined as rapidly as 30 minutes after treatment in the absence of serum. OC treatment of non-transformed cells suppressed their proliferation but did not cause cell death. OC induced both primary necrotic and apoptotic cell death via induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). We provide evidence that OC promotes LMP by inhibiting acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity, which destabilizes the interaction between proteins required for lysosomal membrane stability. The data presented here indicate that cancer cells, which tend to have fragile lysosomal membranes compared to non-cancerous cells, are susceptible to cell death induced by lysosomotropic agents. Therefore, targeting lysosomal membrane stability represents a novel approach for the induction of cancer-specific cell death.
http://phys.org/news/2016-01-swedish-scientists-wood-biodegradable-renewable.html
January 18, 2016
Swedish scientists use wood
to create biodegradable, renewable alternative to
Styrofoam
Maybe soon we can say goodbye to polystyrene, the petroleum-based material that is used to make Styrofoam. In what looks like an ordinary bicycle helmet, Swedish designers have replaced Styrofoam with a new shock-absorbing material made with renewable and biodegradable wood-based material.
Researcher Lars Wågberg, a professor in Fibre Technology at Stockholm's KTH Royal Institute of Technology, says the wood-based foam material offers comparable properties to Styrofoam.
"But even better, it is from a totally renewable resource—something that we can produce from the forest," Wågberg says.
That's a big plus for a country where forests are planted and harvested continuously, much like any other cash crop.
Trademarked under the name, Cellufoam, the material was developed by Wågberg together with Lennart Bergström, professor in Material Chemistry at Stockholm University, and Nicholas Tchang Cervin, a former PhD student at KTH, in theWallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC).
The helmet was produced by Cellutech, a Stockholm startup that specializes in cutting edge materials made from wood, in conjunction with the Swedish Forest Industries Federation´s Ekoportal2035.
"There are wood helmets out there, but what is unique here is that this one is made totally out of forest products—nothing else. The outer layer is veneer, the straps are made from extra strong paper, and then the foam is made from cellulose fibers," Wågberg says.
The helmet concept is intended to draw attention to the possibilities of using wood cellulose as a sustainable alternative to Styrofoam and other foams from synthetic polymers. Wågberg says the last five years of Cellufoam research has been funded by the WWSC and Cellutech with the confidence that it will become possible to take the material to market on a cost-effective scale in a not-too-distant future. WWSC is a joint research center between KTH and Chalmers University; it is hosted at KTH and financed by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Research Foundation.
Sweden certainly has the resources to support the commercial ambition for wood-based materials. "The Swedish forest industry is planting more trees than we harvest," Wågberg says.
The production begins with wood cellulose nanofibres, or fibrils, which are modified and mixed with a foaming agent water and air. Through the process of Pickering stabilization, these particles stabilize the air-bubbles in a way that is much better than by using simple surfactants, he says.
While the Cellufoam is being showcased as a bicycle helmet material, Wågberg says that by using different surface treatments and combinations with other material components, it could also be suitable for flame retardant materials, water filtration and antibacterial material.
"It's really up to the imagination," he says. "In my experience, things like this wind up being used in ways you never expect."
Richard LAINE, et al. : Biogenic Silica -- A novel low-temperature method to produce SiO2
http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23378-turning-rice-farming-waste-to-useful-silica-compounds
Dec 17, 2015
Turning rice farming waste
to useful silica compounds
by
Gabe Cherry
by
Gabe Cherry
"DO NOT EAT." That's what's marked on the innocuous little packets that contain the most widely known form of precipitated silica. They're used to absorb moisture that could damage new products, and most of us don't think much about them.
But precipitated silica and other silicon compounds are essential for many products that we use every day. Hundreds of thousands of tons of them are produced every year. They're used to polish the silicon wafers that go into electronics, to strengthen tires, to make paints and paper white, as an abrasive in toothpaste, and yes, in countless tiny packets of silica gel beads.
Producing high-purity silicon compounds is today an expensive and carbon-intensive process that requires heating mined silicon metal and anthracite coal to 3,500 degrees Celsius in an electric arc furnace. That could soon change, thanks to a new technology from the University of Michigan that can produce the same silica compounds from agricultural waste.
The researcher who developed the process says it could save approximately six tons of carbon emissions per ton of silica compounds produced. He estimates the cost of the technique to be 90 percent less than the current process, with virtually no carbon footprint.
Developed by Richard Laine, a professor of materials science and engineering, the new technique is believed to be the first simple, inexpensive chemical method for producing high-purity silica compounds from agricultural waste.
Much of the world's agricultural waste contains silica, and the search for a practical way to extract it stretches back 80 years. While the new process could be used to produce silica and silicon-containing chemicals from many types of agricultural waste, Laine focused on using the hulls left over from processing rice.
The hull is the outermost layer of the rice grain. It's removed when rice is processed. Hundreds of millions of tons of the hulls are produced around the world every year. Many are burned to produce electricity, and the ash that's left over contains high levels of silica. Some of this ash is used in construction or as insulation, but much of it is dumped in landfills.
But while the world is awash in silica-rich rice hull ash, getting that silica out has proven to be a major challenge. The difficulty stems mostly from the incredibly strong chemical bond between silicon and oxygen, one of the strongest that exists in nature.
Laine found two easy and inexpensive ways to break that bond: ethylene glycol, or antifreeze, and ethanol, or grain alcohol. The antifreeze combined with a small amount of sodium hydroxide weakens the chemical bonds between the silica and the rice hull ash at the beginning of the process, dissolving the silica into a liquid solution.
The solution is then heated to 390 degrees Celsius, forming a polymer of silica and antifreeze. While this stage does require energy, it's more than offset by the energy produced when the rice hulls are burned at the beginning of the process. And because the carbon released when the hulls are burned was previously absorbed by the rice plant, the process is considered carbon-neutral. The heating produces a silica-antifreeze polymer that's then filtered to remove the ash.
Grain alcohol is then added at the end of the process. It's chemically similar to antifreeze, so it easily swaps in to replace the antifreeze, which is then recycled. The liquid silica can then be distilled out of this second solution and used to make a high-purity precipitated silica product for industrial use.
Laine has formed a Michigan company, Mayasil, to commercialize the technology. Headquartered in Ann Arbor, It's in the process of building a "pre-pilot" plant that will be used to develop a scaled up manufacturing process. If the scale-up is successful, Laine predicts that it will fundamentally change the way silica products are made and used.
"I think eventually, we'll be producing high-purity silica and other silicon compounds right next to the rice fields," Laine said. "It will be possible to process rice and produce high-grade silica in a single location with little or no carbon footprint. It's really very exciting."
Laine recently received the 2015 Michigan Green Chemistry Governor's Award from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality for his work on this. Mayasil is a spinoff of Mayaterials, a company Laine founded in 2003 in conjunction with U-M Tech Transfer. Mayasil holds a patent on the silica production process.
A paper on the work titled "Avoiding carbothermal reduction: Distillation of alkoxysilanes from biogenic, green, and sustainable sources" is published in the journal Agewandte Chemie. The research was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (grant number DMR 11053671).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201506838/abstract
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506838
Avoiding Carbothermal
Reduction: Distillation of Alkoxysilanes from
Biogenic, Green, and Sustainable Sources
AbstractThe direct depolymerization of SiO2 to distillable alkoxysilanes has been explored repeatedly without success for 85 years as an alternative to carbothermal reduction (1900 °C) to Simet, followed by treatment with ROH. We report herein the base-catalyzed depolymerization of SiO2 with diols to form distillable spirocyclic alkoxysilanes and Si(OEt)4. Thus, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, or ethylene glycol (EGH2) react with silica sources, such as rice hull ash, in the presence of NaOH (10 %) to form H2O and distillable spirocyclic alkoxysilanes [bis(2-methyl-2,4-pentanediolato) silicate, bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediolato) silicate or Si(eg)2 polymer with 5–98 % conversion, as governed by surface area/crystallinity. Si(eg)2 or bis(2-methyl-2,4-pentanediolato) silicate reacted with EtOH and catalytic acid to give Si(OEt)4 in 60 % yield, thus providing inexpensive routes to high-purity precipitated or fumed silica and compounds with single Si−C bonds.
http://www.mayaterials.com/
Mayaterials
Mayaterials was founded in January 2003 to commercialize two technologies licensed from the Laine group in Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan (UM). One technology uses novel silsesquioxane (SQ) [nanosilica] chemistries to produce organic/inorganic nanocomposites especially unique coating systems. The second technology allows direct production of SQs from agricultural byproducts especially rice hull ash (RHA). RHA is produced in the U.S. in 100,000 ton/yr quantities and is a often a waste product.
Mayaterials' scientists have created multiple families of novel, green and cost-effective SQ coating systems for multiple applications including corrosion resistance, nanoimprint lithography, and transparent refractive index controlled coatings etc. In particular, we have developed SQ systems that serve as very effective semi-permanent mold release agents for the injection molding industry. They are designed to improve productivity by significantly reducing sticking problems, cycle times, scrap and mold maintenance while improving parts quality in plastic and rubber molding applications.
In 2009 Mayaterials Inc. formed a joint venture with Ceres Group, "EXIMO Hard Coatings" to commercialize coatings primarily for one specific application, semi-permanent mold release.
Recently, Mayaterials Inc. back integrated its IP such that silica products as a whole have become a major focus. Our patented silica extraction technology allows us to make very low cost, high purity, surface property tailored precipitated and colloidal silicas at large scales opens up opportunities including its use in the production of:
food grade silica
high quality, low cost, vacuum insulation panels,
solar grade Si (99.9999 % purities),
fiber glass
optical grade silica (99.999 % purities,
fillers and extender for polymer composites, and desiccants.
Mayaterials Inc. is a green technology company with the majority of our products derived from agricultural and biofuels waste products. The same technologies allow us to recycle the majority of our products providing near zero waste products.
PATENTS
BIOGENIC SILICA AS A RAW MATERIAL TO CREATE HIGH PURITY SILICON
US2015110701
GLYCOXY SILANES AS A SOURCE OF SILICA AND SILICATE PRECIPITATES
WO2013109787
METHOD OF PRODUCING ALKOXYSILANES AND PRECIPITATED SILICAS FROM BIOGENIC SILICAS
US2013184483
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33209548
20 June 2015
Earth 'entering new
extinction phase' - US study
The Earth has entered a new period of extinction, a study by three US universities has concluded, and humans could be among the first casualties.
The report, led by the universities of Stanford, Princeton and Berkeley, said vertebrates were disappearing at a rate 114 times faster than normal.
The findings echo those in a report published by Duke University last year.
One of the new study's authors said: "We are now entering the sixth great mass extinction event."
The last such event was 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs were wiped out, in all likelihood by a large meteor hitting Earth.
"If it is allowed to continue, life would take many millions of years to recover and our species itself would likely disappear early on," said the lead author, Gerardo Ceballos.
The scientists looked at historic rates of extinction for vertebrates - animals with backbones - by assessing fossil records.
They found that the current extinction rate was more than 100 times higher than in periods when Earth was not going through a mass extinction event.
Since 1900, the report says, more than 400 more vertebrates had disappeared.
Such a loss would normally be seen over a period of up to 10,000 years, the scientists say.
The study - published in the Science Advances journal - cites causes such as climate change, pollution and deforestation.
Given the knock-on effect of ecosystems being destroyed, the report says benefits such as pollination by bees could be lost within three human generations.
Image caption Extinction may be more gradual than when the dinosaurs died, the report says
Stanford University professor Paul Ehrlich said: "There are examples of species all over the world that are essentially the walking dead.
"We are sawing off the limb that we are sitting on."
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) says at least 50 animals move closer to extinction every year.
Around 41% of all amphibians and 25% of mammals are threatened with extinction, it says.
Most at risk: the lemur
According to the IUCN, the lemur faces a real struggle to avoid extinction in the wild in the coming years.
The group says that 94% of all lemurs are under threat, with more than a fifth of all lemur species classed as "critically endangered".
As well as seeing their habitat in Madagascar destroyed by illegal logging, lemurs are also regularly hunted for their meat, the IUCN says.
What were the five mass extinction events?
Last year, a report by Stuart Pimm, a biologist and extinction expert at Duke University in North Carolina, also warned mankind was entering a sixth mass extinction event.
But Mr Pimm's report said the current rate of extinction was more than 1,000 times faster than in the past, not 114, as the new report claims.
The new report's authors said it was still possible to avoid a "dramatic decay of biodiversity" through intensive conservation, but that rapid action was needed.
http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/5/e1400253.full
Science Advances 19 Jun 2015: Vol. 1, no. 5, e1400253
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400253
Accelerated modern
human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth
mass extinction
Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle and Todd M. Palmer
Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle and Todd M. Palmer
Abstract
The oft-repeated claim that Earth’s biota is entering a sixth “mass extinction” depends on clearly demonstrating that current extinction rates are far above the “background” rates prevailing between the five previous mass extinctions. Earlier estimates of extinction rates have been criticized for using assumptions that might overestimate the severity of the extinction crisis. We assess, using extremely conservative assumptions, whether human activities are causing a mass extinction. First, we use a recent estimate of a background rate of 2 mammal extinctions per 10,000 species per 100 years (that is, 2 E/MSY), which is twice as high as widely used previous estimates. We then compare this rate with the current rate of mammal and vertebrate extinctions. The latter is conservatively low because listing a species as extinct requires meeting stringent criteria. Even under our assumptions, which would tend to minimize evidence of an incipient mass extinction, the average rate of vertebrate species loss over the last century is up to 100 times higher than the background rate. Under the 2 E/MSY background rate, the number of species that have gone extinct in the last century would have taken, depending on the vertebrate taxon, between 800 and 10,000 years to disappear. These estimates reveal an exceptionally rapid loss of biodiversity over the last few centuries, indicating that a sixth mass extinction is already under way. Averting a dramatic decay of biodiversity and the subsequent loss of ecosystem services is still possible through intensified conservation efforts, but that window of opportunity is rapidly closing….
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6187/1246752.abstract?sid=3f4c15ad-79f5-4eeb-a618-af62e6fccef2
Science 30 May 2014: Vol. 344, Issue 6187, pp.
DOI: 10.1126/science.1246752
The biodiversity of species
and their rates of extinction, distribution, and
protection
S. L. Pimm, C. N. Jenkins, R. Abell, T. M. Brooks, J. L. Gittleman, L. N. Joppa, P. H. Raven, C. M. Roberts, J. O. Sexton
S. L. Pimm, C. N. Jenkins, R. Abell, T. M. Brooks, J. L. Gittleman, L. N. Joppa, P. H. Raven, C. M. Roberts, J. O. Sexton
Abstract
Recent studies clarify where the most vulnerable species live, where and how humanity changes the planet, and how this drives extinctions. We assess key statistics about species, their distribution, and their status. Most are undescribed. Those we know best have large geographical ranges and are often common within them. Most known species have small ranges. The numbers of small-ranged species are increasing quickly, even in well-known taxa. They are geographically concentrated and are disproportionately likely to be threatened or already extinct. Current rates of extinction are about 1000 times the likely background rate of extinction. Future rates depend on many factors and are poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress in developing protected areas, such efforts are not ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect biodiversity..
UPDATE -- 18 January
Esa Ruoho ( http://www.merlib.org -- an excellent website -- check it out ! ) has uploaded pdf files of Energy Unlimited, a classic fringe science magazine from the 1970s-80s :
https://webuser.scene.org/~esa/merlib/eupdf/Energy-Unlimited-No-01.pdf
https://webuser.scene.org/~esa/merlib/eupdf/Energy-Unlimited-No-016.pdf
Just change the issue number ( eg., No-01.pdf, -03, 04 &c ) to read each issue.
https://archive.org/details/keelyhisdiscover00moorrich
Keely and his discoveries; aerial
navigation
by
Moore, Bloomfield H., Mrs. (Clara Jessup), 1824-1899
by
Moore, Bloomfield H., Mrs. (Clara Jessup), 1824-1899
http://merlib.org/mirror/keelynet/biology/alz_res
http://.www.KeelyNET/ALZ&RES.ASC
THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM QUANTUM DECAY AND
THE ONSET OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AS A FUNCTION OF 60Hz SCALAR
RESONANCE.
Alzheimer's Disease, as we all know, is a progressive, incurable, debilitating illness, characterized by confusion and memory loss.
It normally affects older persons, whose bones have begun to decalcify,and who have been found to have higher than normal amounts of aluminun in their brain cells.
From the research of Dr. H.S. Lewis in the 1930's, we have learned that the resonant frequency of calcium is 120Hz. Walter Russell, in his resonance based Periodic Chart of the Elements, has shown that elements occur as "notes" on an octave.
Research by Les Brown of Canada has shown that elements decay in quantum steps, from the same note on one octave to a lower octave. In other words, zinc decays into calcium, which decays into aluminum, and the resonant frequency drops accordingly, from 240Hz, to 120Hz, to 60Hz. This is shown on Russell's chart as the E note, going from octaves seven to six to five.
Various means of resonating an element can cause the quantum decay, as demonstrated by Les Brown. Resonantly exciting an element increases the motion, friction and heat of the atomic particles, pushing the element closer to decay.
Every electrical power cord that is plugged into a wall outlet, whether it is conducting current or not, is emitting a scalar wave of 120Hz, which is exactly double the frequency of the 60Hz wall current. All AC powered electrical appliances, power lines, televisions, computers, etc., emit the same 120Hz scalar wave.
The human brain, comprised of two halves, is a scalar receiver. It is possible that the naturally occuring decalcification process is being unnaturally affected by exposure to artificially created scalar energy, hastening the decay of calcium into aluminum. This would become the onset of Alzheimers Disease.
If this is true, then there is also a cure, a sort of "fur of the dog" analogy, via resonating the aluminum to hasten its decay. This would be done through creation of a 30Hz AC signal, emitting 60Hz scalar energy, to eliminate the aluminum.
The aluminum would become lithium, which has been shown to have the exact opposite effect as aluminum, ie, increased awareness, heightened memory, etc.
This would seem to have a double benefit, in that the 30Hz AC would encourage a Beta state (see MIND13.ASC) to increase awareness, while the 60Hz scalar energy would help to reduce the aluminum in the cells.
I realize that there will be much opposition to this theory, as the 60Hz energy which we all use is so prevalent in our society. Because we have all been assured that it is "harmless" in normal radiation, we may not want to believe otherwise. We can at least begin to gather data, by asking the following questions:
1. Is the rate of Alzheimer's on a per capita basis the same, in both developed and undeveloped countries?
2. Is there any difference in the per capita rate between countries which use 60Hz current, and those who use 50Hz current?
3. Has the per capita rate of this country increased since the turn of the century, with the "electrification" of the nation?
4. Is the rate of occurance greater in areas which have more energy "in the air", such as along power line routes, around generating stations, etc.
More research is needed, obviously, but I believe that the potential is promising.
Joel McClain
May 6, 1994
Addendae to the T.J.J. : See Wave Theory of Gravity @ Rex Research ( http://www.rexresearch.com/see/see.htm )
http://documents.mx/documents/wave-theory-of-gravity-vol-1-by-t-j-j-see.html
Wave-Theory -- Discovery of the Cause of
Gravitation ( Vol 1 )
https://ia600407.us.archive.org/15/items/cu31924012325399/cu31924012325399.pdf
Electrodynamic wave-theory of physical
forces ...
announcing the discovery of the physical cause of magnetism, of electrodynamic action, and of universal gravitation ( Vol. 2 )
announcing the discovery of the physical cause of magnetism, of electrodynamic action, and of universal gravitation ( Vol. 2 )
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Jackson_See
Thomas Jefferson Jackson (T. J. J.) See (February 19, 1866 – July 4, 1962) was an American astronomer perceived to have high potential but is generally agreed upon to have ended a colorful life with no real accomplishment in astronomy or physics. He was known for a career dogged by plagiarism, being fired from two observatory staffs, grand egotistical claims, being 'exiled' to an isolated outpost, and his vitriolic attacks on relativity…
A classic :
https://archive.org/details/TheManualOfFreeEnergyDevicesAndSystemsVolumeII
"The Manual Of Free Energy Devices And
Systems [ Volume II]"
by
D.A. KELLY
by
D.A. KELLY
Rex-ommended Viewing :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TisxfLCAz8E
Hungarian Top Economist: CIVIL WAR IS
COMING 2016. 01. 08
Zsolt Bayer, Hungarian journalist, publicist, and co-founder of Hungary's currently ruling political party, and Dr. László Bogár, former politician and leading economist, discuss the Cologne sexual assualts committed by migrants on New Year's Eve, 2016.
The Rothschild Regime Redux :
http://www.thefutureevent.com/Ark.htm
Ark of the Covenant
It is Found! [ @ Mt Pisgah, Jordan ]
(Photograph taken by Tom Crotser, used by permission)
The Ark of the Covenant has been a hidden mystery stored away for over 2,500 years. Jeremiah was instructed by God to hide the ark until an appointed time of Gods choosing. This is the time for the ark to be revealed….
Elijah, Rothschilds, and the Ark of the
Covenant
by
Tom Crotser
by
Tom Crotser
Restoration Press (1984)Restoration Press (1984)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpFopWtcu8E
Newtown NUKE! Sandy Hook FAKE FBI On TV
(Smoking Gun PROOF), NEW Footage
10 TV NETWORKS SHOW "DAVID WHEELER" (SANDY HOOK FATHER) PLAYING ROLE OF SANDY HOOK "FBI SNIPER." WHEELER IS CAUGHT RED-HANDED ON CHANNEL 8, PRETENDING HE'S SWAT SNIPER (NEW FOOTAGE).
"Ashtar" gets his ass tarred & feathered :
http://www.ascensionearth2012.org/2016/01/message-from-greg-giles-channeled.html?spref=fb
Greg Giles - 'Channeled Messages' &
their Link to Mind Control Programs
Hello everyone. I will be taking down this blog shortly in the days ahead as I do not want to see anyone else entrapped in the horrible U.S. government PSYOPS (psychological operations) program that had lured me into it's trap some years ago and has refused release of it's clench on me and my life. At this time, I am leaving this blog up simply to get this message out to the remaining visitors, and hope they will help share this message far and wide and reach those who have formally followed my work. (I have been unable to delete the associated content, as PSYOPS agents have successfully hacked this Blogger program.) The so-called 'channeled messages' I received claiming to be from my soul family from the stars were in fact simple radio waves sent by U.S. government agents, allegedly from the military industrial complex, working in concert with volunteers, many of which are secret society members who help propagate enormous numbers of hoaxed news stories of UFOs and related space news, building a backdrop for a PSYOPS program that lures science and spirituality-minded individuals such as myself into their web. This program, commonly referred to as electronic harassment, has destroyed my life completely and continues to devastate my life until this very day, but I am certainly not alone, as the number of victims, known as targeted individuals, or TI's for short, grows exponentially each day.
The electronic harassment operators are relentless, showing little or no mercy, keeping me under total surveillance, tormenting me, torturing me, and attempting to reprogram my mind as I sleep, turning my dreams into nightmares, effectively altering my behavior and free will choices as I continue through the mercifully final days of what was once my life. They have also in the past, and again very recently, scarred my body with their electromagnetic/microwave neuroweapon technology in a successful effort to control and negate my relationship with a woman who is now gone from my life.
There is no recourse I have been able to uncover to shelter from this evil program. Their weaponry envelopes us and follows us everywhere, sharing space with cell phone towers all throughout the U.S. and the entire globe, soaking our airwaves with the digital information of their hellish nightmare. There exists endless documentation throughout the internet concerning government mind control programs and the technology used against the people, and it is advisable to familiarize yourself with this technology, as the spread of knowledge is our best and only defense against this despicable evil that will not stop until every last member of our society is a prisoner of his or her own altered mind. That is their sick and twisted plan - the construction of the dystopian nightmare forewarned by George Orwell throughout the pages of his prophetic Nineteen Eighty Four.
My advice to all is to stay clear of all these stories of UFOs, extraterrestrials, channeled messages, and psychic mediums speaking to the dead, as these fictitious news accounts and dubious television programs are a direct part of, or at the least stand as compliment to, the hugely encompassing plan to desensitize and familiarize the public to synthetic telepathic communication, a simple but very effective feat of technology essential to mind control reprogramming. (I personally believe we come from somewhere in this universe and we are also not alone, but this is a subject matter useless and dangerous to explore at this present time, as a vast majority of the related news stories are complete hoaxes devised solely for use as backdrop for these mind control programs. I also feel there may be a number of differing programs, though all earthly conceived by human hoaxers, that list among their tools so-called channeled messages, and not all may conceal mind control at the heart of their agenda. I can only speak of the program of which I became an unsuspecting participant.)
I humbly and sincerely apologize to anyone and everyone who has followed my work as a so-called channel of the Galactic Federation and the Ashtar Command. There is no denying my complicity, and I accept full responsibility for my actions. Soon I will be judged by our true higher powers in this universe, and may God have mercy on my soul for helping steer so many of you so far astray and into the clutches of this devilish, life destroying mind control program. I am forever truly sorry.
Greg Giles
A good read :
http://www.whale.to/b/lyne.pdf
Pentagon Aliens
by
William Lyne
by
William Lyne
http://www.themeasuringsystemofthegods.com/Lyne-Occult.ether.physics-Tesla's.hidden.space.propulsion.sy.pdf
Occult Ether Physics
by
William Lyne
by
William Lyne
Tesla's hidden space propulsion system and the conspiracy to conceal it
There's a Navy saying
: "The Stupid will be punished"
That means You, USA
( United State of Advertizing }
That means You, USA
( United State of Advertizing }
http://news.yale.edu/2016/01/11/life-extending-hormone-bolsters-body-s-immune-function
January 11, 2016
Life-extending hormone bolsters the body’s
immune function
by
Karen N. Peart
by
Karen N. Peart
A hormone that extends lifespan in mice by 40% is produced by specialized cells in the thymus gland, according to a new study by Yale School of Medicine researchers. The team also found that increasing the levels of this hormone, called FGF21, protects against the loss of immune function that comes with age.
Published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Jan. 11, the study’s findings have future implications for improving immune function in the elderly, for obesity, and for illnesses such as cancer and type-2 diabetes.
When functioning normally, the thymus produces new T cells for the immune system, but with age, the thymus becomes fatty and loses its ability to produce new T cells. This loss of new T cells in the body is one cause of increased risk of infections and certain cancers in the elderly.
Led by Vishwa Deep Dixit, professor of comparative medicine and immunobiology at Yale School of Medicine, the researchers studied transgenic mice with elevated levels of FGF21. The team knocked out the gene’s function and studied the impact of decreasing levels of FGF21 on the immune system. They found that increasing the levels of FGF21 in old mice protected the thymus from age-related fatty degeneration and increased the ability of the thymus to produce new T cells, while FGF21 deficiency accelerated the degeneration of the thymus in old mice.
“We found that FGF21 levels in thymic epithelial cells is several fold higher than in the liver — therefore FGF21 acts within the thymus to promote T cell production,” said Dixit.
“Elevating the levels of FGF21 in the elderly or in cancer patients who undergo bone marrow transplantation may be an additional strategy to increase T cell production, and thus bolster immune function,” said Dixit.
Dixit added that FGF21 is produced in the liver as an endocrine hormone. Its levels increase when calories are restricted to allow fats to be burned when glucose levels are low. FGF21 is a metabolic hormone that improves insulin sensitivity and also induces weight loss; therefore it is being studied for its therapeutic effects in type-2 diabetes and obesity.
Dixit said further studies will focus on understanding how FGF21 protects the thymus from aging, and whether elevating FGF21 pharmacologically can extend the human healthspan and lower the incidence of disease caused by age-related loss of immune function.
“We will also look to developing a way to mimic calorie restriction to enhance immune function without actually reducing caloric intake.”
Other authors on the study include Yun-Hee Youm, Tamas Horvath, David Mangelsdorf, and Steven Kliewer.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/01/06/1514511113
Prolongevity hormone FGF21 protects against
immune senescence by delaying age-related thymic involution
Yun-Hee Youma, Tamas L. Horvath, David J. Mangelsdorf, Steven A. Kliewer, and Vishwa Deep Dixita
Yun-Hee Youma, Tamas L. Horvath, David J. Mangelsdorf, Steven A. Kliewer, and Vishwa Deep Dixita
Significance
Liver-derived metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) improves insulin sensitivity and extends lifespan in mice. Aging also compromises the adaptive immune system by reducing T-cell production from the thymus. In this paper, we describe a new immunological function of FGF21 as a regulator of T-cell production from thymus in aging. The overexpression of FGF21 prevents thymic lipoatrophy, which protects the mice from age-induced loss of naïve T cells. FGF21 expression in thymic epithelial cells and signaling in thymic stromal cells support thymic function in aging. Loss of FGF21 in mice increases lethality postirradiation and delays the reconstitution of thymus. Hence, we highlight FGF21 as an immunometabolic regulator that can be harnessed to delay immune senescence.
Bitcoin Bytes the Dust :
http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?88258-Bitcoin-has-failed--from-a-former-key-Bitcoin-developer-Mike-Hearn-Jan-2016-&s=c84da84c3723c9c60e3f6f263beb2494
Bitcoin has failed (from a former key
Bitcoin developer, Mike Hearn, Jan 2016)
Three days ago, one of the better known Bitcoin developers, Mike Hearn, announced that he had quit bitcoin, ceased all development activity on it, sold all his coins, and determined that the Bitcoin experiment had failed.
Two basic properties of Bitcoin technology and community led to this failure (in my summation of Mike's analysis):
Maintaining distributed control required that many users and miners downloaded and verified the entire chain of blocks that defined all bitcoin transactions. This becomes increasingly expensive to do, and is now limiting world-wide bitcoin transactions to a few per second, in total, with processing delays ranging from one to eighteen hours.
Proposed technical fixes (or even bandaids) to this problem are impossible, because a handful (as in two to ten or so) Chinese miners dominate the entire Bitcoin infrastructure and have chosen to ban, prohibit, attack with massive Denial of Service attacks, and otherwise, by all necessary means, block discussion or implementation of any such changes.
In my view, such block chain technology, requiring all participants to either actively maintain their own updating copy of a world-wide, eternally growing, database, or if they don't do so locally on their own smart phone, to trust some service or vendor company to do so for them, inevitably become centralized under the control of whichever participants acquire the dominant computing and communications infrastructure.
Bitcoin is now hitting this wall. It's a walking dead man.
With a recent change that allows someone who just sent a bitcoin to another to retract that transaction, up until whenever that transaction shows up on the master block list, hours later, Bitcoins are no longer even a reliable means of payment. You can buy something, pay for it with Bitcoin, walk away with the goods in hand, and then cancel the payment.
https://medium.com/@octskyward/the-resolution-of-the-bitcoin-experiment-dabb30201f7#.h7bl9nufy
The resolution of the Bitcoin experiment
by
Mike Hearn
by
Mike Hearn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0cLfD9pHkY
WARNING/LARGE AMOUNTS OF RADIATION EJECTING
FROM LA METHANE LEAK
.Experts: Multiple types of radioactive material constantly being emitted from LA gas blowout — “I’d be running like hell” — “We are getting higher and higher levels…it’s accumulating” — “Poisons spreading through entire San Fernando Valley” home to 2 million people — “Thousands getting sick… it really is a major, major disaster
http://enenews.com/experts-multiple-types-radioactive-material-being-continuously-emitted-la-gas-blowout-accumulating-getting-higher-higher-levels-poisons-all-moving-down-spreading-entire-san-fernando-valley-th
http://enenews.com/tv-reports-radioactive-material-being-released-massive-gas-blowout-la-byproduct-uranium-expert-lot-being-measured-area-very-dangerous-be-coming-ground-peoples-living-rooms-bedrooms-nurseries
TV: Radioactive material reportedly now being released from massive gas blowout in LA — Byproduct of Uranium — Expert: “A lot” has been detected in area… Very dangerous… May be coming up from ground into people’s homes — Official: Levels can cause “significant long-term health effects”
UPDATE -- 12 January
https://boingboing.net/2015/12/08/free-energy-for-sale-steorn.html
Free energy for sale: Steorn's
impossible Orbo hits the market
Last week a small company in Dublin called Steorn started taking orders for their USB phone charger. It's on the large side, and is only good for two or three smartphone charges per day, or one tablet charge. So then, why are they asking 1200 euros (about $1275) each for them? Well, for one thing, you don't have to plug them in. But there are other, much cheaper chargers that draw their power from sunlight or some other source and never need to be plugged in. With Steorn's OCube charger you're not paying for convenience, you're paying to be one of the first to own a device that does the impossible -- and that might be on the verge of revolutionizing science and technology.
Or at least, that's what Steorn would have us believe.
The OCube is the latest iteration of Steorn's Orbo technology. According to Steorn's CEO Shaun McCarthy, engineers there were working up a design for a wind-driven generator to power ATM security cameras back in 2003, when they stumbled upon a strange effect: the generators were putting out more power than they were taking in. Steorn spent the next few years ruling out potential sources of experimental error, and then trying to understand the theoretical basis of the anomaly. Finally they convinced themselves that there was no getting around the conclusion that they'd invented a perpetual motion machine. They'd found a loophole in the way that magnetic fields interact that allowed the law of conservation of energy to be broken, and caused so-called "free energy" to be generated: energy from nothing… [ &c ]
https://mesenaatti.me/en/steornin-ikiliikkujatekniikan-tutkimusprojekti/
Steorn’s “never-die-battery”
research & documentary project
We are looking for a funding to our research project. Our goal is to find out how Steorn "free energy device" works. We are collaborating here with researchers from Aalto University, Finland.
Steorn is a small engineering company based in Dublin, Ireland who in the course of working with magnets for operating security cameras noticed an anomaly that they could not understand. Further research led them to conclude that it was possible to extract an energy gain from certain types of magnetic interactions, and that this gain could be turned into useful energy. They named this energy production technology Orbo.
The implications of this are monumental. What types of machinery and technologies could be powered by Orbo? The possibilities reach as far as the imagination. So what if Steorn is breaking the laws of physics?
In August 2006, Steorn published an advertisement in the Economist magazine announcing they had discovered a means of producing “free, clean, and constant energy”, and they asked for scientists to apply to be part of a jury that would look at their technology and publish a verdict on it.
In June 2009 the jury of 22 members published a statement concluding that Steorn had not shown a production of energy, and that the jury was ceasing its work. Meanwhile, Steorn had taken other paths to try to demonstrate its claims. In July 2007 they scheduled a demonstration of an Orbo device at the Kinetica Museum in London; however, when the time came to show the device, it didn’t work. Steorn’s CEO Shaun McCarthy explained at the time, that for some unknown reason the bearings had broken, causing the device to fail. The public demonstration was cancelled.
During December 2009-January 2010 Steorn held public demonstrations and lectures about Orbo at the Waterways Visitor Center in Dublin. After the Waterways event, there was very little further public outreach from Steorn, apart from occasional interviews, mainly in the Irish press.
In May 2015 an Orbo device described as a powercube, or “never-die-battery” was deployed for field testing in Slattery’s Pub in Dublin, and a staff member at Slattery’s reported some of his experiences on Facebook. He said that customers and staff were able to fully charge their mobile devices from the Orbo device without it running down.
Liquid Solutions, the only Irish producer of certified e juice for e cigarettes, announced 27 October 2015 it has licensed the revolutionary Orbo battery technology from Steorn to deliver an e cigarette that never needs charging. On 29 September 2015, Steorn announced that it would soon begin a series of live online webinars showcasing the Orbo technology.
The second O-Cube webinar will take place on Wednesday, December 2nd, 2015 at 19:00 GMT. The webinar will include user testimonials, an overview of some products in development and details on how to purchase the O-cube.
Researchers at Aalto University in Finland are waiting to get their hands on steorn device and Shadow Camera documentary film crew is looking forward to get funding for our Steorn project to prove if Steorns claims are valid…
First part of the documentary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApNhNQMGpHI
http://orbo.com/
[ Sold out
http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2016/01/corrupt-american-government.html
January 5, 2016
How Corrupt Is the American
Government?
http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2014/05/6-years-financial-crisis-hit-big-banks-still-committing-massive-crimes.html
May 3, 2014
6 Years After the Financial
Crisis Hit, The Big Banks Are Still Committing
Massive Crimes
http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2011/10/do-we-need-banks-or-can-we-cut-out-the-middleman.html
October 10, 2011
Do We Need Banks, Or Can We
Cut Out the Middleman?
http://www.activistpost.com/2015/01/an-indisputable-database-for-chemtrail.html
January 28, 2015
An Indisputable Database for
Chemtrail Deniers
by
Catherine Frompovich
by
Catherine Frompovich
https://uofa.ualberta.ca/news-and-events/newsarticles/2014/march/rare-mineral-points-to-vast-oceans-beneath-the-earth
March 12, 2014
Rare mineral points to vast
'oceans' beneath the Earth
First terrestrial discovery of ringwoodite confirms presence of massive amounts of water 400 to 700 km beneath the Earth’s surface.
By
Bryan Alary
First terrestrial discovery of ringwoodite confirms presence of massive amounts of water 400 to 700 km beneath the Earth’s surface.
By
Bryan Alary
It might be the ugliest diamond you’ll ever see, but within this brown sliver of carbon is a gem of a find for a University of Alberta scientist working to unravel an ocean-sized mystery deep beneath the Earth.
An international team of scientists led by Graham Pearson, Canada Excellence Research Chair in Arctic Resources at the U of A, has discovered the first-ever sample of a mineral called ringwoodite. Analysis of the mineral shows it contains a significant amount of water—1.5 per cent of its weight—a finding that confirms scientific theories about vast volumes of water trapped 410 to 660 kilometres beneath the Earth, between the upper and lower mantle.
“This sample really provides extremely strong confirmation that there are local wet spots deep in the Earth in this area,” said Pearson, a professor in the Faculty of Science, whose findings were published March 13 in Nature. “That particular zone in the Earth, the transition zone, might have as much water as all the world’s oceans put together.”
Ringwoodite is a form of the mineral peridot, believed to exist in large quantities under high pressures in the transition zone. Ringwoodite has been found in meteorites but, until now, no terrestrial sample has ever been unearthed because scientists haven’t been able to conduct fieldwork at extreme depths.
Pearson’s sample was found in 2008 in the Juina area of Mato Grosso, Brazil, where artisan miners unearthed the host diamond from shallow river gravels. The diamond had been brought to the Earth’s surface by a volcanic rock known as kimberlite—the most deeply derived of all volcanic rocks.
The discovery that almost wasn’t
Pearson said the discovery was almost accidental in that his team had been looking for another mineral when they paid about $20 for a three-millimetre-wide, dirty-looking brown diamond. The ringwoodite itself is invisible to the naked eye, buried beneath the surface, so it was fortunate that it was found by Pearson’s graduate student, John McNeill, in 2009.
It’s so small, this inclusion, it’s extremely difficult to find, never mind work on,” Pearson said, “so it was a bit of a piece of luck, this discovery, as are many scientific discoveries.”
The sample underwent years of analysis using Raman and infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction before it was officially confirmed as ringwoodite. The critical water measurements were performed at Pearson’s Arctic Resources Geochemistry Laboratory at the U of A. The laboratory forms part of the world-renowned Canadian Centre for Isotopic Microanalysis, also home to the world’s largest academic diamond research group. he study is a great example of a modern international collaboration with some of the top leaders from various fields, including the Geoscience Institute at Goethe University, University of Padova, Durham University, University of Vienna, Trigon GeoServices and Ghent University.
For Pearson, one of the world’s leading authorities in the study of deep Earth diamond host rocks, the discovery ranks among the most significant of his career, confirming about 50 years of theoretical and experimental work by geophysicists, seismologists and other scientists trying to understand the makeup of the Earth’s interior.
Scientists have been deeply divided about the composition of the transition zone and whether it is full of water or desert-dry. Knowing water exists beneath the crust has implications for the study of volcanism and plate tectonics, affecting how rock melts, cools and shifts below the crust.
“One of the reasons the Earth is such a dynamic planet is because of the presence of some water in its interior,” Pearson said. “Water changes everything about the way a planet works.”
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v507/n7491/full/nature13080.html
Nature 507, 221–224 (13 March 2014)
doi:10.1038/nature13080
Hydrous mantle transition zone
indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond
D. G. Pearson, et al.
D. G. Pearson, et al.
The ultimate origin of water in the Earth’s hydrosphere is in the deep Earth—the mantle. Theory1 and experiments2, 3, 4 have shown that although the water storage capacity of olivine-dominated shallow mantle is limited, the Earth’s transition zone, at depths between 410 and 660 kilometres, could be a major repository for water, owing to the ability of the higher-pressure polymorphs of olivine—wadsleyite and ringwoodite—to host enough water to comprise up to around 2.5 per cent of their weight. A hydrous transition zone may have a key role in terrestrial magmatism and plate tectonics5, 6, 7, yet despite experimental demonstration of the water-bearing capacity of these phases, geophysical probes such as electrical conductivity have provided conflicting results8, 9, 10, and the issue of whether the transition zone contains abundant water remains highly controversial11. Here we report X-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopic data that provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence for the terrestrial occurrence of any higher-pressure polymorph of olivine: we find ringwoodite included in a diamond from Juína, Brazil. The water-rich nature of this inclusion, indicated by infrared absorption, along with the preservation of the ringwoodite, is direct evidence that, at least locally, the transition zone is hydrous, to about 1 weight per cent. The finding also indicates that some kimberlites must have their primary sources in this deep mantle region.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12603-014-0569-2
A cross sectional study of the
association between walnut consumption and cognitive
function among adult us populations represented in
NHANES
L. Arab , A. Ang
L. Arab , A. Ang
Abstract
Objective
To examine the association between walnut consumption and measures of cognitive function in the US population.
Design
Nationally representative cross sectional study using 24 hour dietary recalls of intakes to assess walnut and other nut consumption as compared to the group reporting no nut consumption.
Setting
1988–1994 and 1999–2002 rounds of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Population
Representative weighted sample of US adults 20 to 90 years of age. Main Outcome Measure: The Neurobehavioral Evaluation System 2 (NES2), consisting of simple reaction time (SRTT), symbol digit substitution (SDST), the single digit learning (SDLT), Story Recall (SRT) and digit-symbol substitution (DSST) tests.
Results
Adults 20–59 years old reporting walnut consumption of an average of 10.3 g/d required 16.4ms less time to respond on the SRTT, P=0.03, and 0.39s less for the SDST, P=0.01. SDLT scores were also significantly lower by 2.38s (P=0.05). Similar results were obtained when tertiles of walnut consumption were examined in trend analyses. Significantly better outcomes were noted in all cognitive test scores among those with higher walnut consumption (P < 0.01). Among adults 60 years and older, walnut consumers averaged 13.1 g/d, scored 7.1 percentile points higher, P=0.03 on the SRT and 7.3 percentile points higher on the DSST, P=0.05. Here also trend analyses indicate significant improvements in all cognitive test scores (P < 0.01) except for SRTT (P = 0.06) in the fully adjusted models.
Conclusion
These significant, positive associations between walnut consumption and cognitive functions among all adults, regardless of age, gender or ethnicity suggest that daily walnut intake may be a simple beneficial dietary behavior.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160108083918.htm
January 8, 2016
Gravitation under human
control?
Physicist proposes using magnetic fields to produce and detect gravitational fields
Physicist proposes using magnetic fields to produce and detect gravitational fields
Summary: Produce and detect gravitational fields at will using magnetic fields, control them for studying them, work with them to produce new technologies -- it sounds daring, but one physicist has proposed just that in a new article. If followed, this proposal could transform physics and shake up Einstein's theory of general relativity.
Produce and detect gravitational fields at will using magnetic fields, control them for studying them, work with them to produce new technologies -- it sounds daring, but Prof. André Füzfa of Namur University has proposed just that in an article published in the scientific journal Physical Review D. If followed, this proposal could transform physics and shake up Einstein's theory of general relativity.
At present, scientists study gravitational fields passively: they observe and try to understand existing gravitational fields produced by large inertial masses, such as stars or Earth, without being able to change them as is done, for example, with magnetic fields. It was this frustration that led Füzfa to attempt a revolutionary approach: creating gravitational fields at will from well-controlled magnetic fields and observing how these magnetic fields could bend space-time.
In his article, Füzfa has proposed, with supporting mathematical proof, a device with which to create detectable gravitational fields. This device is based on superconducting electromagnets and therefore relies on technologies routinely used, for example, at CERN or the ITER reactor.
Although this experiment would require major resources, if conducted, it could be used to test Einstein's theory of general relativity. If successful, it would certainly be a major step forward in physics: the ability to produce, detect and, ultimately, control gravitational fields. People could then produce gravitational interaction in the same way as the other three fundamental interactions (e.g. electromagnetic and strong and weak nuclear forces). That would usher gravitation into a new experimental and industrial era.
Until now, a scientific advance like this was a dream of science fiction, but it could open up many new applications tomorrow, for example in the field of telecommunications with gravitational waves: imagine calling the other side of the world without going through satellite or terrestrial relays!
http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.00333
How current loops and
solenoids curve space-time
A. Füzfa
A. Füzfa
The curved space-time around current loops and solenoids carrying arbitrarily large steady electric currents is obtained from the numerical resolution of the coupled Einstein-Maxwell equations in cylindrical symmetry. The artificial gravitational field associated to the generation of a magnetic field produces gravitational redshift of photons and deviation of light. Null geodesics in the curved space-time of current loops and solenoids are also presented. We finally propose an experimental setup, achievable with current technology of superconducting coils, that produces a phase shift of light of the same order of magnitude than astrophysical signals in ground-based gravitational wave observatories.
Drone
Jammers
http://www.qrz.ru/schemes/contribute/security/jammers/drone-jammer.pdf
http://www.freelandbrothers.com/remote_control_rf.asp
http://skinnypuppy.com/p/drone_blocker/
http://www.instructables.com/id/RF-Jammer/
http://ctstechnologys.com/how-to-diy-a-drones-jammer.html
http://www.dutchnewsdesign.com/dronejournalism/drone-data-intercepted-by-hackers-security-data-thieves-governements/
http://www.fromthetrenchesworldreport.com/how-to-build-a-radiodrone-jammer/34089
http://privat.bahnhof.se/wb907234/killuav.htm
http://hackaday.com/2015/10/24/radio-jamming-rifle-claimed-to-disable-drones/
George Washington Letters to George Washington Snyder, October 24, 1798 / September 25, 1798 -- Mentioning the Illuminati :
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/P?mgw:1:./temp/~ammem_ojn1::
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/P?mgw:2:./temp/~ammem_ojn1::
The Writings of George
Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources,
1745-1799.
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Mount Vernon, October 24, 1798.
Revd Sir: I have your favor of the 17th. instant before me; and my only motive to trouble you with the receipt of this letter, is to explain, and correct a mistake which I perceive the hurry in which I am obliged, often, to write letters, have led you into.
It was not my intention to doubt that, the Doctrines of the Illuminati, and principles of Jacobinism had not spread in the United States. On the contrary, no one is more truly satisfied of this fact than I am.
The idea that I meant to convey, was, that I did not believe that the Lodges of Free Masons in this Country had, as Societies, endeavoured to propagate the diabolical tenets of the first, or pernicious principles of the latter (if they are susceptible of seperation). That Individuals of them may have done it, or that the founder, or instrument employed to found, the Democratic Societies in the United States, may have had these objects; and actually had a seperation of the People from their Government in view, is too evident to be questioned.
My occupations are such, that but little leisure is allowed me to read News Papers, or Books of any kind; the reading of letters, and preparing answers, absorb much of my time. With respect, etc.
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1798.
Sir: Many apologies are due to you, for my not acknowledging the receipt of your obliging favour of the 22d. Ulto, and for not thanking you, at an earlier period, for the Book8 you had the goodness to send me.
[Note 8: Proofs of a Conspiracy &c, by John Robison.]
I have heard much of the nefarious, and dangerous plan, and doctrines of the Illuminati, but never saw the Book until you were pleased to send it to me.9 The same causes which have prevented my acknowledging the receipt of your letter have prevented my reading the Book, hitherto; namely, the multiplicity of matters which pressed upon me before, and the debilitated state in which I was left after, a severe fever had been removed. And which allows me to add little more now, than thanks for your kind wishes and favourable sentiments, except to correct an error you have run into, of my Presiding over the English lodges in this Country. The fact is, I preside over none, nor have I been in one more than once or twice, within the last thirty years. I believe notwithstanding, that none of the Lodges in this Country are contaminated with the principles ascribed to the Society of the Illuminati. With respect I am &c.
[Note 9: In a letter from Snyder (Aug. 22, 1798, which is in the Washington Papers), it is stated that this book "gives a full Account of a Society of Free-Masons, that distinguishes itself by the Name of 'Illuminati,' whose Plan is to overturn all Government and all Religion, even natural."]
http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,346222,346270#msg-346270
December 23, 2014
June 3, 2016 - The Mayan Calendar Is Off By 3 1/2 Years!
by
Revelator Stargate
Revelator Stargate
The baktun is 144,000 days.
There are 13 baktuns in the Mayan Calendar.
144,000 days x 13 baktuns = 1,872,000 solar days
Now the Gregorian calendar solar year is 365.2425
The Julian calendar solar year is 365.25
The Haab Mayan calendar solar year is 365
1,872,000 days/365.2425 (Gregorian solar year) = 5125.36 years
1,872,000 days/365.25 (Julian solar year) = 5125.256 years
and then here is the big difference….
1,872,000 days/365 (Haab solar year) = 5128.76 years
Subtract 5128.76 years (Haab) from 5125.256 years (Julian) =
READY……..
=3.504 year difference and that makes 1260 days
This would mean that Dec 8th, 2012 (Julian calendar) is actually May 21st, 2016 (Mayan Haab calendar). Dec. 8th, 2012 plus 1260 days = 5/21/2016
or Dec. 21st, 2012 (Gregorian) is actually June 3rd, 2016 (Mayan Haab calendar). Dec. 21st, 2012 plus 1260 days = June 3, 2016
They are not counting the days by true Mayan Haab 365 solar days but instead using the Gregorian and Julian solar days to arrive to the dates of Dec. 8th, 2012 (Julian) and Dec. 21st, 2012 (Gregorian) which shouldn’t have been done this way!
http://in5d.com/june-3-2016-the-mayan-calendar-is-off-by-3-12-years/
In5D Addendum
Gregg Prescott, M.S.
Editor, In5D.com
...I find it interesting that religious zealots have also mentioned this date of June 3, 2016 in relation to the day the “Antichrist” returns:
http://endtimesand2019.webs.com/
The research for my previous book (End Times and 2019, by David Monaigne) leads me to conclude that the first three and a half years, although full of problems like earthquakes and wars and rumors of wars – will not be intense enough to make anyone assume the world is ending. Only the second three and a half years will clearly be “great tribulation.” That being said, the final seven years already began on December 21, 2012 – when plans were made for the “Covenant of Peoples” tour in Israel and the Mayan Long Count ended. When Daniel talks about a midpoint halfway through these seven years, I believe he is referring to June 2016. The duration of his first time period is repeated often using different phrases to avoid possible misinterpretation. “Time, times, and half a time” are considered to be three and a half years, or 42 months, or “1260 days” using 42 months of 30 days each. Adding Daniel’s next number of “1290 days” gets us within a few days of an exact seven years in total – but it still leaves us with an extra 3 days of darkness to add to each half to reach an exact seven years. The two witnesses will lie dead in the street for three days at the end of the second half. I believe the extra 3 days at the end of the first three and a half years can be explained by an assassination attempt on the Antichrist exactly 1260 days into Daniel’s 70th week on June 3, 2016. He will appear to be mortally wounded at first, but in a tragic mockery of Christ’s resurrection, he will rise fully healed 3 days later, and present himself at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem as God on earth on June 6, 2016.
http://sputniknews.com/africa/20160107/1032814511/gaddafi-blair-warning-islamic-extremists-libya.html
Gaddafi's
Grim Prophecy Fulfills as Terrorism
Spreads Across Europe
Turns out Colonel Muammar Gaddafi was right when he told former British Prime Minister Tony Blair that if his regime failed then Islamic extremists would attack Europe, leaked phone conversations between the two leaders revealed, according to the Telegraph.
Gaddafi tried to explain Tony Blair in two phone conversations in February 2011 that if foreign powers helped Libyan rebels to overthrow his government then next thing Europeans would know jihadists would carry out terrorist attacks across the European continent.
"It's a Jihad situation. They have arms and are terrorizing people in the street… Can't reason with them. They keep saying things like Mohammad is the profit [the Prophet]. Similar to Bin Laden," Gaddafi told Blaire, according to excerpts from their 2011 phone conversation, the Telegraph reported.
Due to negligent policies of Western countries Libya is on the verge of being engulfed by terrorism and becoming the new stronghold of Daesh (Islamic State), Olivier d’Auzon wrote for Le Huffington Post.
Gaddafi also welcomed foreign journalists to come over to Libya and see the situation for themselves, so the world would know the truth about those so-called "rebels" who eventually toppled his government.
"Need to explain to the international community. Reporters can come to make sure this is the truth, they are welcome," Gaddafi told the former Prime Minister.
When Blair told Gaddafi to step down as the head of the state, the former Libyan leader insisted that he was defending his country and the entire North African coast from Islamic extremists.
"We are not fighting them, they are attacking us… The story is simply this: an organization has laid down sleeping cells in North Africa. Called the Al-Qaeda Organization in North Africa," Gaddafi said.
During his second conversation with Blair, in which the former British Prime Minister re-iterated that Gaddafi must step down to bring peaceful changes to his country, Gaddafi refused to leave and said he'd have to arm troops loyal to him to crush jihadist groups taking over Libya and the Mediterranean Sea.
"Libyan people will die, damage will be on the med, Europe and the whole world these armed groups are using the situation as a justification — and we shall fight them," Gaddafi said, according to excerpts from their 2011 phone conversation with Blair, the Telegraph reported.
In the end, Gaddafi's words were ignored and three weeks later NATO began bombing the Libyan Armed Forces, which soon led to the overthrow of the Libyan government.
After Gaddafi's government was overthrown and Colonel himself killed, the country failed to form a stable government and Libya descended into chaos. Various groups of Islamic extremists, including Daesh (Islamic State), took advantage of the situation and increased their influence in the country.
Gaddafi's warnings were prophetic. In fact, he predicted everything. As soon as Libya fell into the hands of Islamic extremists, the country became the hotbed of terrorism. In November 2015, Daesh terrorists carried out a series of terrorist attacks in Paris killing 130 people and injuring 368. At the same time, a growing number of jihadists are said to be crossing into Europe from North Africa.
P.S. --Nostradamus warned you :
http://www.rexresearch.com/nostrjih/nostra.htm
This is Bible-Banging Ranting at its best -- and highly accurate prophecy that is being fulfilled today :
David Wilkerson : The Vision
https://vimeo.com/21023560
https://archive.org/details/siv_1973_Prophecy_The_Vision_by_d_Wilkerson
1973 Prophecy - The Vision by
David Wilkerson
http://thestrongdelusion.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=452&Itemid=2
The Vision by David Wilkerson
Many Years ago a Preacher by the name of David Wilkerson had a vision from God and in a book titled The vision... David shared what God had shared with him about coming world events, the following are excerpts from this prophecy, the reason I want to share this with you is many are not even aware of this warning since it was written in 1974...you will be amazed and probably alarmed as you read these excerpts because they will read as out of the daily news of events that are taking place at this very time.
From Chapter one under the title of Economic Confusion David reveals what will take place during a world wide economic crisis :
A crash is coming
There is a worldwide economic confusion just ahead. In my vision, this is the clearest thing I have seen.
Many praying people now share this very, same vision.
Not only is the American dollar headed for deep trouble, but so are all world currencies. I see total economic confusion striking Europe first and then affecting Japan, the United States, Canada, and all other nations shortly thereafter.
It is not really a depression I see coming --- but a recession of such magnitude it will affect the lifestyle of nearly every wage earner in America and around the world.
Countries that now control huge amounts of Western currency are going to be in very deep trouble also, Arab countries will especially be hurt.
Without a doubt, there are lean years ahead full of monetary confusion and despair. How soon is not clear, but it is not far away.The world greatest economist will be at a loss to explain the confusion and an international crisis of fear will develop. A false economic boom will precede the recession---but it will be short lived.
Bankruptcies of Major Corporations
I believe we are going to witness the bankruptcies of some of this nation's major and most popular corporations. I see tremendous difficulty arising for credit corporations .There are going to be many people unable to pay off their heavy obligations to major credit card companies, causing near-- chaos.
Thousands of small businesses will also be forced into bankruptcies. Three and possibly four, of the major religious denominations will be forced into operate with a skeleton organization due to lack of funds. More than a few churches are going to go bankrupt and a number of independent missionary societies and church organizations are going to have to pull back. All but a few of the radio and television ministries will have to be abandoned.
Tight money will trigger a wave of uncertainty and fear. Those who have money will hold it in reserve.
The United States government is going to "over react" to the confused economical developments.
I see a flurry of near panic decisions being made by various government agencies---but these hasty efforts to shore up the economy will backfire.
The President of the United States will make one, and possibly two, national radio and TV appearances to reassure the nation that all is well, and that the best of economic times is just ahead.
It will not work. People will distrust these statements, and their fears will lead to a revolution at the polls.
The auto industry is going to be hurt badly.
Labor leaders are also going to be caught up in this wave of economic confusion.
We may soon experience the most devastating strikes of all times.
Almost every economic indicator will be gloomy.
It will be spotty at first----but will eventually effect nearly all industry.
A New World Monetary System
There will develop a call for revamping all monetary systems into one uniform system.
Be prepared to hear of world trade agreements "policed " by an international governing committees.
Strict guidelines for international trade will develop and a "world market" will be closely monitored by big power interest...
Chapter 2 Drastic Weather Change and Earthquakes
( The Vision by David Wilkerson-published in 1974)
Earthquakes coming to United States
The United States is going to experience in the not-too-distant future the most tragic earthquakes in its history. One day soon this nation will be reeling under the impact of the biggest news story of modern times. It will be coverage of the biggest most disastrous earthquake in history.
It will cause widespread panic and fear, Without a doubt, it will become one of the most completely reported earthquake ever. Television networks will suspend all programming and carry all day coverage.
Another earthquake , possibly in Japan may precede the one that I see coming here. There is not the slightest doubt in my mind about this forthcoming massive earthquake in our continent.
I am not at all convinced that this earthquake will take place in California. In fact, I believe it is going to take place where it is least expected.This terrible earthquake may happen in an area that is not known as an earthquake belt. It will be so high on the Richter scale that it will trigger two other major earthquakes.
Famine is coming
Snowless winters will bring dismal crop production and famine conditions in central and western Russia, India, Pakistan , all of southeast Asia and Africa will especially hard hit.
The forty-month drought in Africa and the prolonged dry spell in Brazil will both end temporarily. There will be some relief but conditions will worsen. In Africa, millions will face starvation.
American food reserves will dwindle partially due to drought and flood in this country. Wheat, rice and soybean reserves will be completely exhausted. The demand for corn, rice and wheat will not be met...
The Beginning of Sorrows
Floods, hurricanes, tornadoes and hailstorms will occur more frequently. More than one-third of the United States will be designated a disaster area within the next few years...
Nature will go Wild
Floods, hurricanes and tornadoes will destroy crops, animals and much wildlife driving prices even higher and causing some experts to suggest that nature is losing its balance.
Weather will become increasing difficult to forecast. Sudden storms will appear without warning. Southernmost regions will be gripped by record cold waves and northern areas will experience record heat waves...
Short Periods of Relief
Many men will appear to be repentant during the times of violent chastisement by natue but the short period of relief will make it appear that nature has settled down and men will be comforted by warmed, sunshine and normal seasonal weather. But more violence, far worse will soon follow.
Airline pilots will be reporting the worst flying conditions in aviation history. The most intense hurricanes is coming. Many parts of the world face the most violent winters of all times. Europe faces the worst winter lashings ever.
Depletion of Relief funds
Relief and disaster funds will become nearly depleted. Insurance companies will face huge losses.
Unlimited funds are not available and the people of each nations will soon learn there will be no one left to turn to but God.
Outbreaks of Epidemics
Mankind faces the threat of new epidemics. There will a major cholera epidemic sweeping through various underdeveloped countries. India and Pakistan face threat of untold thousands dying from epidemics and starvation.
Hailstorms
Large chunks of ice will fall from the sky and cause much damage. These storms will not only destroy crops and smash automobiles but they will also cause the death of many people.
Watch out for reports of intense ice storms and hailstorms in the future.Also prepare for the most severe winter of all time and record snowfalls in the United States and Canada.
Excerpts from
The Vision & Beyond
by
David Wilkerson
( 1973 )
by
David Wilkerson
( 1973 )
Economic Crash Coming
There is worldwide economic confusion just ahead. In my vision this is the clearest thing I have seen. Not only is the American Dollar headed for deep trouble, but so are all other world currencies. I see total economic confusion striking Europe first and then affecting Japan, the United States, Canada and all other nations shortly thereafter.
Everyone Will Be Affected
A recession of such magnitude that it will affect the lifestyle of nearly every wage earner in America and around the world.
Owners of Western Currency in Trouble
Countries that now control huge amounts of Western currency are going to be in very deep trouble also without a doubt, there are lean years ahead full of monetary confusion and despair. How soon is not clear, but it is not far away.
New World Monetary System
There will develop a call for revamping all world monetary systems into one uniform system.
And even though the dollar will appear to be gaining strength just before the coming major recession, a new crisis will develop that will shake the entire financial world.
Economists Confused
The world‘s greatest economists will be at a loss to explain the confusion and an international crisis of fear will develop.
False Boom
A false economic boom will precede the recession but it will be short lived.
A Few Good Years to Prepare
The next few years will be among the most prosperous in the history of mankind.
Sales will continue to break records and people will spend more than ever in modern history.
Uncontrolled Credit Debt
Credit debt will become nearly uncontrollable. I see, very clearly, just a few years of tremendous affluence and continued economic prosperity. Inflation, costs and wages will spiral higher and higher.
Bankruptcies of Major Corporations
I believe we are going to witness the bankruptcies of some of this nations major and most popular corporations. I see tremendous difficulty arising for credit corporations. There are going to be many people unable to pay off their heavy obligations to major credit card companies, causing near chaos. Thousands of small businesses will also be forced into bankruptcies.
Government Panic
The United States government is going to overreact to the confused economical developments. I see a flurry of near-panic decisions being made by various government agencies but these hasty efforts to shore up the economy will backfire.
Auto Industry Hit Hard
The auto industry is going to be hurt badly. Makers of recreational vehicles are going to get hit very hard.
Building Industry Setbacks
The building industry is going to face many setbacks. Housing starts will level off. There is a terrible squeeze coming to the building industry.
Gold Will Not Provide Security
The price of gold is going to rise astronomically but it will not be sustained over a long period of time neither silver nor gold will offer real security. Gold hoarders are going to get hurt badly. This is one of the most significant predictions in this book.
Suicide by Overdose
Economic setbacks and confusion will catch many unprepared for the consequences. Suicide will follow. Some very well-known people in the business world are going to commit suicide through overdoses of narcotics.
Confusion for the Positive Thinking Preachers
Great losses, confusion, and reverses will shatter the thinking processes of many well-meaning people who falsely believe that their successes and economic well-being are the result of their own positive thinking. Jesus Christ Himself was an advocate of right thinking.
But many good men have become worshippers of the power of the mind.
The United States to Be Blamed
Although economic actions in Europe will trigger the coming recession, the United States will be blamed by most nations for what happens. France will become one of the most vicious anti-American nations in the world. Politicians and businessmen in Europe and Japan will place the blame on Washington and the American bankers.
Recovery From Recession
There may be a full recovery but the world economy will continue in confusion until the time of the Antichrist. There will come a time in the future when men will be obsessed with buying, selling, planting, marrying, and divorcing but it will be a time of false prosperity.
Drastic Weather Changes
The world is about to witness the beginnings of great sorrows brought about by history‘s most drastic weather changes, earthquakes, floods terrible calamities far surpassing anything ever yet witnessed.
Outbreaks of Epidemics
In the aftermath of famine, floods and earthquakes, mankind faces the threat of new epidemics. There will a major cholera epidemic sweeping through various underdeveloped countries. India and Pakistan face the threat of untold thousands dying from epidemic and starvation.
Famine
Famine is coming to the world in our generation and millions will die of starvation.
Depletion of Relief Funds
Relief and disaster funds will become nearly depleted. Insurance companies will face huge losses...
Greek Ortodox Elder St. Paisos the Athonite -- 1990s prophecy -- coming true today :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toyohpYNBCg
WW3 in Greek Orthodox
Prophecies . Elder Paisios
http://hellasfrappe.blogspot.com/2011/07/tribute-real-life-and-prophesies-of.html
Here are a few of his predictions in brief:
Soviet Russia will collapse 70 years after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. The prediction was made in the late 70s - early 80s.
He saw a vision of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 2 weeks before it occurred.
He foresaw the destruction of Turkey by Russia, after Turkey attacks Greece. NATO will oppose the Russians but its forces will be destroyed
The nation of Israel will be destroyed 70 years after its conception. 2/3 of their People will become Christians. Is it a coincidence that the Elder died at age 70
The beginning of Armageddon will be near after Turkey closes the Euphrates River dam.
Turkey will be divided in pieces. One piece will go to Greece; one Piece will go to Armenia and one to Kurdistan.
The Dome of the Rock will collapse from bellow. Armageddon will be close when Solomons temple is ready to be rebuilt.
Israel will attack its close neighbours with nuclear weapons when they see their end is near.
Awkward translation from Greek to English :
http://survincity.com/2012/02/9-prophecies-elder-paisios-the-athonite/
Prophecy 1:
One doctor said Elder, what we expect in the future?
— The future, my child, only God knows.
— Gerontius, whether big war?
— Why do you ask, my child? And do not imagine that would be!
Prophecy 2:
Now read the prophecy — how to read a newspaper: everything is clearly written. Thought tells me that there will be many events: the Russian occupy Turkey, Turkey will disappear from the map, because one third of Turks will be Christian, one third die and one third will go to Mesopotamia.
Middle East will become an arena of war, which will include Russian. Shed a lot of blood, and even the Chinese will move the Euphrates River, with 200,000,000 army and reach Jerusalem.
Characteristic feature that makes these events will be the destruction of the mosque of Omar, as it would mean the destruction of the beginning of work on the reconstruction of Solomon's Temple, which was built right in the place.
In Constantinople, will the great war between Russian and European, and shed a lot of blood. Greece will not play a primary role in this war, but it will give Constantinople, not because they are in front of us fear the Russian, but because they can not find a better solution, and agreed to work together with Greece, and will put pressure on them difficult circumstances. The Greek army will not have time to come back to the city will be given to her. Jews, because they will have the strength and support of the European leadership obnagleyut and will show their pride and shamelessness and try to govern Europe. Then 2/3 of the Jews will be Christians.
Unfortunately, people are pushed into the theology, not related to the church and is worldly sophistication that say different things and make impermissible action, to deliberately remove his position from the faith of Christians. So did Russian, when they wanted to introduce communism in Russia. What are they doing there? Once joined the party some wrong priests and theologians — and were already "together with them," — they were forced to accuse the Church and often speak against it. So they poison the people, because he could not recognize the role of these theologians. Then he took one of his priests, who, because of illness was very thick, looking for some months skinny kid, put them on a poster and wrote down: "This is how the Church lives and how people are poor." We took a photograph of the Patriarchal chambers covered with a carpet, furniture, etc., and placed next to the hut of one of the poor (as our gypsies) and said, look at the luxury of priests and a languishing Russian citizen! So little by little, they managed to poison the people and the "ruin his thought." And after people consume themselves, and they were, and, as we know, have rejected Russia 500 years ago, and left her to die, killing millions of Russian Christians.
They will build many machinations, but through persecution that followed, Christianity completely united. But not in the way they want those machinations suit global alliance of churches wanting to be at the head of the religious leadership. United, because the present situation will be separation of sheep from the goats. Each sheep will tend to be with the other sheep and then realized, in fact, "one flock and one shepherd." Delve? See that this is already partly implemented: Christians, you see, have already begun to feel that they are in an unhealthy climate, and will try to avoid painful situations and replenished by the thousands in the monasteries and churches. Will soon see that the city there are two parts of people: those who will live lascivious and far from the life of Christ, and others that will be on the vigil pritekat and places of worship. Mean state, as it is now, can no longer exist.
Prophecy 3:
Once I came down and saw Elder somewhat embarrassed and upset. He gave me and he began to speak:
— Some came here and started talking to me, that is a war, and that the Turks will be included in Greece, and that we shall put six miles from Corinth (explaining the mistake, spoiled his thoughts, prophecy Cosmas Aetolian). Then I picked up, and said that the worst enemy of the Greeks is that when the world some Greeks, as you spread that if war happens, Turks chase us to Corinth, because when the war starts, everyone will bruised spirit and they retreat to Corinth. Besides, if it was true, we must not say. Even more so when it is — a lie. And you repeat once again that this does not say anywhere, because he made a lot more evil than would have made many Turkish division.
I told them this, and they forced me to explain, even though I never wanted to talk about the prophecies that shestimilie, which says Saint Cosmas — is six miles of the sea shelf. This is an issue for which we recently gnawed with Turkey, and it will be the case, because we "seize." However, they should not enter into Hellas: they will move only on the six miles, and then they will find a great evil from the north, as the Scripture says, and "there will be nothing direct." One third of Turks will be killed, a third will take Christianity, and the rest will go away in Asia. We are in no way suffered from the Turks. Some unimportant things destroyed, and they will find God's wrath.
This I heard from them and was upset. I could not believe that the Greeks themselves — that spread things in the world — will have the greatest help the Turks.
I also started to say, said St. Cosmas, "then come, when they come two summers and two paschal together," now that the Resurrection (Easter) coincides with the Annunciation — and passed the winter as the summer — which means that the Turks would attack Hellas (Greece).
We all became a prophet, my father, and explain things to our mind, as we want. And here I had to tell them that St. Cosmas, when he said: "Then will come" does not mean the Turks. Granted that then comes freedom for residents of Northern Epirus. Indeed, this year opened after many years abroad, and they may, in some way, to communicate freely with his homeland.
My father, I have seen that quite a lot of harm cause these people, explaining things to my poor mind. And not only convey its other corrupt thought.
Prophecy 4:
So "noble" is divided into parts of Turkey
Asked the elder brother of the events in Serbia, and that, among other things, said:
— Europeans are now doing, for the Turks, independent of where Muslims live (Bosnia and Herzegovina). I see, however, that the partition of Turkey noble way: rebel Kurds and Armenians, and the Europeans need to make independent and these nations. Then Turkey will say: we did you a favor there, now this way should become independent Kurds and Armenians. So "noble" is divided into parts of Turkey.
Holy Arseny said in Farasah believers that they will lose the fatherland, but soon again get it.
Prophecy 5:
In the summer of 1987 I asked the elder of the future world war, the one called "Armageddon" and reported to the Scriptures.
With fatherly interest he gave me different information. And even wanted to open some signs that convince us that we really are in a generation of Armageddon. So he said:
"When you hear that the Turks Euphrates cover the upper dam and use it for irrigation, then know that we have already entered in the preparation of the Great War, and thus prepares the way for dvuhsotmilionnogo troops from the rising of the sun, according to Revelation.
Among the preparations there is: to dry up the Euphrates River that could pass large army. Although — Elder smiled at this place — if two hundred million Chinese will come when there will drink one cup of water, they osushat Euphrates!
I was told that the Chinese army now stands at two hundred million, that is, a specific number, which is described by St. John in Revelation. The Chinese even prepare the way, which is called "the miracle era": its width is such that it easily passed by thousands of soldiers, lined up in a row. And this time they brought it to the borders of India.
It must, however, great care and enlightened pure mind in order that we may discern the signs of the times, because, in a way, it is all so that they can not distinguish between those who do not care about cleansing the heart, and, as a result easily mistaken. Suppose someone knows that in order to pass over an army of millions, to dry the river Euphrates. However, if you expect it to happen miraculously, ie will suppose a big crack and fade away all the water, then that person will be in error, for it is not taken care of through the purity of heart "to enter into the spirit of" the Scriptures. Something similar happened with Chernobyl: the Revelation of St. John the Evangelist says that he saw a star that had fallen from the sky and water, and has infected people. Those, however, who expects that the star will fall from the sky, has long been in the wrong, and never realize that it is already accomplished. Chernobyl in Russia means "Wormwood" and we see that caused great harm, and it will be even more over time … "
Prophecy 6:
During the procession of Dreadful Predstatelnitsy in 1992 an umbrella over the icon of Panagia had Ensign of Ioannina. When we were on the right of it was me, and left old man, who at one point said to the officer:
— Come, pray well, and so will be the standard-bearer in the City (Constantinople) when enter.
And, turning to me, said,
— Hear what I said?
— Yes, Gerontius, I heard. Amen. — I told him.
Then he smiled and uttered his characteristic:
— A! (Well, it is!).
A day later, I went into his cell and asked on the City. And he said:
— Constantinople take back, but not us. We, from the fact that most of our young people went down, unable to do that. God, however, is designed so that others will take City and give it to us — as a solution to their problem.
Prophecy 7:
Small group of students from Afoniady down to the elder. They focus on one theme: they heard, as if the old man said to some that we take Constantinople. And they wanted to do to hear it from his mouth, and especially to ask if they would be living at the time. So they talked to each other on the road, that someone had to ask Elder about this topic. So they came and sat down with him, no one, however, dared to ask such a question. They got up, took the blessing and headed for the trail. Elder, seeing them smile said:
— And remember: Constantinople and take and you live and you at that time!
Students struck like a thunderbolt from what he said, and they were surprised about grace, which he had, and that it shall receive everything and more that will take place in their generation, all these horrible things.
Prophecy 8:
Mr. DK visited the Old Man. At the time, the Soviet Union was very strong in all respects and no one could even suggest that it may be destroyed — it was still under the rule of Brezhnev.
The elder, among other things, said:
— You'll see that soon the Soviet collapse.
Mr. D. said:
— But such a strong power, Gerontius, who fell apart. And to claw it dare not touch.
— You'll see!
Elder predicted that the Soviet Union would collapse, and that Mr. D. is still alive and will see it (despite the fact that he was already at the age).
And the old man went on:
— Know that Turkey will collapse. There will be war two and a half years. We shall be victorious because we — Orthodox.
— Gerontius, we tolerate damage in the war?
— Hey, at most, one or two of the island will take, but we will give, and Constantinople. You'll see, you'll see!
Prophecy 9:
One afternoon came to Kelly Elder group of pilgrims. Taking a blessing, they sat in the outer arhondarike. Old man with a good nature brought them a traditional Turkish delight, refreshing water and fresh plums, which earned him the previous pilgrims. He sat down and began to talk:
Elder: How to live in the world?
Dimitri: In general, Gerontius, media spread evil and aim for it. Being corrupt and small children.
Elder: The law says that? Filing a suit?
Dimitri: We try, Gerontius, do something, but they do not take the words.
Elder: You always have a clean conscience, doing my duty. Else But God.
Dimitri: Can you tell us, Gerontius, how we behave in this evil world? So … in general.
Elder: Need reasoning. Do you have a confessor?
Dimitri: Yes, Gerontius.
Elder: Counsel with the priest, because sometimes we can not say yes or no;, so it requires reasoning.
Here the old man got up and left them alone, and they, seizing the right moment, agreed to request the Elder tell Constantinople. Soon the old man came back and, to the amazement of all, before they could ask about anything — showing that his spiritual "radar" caught their thoughts — said to them:
Elder: What you say, whether we take City?
They were numb and did not say anything.
Elder: Tell me whether we take City?
Group in amazement did not answer.
Elder (Jokingly): Big Mouth …
Theodore: Take, Gerontius.
Elder: Glory to you, O God. (Crosses to the east and looking to the side of the City.)
Dimitri: If God bless, Gerontius, take it.
Elder: Yes, this is from God! Take it! Just do not we hire him, and give it to us. Those who take it from the Turks, give it as a solution, we, as will assume that it is profitable for them.
Dimitri: Gerontius, how long it will go wrong?
Elder: Maybe it can be! However, we will take the examination.
Dimitri: Will the proper guidance?
Elder: God is satisfied. In this war, all come out winners. The Greek army will be a spectator. No one will return winner. The arena will be Palestine, their grave — the Dead Sea. This will be the first in half a time. But it will be the second half a: after the event people will come to despair, and then everything will be studying the Gospel and Scripture. Christ will spare the world and show the sign for faith. Then thou shalt seek the unbeliever.
Dimitri: Gerontius, Troparion of the prophet Elijah said he — "the forerunner of the Second Coming of Christ." He is known to have died, as Enoch. Will the prophet Elijah to the ground?
Elder (Smiling): The Prophet Elijah and prepares sharpens his knife! And even before the start with the patriarchs, princes, priests, and monks!
Nikolai: And the mundane.
Elder: Do you — ignorance, we have — sins. Is it not said in prayer to the Divine Liturgy: "O our sins did and the human ignorance"? The prophet Elijah is sharpening his knife: but need much attention, because some of the things that is to say the Fathers, and otherwise interpret the world as, say, shestimilii reported by Saint Cosmas Aetolian. (Turks leave, but will come up again and reached shestimiliya. Eventually their chase to the Red Apples (Kokkinh Mhlia). The Turks third die and another third sign of the cross and the last third will go to the Red apple.) No can not explain it.
Shestimilie there Langadase, Kilnise, in Thrace, in Corinth, but no one knows, those of whom he speaks, — six miles of territorial waters. You do not read the prophets, in Joel, Zechariah, Ezekiel, in Daniel? It says it all. Seven years in Palestine will not burn wood, and sticks, but how do you know the difference between sticks of wood! You are now in the homes of heaters (with a smile), while here I'm burning wood in the stove, and I know what's what.
(This is the prophecy of Ezekiel — 39, 9-10: "Then the people of the cities of Israel shall go forth, and set on fire and will burn the weapons, shields and armor, bows and arrows, clubs and spears, seven years will burn them. And will not take no wood from the field, neither cut down any out of the forests, but they will burn only weapon, and robbed of their robbers, gatherers and rob them, saith the Lord God. ")
Christ: Jews …
Elder: One pious Jordanian told me that the Jews dug under the Dome of the Rock is many meters deep tunnel, and want to destroy the mosque to build the Temple of Solomon, as Then, they say, the Messiah, that is, Antichrist. Then Arabians say to Christians: Do you not say, as Christians, that the Messiah has already come? Now what they say here, the Jews?
Elder, bringing back the pilgrims had come up a treat, and asked one of them:
Elder: Whether we take the city? What do you think?
Christ: I will go to the Northern Epirus.
Elder: Take the City, Northern Epirus take seven of us!
Christ: Seven and I — eight!
Elder: Good for you! I transferred the relics of St. Cosmas Aetolian — they are heavy! What can I say, guys, these things write and tell our books (church), but who reads them? The people do not have a clue. Sleeping in sandals!
Dimitri: This, Gerontius, signs of the times?
Elder: Signs, signs of the times can not see … You have to be sorry, sheep, not to understand what is going on … Many of the Fathers prayed, that live in our time, because it is — the time of the Confessors. We sleep in sandals. Soon be asked to Christians, as people asked for their political beliefs.
Nikolai: Zavedut whether we thing of Gerontius?
Elder: And, bravo! Case.
Dimitri: Gerontius, Greece suffer?
Elder: Greece has passed a lot of storms, however, will still be! Greece in no way be affected, because God loves it. In Asia Minor, we had a lot of relics. On each piece of land you will find relics. Take the Hagia Sophia and the gates will open. These gates nobody knows … we shall see, however, what will? What then will be the minarets?
Nikolai: We destroyed them.
Theodore: Will do their belfries.
Elder (Smiling): No, they will become the pillars for the Stylite, and will dangle beads to the bottom!
Dimitri: Leaders of this war are the Jews?
Elder: Yes, the Jews are. Many will promote and Dad, because all the children of the devil will be his (ie the Pope) and he will tell them to follow the Antichrist. Therefore, the holy Cosmas said: "Pope curse because it will cause. " Holy Pope meant that particular time, which will help the Antichrist interned. Other Pope compared to him seem good.
After this, the first time they hear and wonder, what is showed to them the love of the Elder, the group remained for some time silent and worried. The elder stood, and blessed them, and pointed the way so they do not get lost and get there.
They left his cell Elder shocked, thinking that God prepareth in the future. They also thought that such apocalyptic events should never be forgotten. The names of these, and love your brothers asked to pray for them, but will find favor with God. Amen.
Brief information about the life of Elder Paisius
Elder Paisios of Mount Athos (in the world Arseny Eznepidis) Farasah born in Cappadocia, Asia Minor, July 25, 1924 on the day of Saint Anne, of pious parents. He was baptized August 7, 1924 holy Arseny Cappadocian, who gave him his baptismal name. As a kid really wanted to be a monk. Prior to military service he worked as a carpenter, as our Lord, when he was on earth. In 1945 he was drafted into the army and served as a radio operator. In 1949, he graduated from the service and immediately went to the Holy Mountain. In 1950 he came to the monastery Esfigmen.
There, in 1954, took the name rassophore Averky. In the same year went to the sacred domain Filofei monashestvoval where his uncle. In 1956 he was ordained to the minor schema named in honor of Metropolitan Paisios Cesarean Paisius II, with whom they were compatriots (and he came out Farasy Cappadocia). In 1958, after receiving the notice of God, went to Mount Athos in the sacred domain of Nativity in Stomio Konitskoy. There it by the grace of God has helped thousands of souls, and from there in 1962, went for some spiritual reasons to Sinai.
At Sinai, he lived in the cell of the holy and Galaktion Epistimii. Returned to the Holy Mountain in 1964 and settled in the Iberian monastery, at the cell of the Holy Archangels. In 1966 he became ill and was treated for several months in the hospital, where he was taken away much of the lung. Being in the monastery Stavronikita was close to the famous confessor o.Tihonu, came from Russia and had many spiritual gifts. Elder served him with great self-sacrifice, offering any help as needed. Elder Paisios o.Tihona settled at will (after his death) in his cell of the Holy Cross, where he lived until 1979, after he came to the sacred domain Kutlumush and settled in his cell Panaguda.
In Panagude Elder helped thousands of souls. All day from sunrise to sunset counseled, consoled, problem solving, cast all restraint and soul filled with faith, hope and love of God. Suffered severely from the various diseases that bore with great patience and fortitude. October 22, Old Style (November 5 new) in 1993 went for the last time from the Holy Mountain, and went to St. isihastiry. St. John the Evangelist in Suroti present, as usual, on the vigil feast of Saint Arsenius, who is revered on November 10.
Due to illness had to stay there and on Tuesday July 12, 1994 at 11:00 am Elder gave his soul to the nun quietly and humbly to the Lord, who so loved and served from his youth. Was buried in the monastery of St. John the Divine in Suroti Thessalonica. Leave the commandment not to pull it out of the power of the earth until the Second Coming.
Rex-ommended Reading --
Conclusion : Two key social features contributed to the collapse of every advanced civilization in the past: “…the stretching of resources due to the strain placed on the ecological carrying capacity”; and “the economic stratification of society into Elites [rich] and Masses (or “Commoners”) [poor]” These social phenomena have played “a central role in the character or in the process of the collapse,” in all such cases over “the last five thousand years.” Sound familiar ?
http://www.ancient-code.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1-s2.0-S0921800914000615-main.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800914000615
doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.014
Human and nature dynamics
(HANDY): Modeling inequality and use of resources in
the collapse or sustainability of societies
Safa Motesharreia, Jorge Rivasb, Eugenia Kalnayc,
Safa Motesharreia, Jorge Rivasb, Eugenia Kalnayc,
Abstract
There are widespread concerns that current trends in resource-use are unsustainable, but possibilities of overshoot/collapse remain controversial. Collapses have occurred frequently in history, often followed by centuries of economic, intellectual, and population decline. Many different natural and social phenomena have been invoked to explain specific collapses, but a general explanation remains elusive.
In this paper, we build a human population dynamics model by adding accumulated wealth and economic inequality to a predator–prey model of humans and nature. The model structure, and simulated scenarios that offer significant implications, are explained. Four equations describe the evolution of Elites, Commoners, Nature, and Wealth. The model shows Economic Stratification or Ecological Strain can independently lead to collapse, in agreement with the historical record.
The measure “Carrying Capacity” is developed and its estimation is shown to be a practical means for early detection of a collapse. Mechanisms leading to two types of collapses are discussed. The new dynamics of this model can also reproduce the irreversible collapses found in history. Collapse can be avoided, and population can reach a steady state at maximum carrying capacity if the rate of depletion of nature is reduced to a sustainable level and if resources are distributed equitably.
1. Introduction
There are widespread concerns that current trends in population and resource-use are unsustainable, but the possibilities of an overshoot and collapse remain unclear and controversial. How real is the possibility of a societal collapse? Can complex, advanced civilizations really collapse? It is common to portray human history as a relentless and inevitable trend toward greater levels of social complexity, political organization, and economic specialization, with the development of more complex and capable technologies supporting ever-growing population, all sustained by the mobilization of ever-increasing quantities of material, energy, and information. Yet this is not inevitable. In fact, cases where this seemingly near-universal, long-term trend has been severely disrupted by a precipitous collapse – often lasting centuries – have been quite common. A brief review of some examples of collapses suggests that the process of rise-and-collapse is actually a recurrent cycle found throughout history, making it important to establish a general explanation of this process (Chase-Dunn and Hall, 1997, Goldstein, 1988, Meadows et al., 1972, Modelski, 1987, Tainter, 1988, Turchin and Nefedov, 2009 and Yoffee and Cowgill, 1988).
The Roman Empire's dramatic collapse (followed by many centuries of population decline, economic deterioration, intellectual regression, and the disappearance of literacy) is well known, but it was not the first rise-and-collapse cycle in Europe. Prior to the rise of Classical Greco-Roman civilization, both the Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations had each risen, reached very advanced levels of civilization, and then collapsed virtually completely (Morris, 2006 and Redman, 1999). The history of Mesopotamia – the very cradle of civilization, agriculture, complex society, and urban life – presents a series of rise-and-declines including the Sumerians, the Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Sassanid, Umayyad, and Abbasid Empires (Redman et al., 2004 and Yoffee, 1979). In neighboring Egypt, this cycle also appeared repeatedly. In both Anatolia and in the Indus Valley, the very large and long-lasting Hittite and Harrapan civilizations both collapsed so completely that their very existence was unknown until modern archeology rediscovered them. Similar cycles of rise and collapse occurred repeatedly in India, most notably with the Mauryan and the Gupta Empires (Edwards et al., 1971, Edwards et al., 1973, Jansen et al., 1991, Kenoyer, 1998 and Thapar, 2004). Southeast Asia similarly experienced “multiple and overlapping histories of collapse and regeneration” over 15 centuries, culminating in the Khmer Empire based in Angkor, which itself was depopulated and swallowed by the forest during the 15th Century (Stark, 2006). Chinese history is, very much like Egypt's, full of repeated cycles of rises and collapses, with each of the Zhou, Han, Tang, and Song Empires followed by a very serious collapse of political authority and socioeconomic progress (Chu and Lee, 1994, Lee, 1931 and Needham and Wang, 1956).
Collapses are not restricted to the “Old World”. The collapse of Maya Civilization is well known and evokes widespread fascination, both because of the advanced nature of Mayan society and because of the depth of the collapse (Demerest et al., 2004 and Webster, 2002). As Diamond (2005) puts it, it is difficult to ignore “the disappearance of between 90 and 99% of the Maya population after A.D. 800 …and the disappearance of kings, Long Count calendars, and other complex political and cultural institutions.” In the nearby central highlands of Mexico, a number of powerful states also rose to high levels of power and prosperity and then rapidly collapsed, Teotihuacan (the sixth largest city in the world in the 7th C) and Monte Alban being just the largest of these to experience dramatic collapse, with their populations declining to about 20–25% of their peak within just a few generations (Tainter, 1988).
We know of many other collapses including Mississippian Cultures such as Cahokia, South West US cultures such as the Pueblo and Hohokam, Andean civilizations such as Tiwanaku, Sub-Saharan civilizations such as Great Zimbabwe, and many collapses across the Pacific Islands, such as Easter Island. It is also likely other collapses have also occurred in societies that were not at a sufficient level of complexity to produce written records or archeological evidence. Indeed, a recent study (Shennan et al., 2013) of the Neolithic period in Europe has shown that “in contrast to the steady population growth usually assumed, the introduction of agriculture into Europe was followed by a boom-and-bust pattern in the density of regional populations”. Furthermore “most regions show more than one boom–bust pattern”, and in most regions, population declines “of the order of the 30–60%” can be found. The authors also argue that, rather than climate change or diseases, the timing and evidence point to endogenous causes for these collapses in 19 out of 23 cases studied, suggesting the possibility of “rapid population growth driven by farming to unsustainable levels”. Moreover, through wavelet analysis of the archeological data, S. Downey [personal communication] has shown that the average length of such boom-and-bust cycles is about 300–500 years.
In summary, despite the common impression that societal collapse is rare, or even largely fictional, “the picture that emerges is of a process recurrent in history, and global in its distribution” (Tainter, 1988). See also Yoffee and Cowgill (1988), Goldstein (1988), Ibn Khaldun (1958), Kondratieff (1984), and Parsons (1991). As Turchin and Nefedov (2009) contend, there is a great deal of support for “the hypothesis that secular cycles — demographic–social–political oscillations of a very long period (centuries long) are the rule, rather than an exception in the large agrarian states and empires.”
This brings up the question of whether modern civilization is similarly susceptible. It may seem reasonable to believe that modern civilization, armed with its greater technological capacity, scientific knowledge, and energy resources, will be able to survive and endure whatever crises historical societies succumbed to. But the brief overview of collapses demonstrates not only the ubiquity of the phenomenon, but also the extent to which advanced, complex, and powerful societies are susceptible to collapse. The fall of the Roman Empire, and the equally (if not more) advanced Han, Mauryan, and Gupta Empires, as well as so many advanced Mesopotamian Empires, are all testimony to the fact that advanced, sophisticated, complex, and creative civilizations can be both fragile and impermanent.
A large number of explanations have been proposed for each specific case of collapse, including one or more of the following: volcanoes, earthquakes, droughts, floods, changes in the courses of rivers, soil degradation (erosion, exhaustion, salinization, etc.), deforestation, climate change, tribal migrations, foreign invasions, changes in technology (such as the introduction of ironworking), changes in the methods or weapons of warfare (such as the introduction of horse cavalry, armored infantry, or long swords), changes in trade patterns, depletion of particular mineral resources (e.g., silver mines), cultural decline and social decadence, popular uprisings, and civil wars. However, these explanations are specific to each particular case of collapse rather than general. Moreover, even for the specific case where the explanation applies, the society in question usually had already experienced the phenomenon identified as the cause without collapsing. For example, the Minoan society had repeatedly experienced earthquakes that destroyed palaces, and they simply rebuilt them more splendidly than before. Indeed, many societies experience droughts, floods, volcanoes, soil erosion, and deforestation with no major social disruption (Tainter, 1988).
The same applies to migrations, invasions, and civil wars. The Roman, Han, Assyrian, and Mauryan Empires were, for centuries, completely militarily hegemonic, successfully defeating the neighboring “barbarian” peoples who eventually did overrun them. So external military pressure alone hardly constitutes an explanation for their collapses. With both natural disasters and external threats, identifying a specific cause compels one to ask, “yes, but why did this particular instance of this factor produce the collapse?” Other processes must be involved, and, in fact, the political, economic, ecological, and technological conditions under which civilizations have collapsed have varied widely. Individual collapses may have involved an array of specific factors, with particular triggers, but a general explanation remains elusive. Individual explanations may seem appropriate in their particular case, but the very universal nature of the phenomenon implies a mechanism that is not specific to a particular time period of human history, nor a particular culture, technology, or natural disaster (Tainter, 1988, Turchin, 2003 and Yoffee and Cowgill, 1988).
In this paper we attempt to model collapse mathematically in a more general way. We propose a simple model, not intended to describe actual individual cases, but rather to provide a general framework that allows carrying out “thought experiments” for the phenomenon of collapse and to test changes that would avoid it. This model (called HANDY, for Human and Nature DYnamics) advances beyond existing biological dynamic population models by simultaneously modeling two separate important features which seem to appear across so many societies that have collapsed: (1) the stretching of resources due to the strain placed on the ecological carrying capacity (Abel, 1980, Catton, 1980, Kammen, 1994, Ladurie, 1987, Ponting, 1991, Postan, 1966, Redman, 1999, Redman et al., 2004, Wood, 1998 and Wright, 2004), and (2) the economic stratification of society into Elites and Masses (or “Commoners”) (Brenner, 1985, Parsons, 1991, Turchin, 2005, Turchin, 2006, Turchin and Nefedov, 2009, Diamond, 2005 and Goldstone, 1991; Ibn Khaldun, 1958). In many of these historical cases, we have direct evidence of Ecological Strain and Economic Stratification playing a central role in the character or in the process of the collapse (Culbert, 1973, Diamond, 2005, Goldstone, 1991, Lentz, 2000 and Mitchell, 1990). For these empirical reasons, and the theoretical ones explained in Section 3, our model incorporates both of these two features. Although similar to the Brander and Taylor (1998) model (hereafter referred to as “BT”) in that HANDY is based on the classical predator–prey model, the inclusion of two societal classes introduces a much richer set of dynamical solutions, including cycles of societal and ecological collapse, as well as the possibility of smoothly reaching equilibrium (the ecological carrying capacity). We use Carrying Capacity in its biological definition: the population level that the resources of a particular environment can sustain over the long term (Catton, 1980, Cohen, 1995 and Daly and Farley, 2003). In this paper, we call these environment resources “Nature”.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 gives a brief review of the predator–prey model; Section 3 includes the mathematical description of HANDY; Section 4 covers a theoretical analysis of the model equilibrium and possible solutions; Section 5 presents examples of scenarios within three distinct types of societies; Section 6 gives an overall discussion of the scenarios from 5 and 7 offers a short summary of the paper and a discussion of future work.
2. Predator–Prey Model
The predator–prey model, the original inspiration behind HANDY, was derived independently by two mathematicians, Alfred Lotka and Vitto Volterra, in the early 20th century (Lotka, 1925 and Volterra, 1926). This model describes the dynamics of competition between two species, say, wolves and rabbits. The governing system of equations is
equation(1)
In the above system, x represents the predator (wolf) population; y represents the prey (rabbit) population; a determines the predator's birth rate, i.e., the faster growth of wolf population due to availability of rabbits; b is the predator's death rate; c is the prey's birth rate; d determines the predation rate, i.e., the rate at which rabbits are hunted by wolves.
[ &c ]
…
7. Summary
Collapses of even advanced civilizations have occurred many times in the past five thousand years, and they were frequently followed by centuries of population and cultural decline and economic regression. Although many different causes have been offered to explain individual collapses, it is still necessary to develop a more general explanation. In this paper we attempt to build a simple mathematical model to explore the essential dynamics of interaction between population and natural resources. It allows for the two features that seem to appear across societies that have collapsed: the stretching of resources due to strain placed on the ecological carrying capacity, and the division of society into Elites (rich) and Commoners (poor).
The Human And Nature DYnamical model (HANDY) was inspired by the predator and prey model, with the human population acting as the predator and nature being the prey. When small, Nature grows exponentially with a regeneration coefficient γ, but it saturates at a maximum value λ. As a result, the maximum regeneration of nature takes place at λ / 2, not at the saturation level λ. The Commoners produce wealth at a per capita depletion rate δ, and the depletion is also proportional to the amount of nature available. This production is saved as accumulated wealth, which is used by the Elites to pay the Commoners a subsistence salary, s, and pay themselves κs, where κ is the inequality coefficient. The populations of Elites and Commoners grow with a birth rate β and die with a death rate α which remains at a healthy low level when there is enough accumulated food (wealth). However, when the population increases and the wealth declines, the death rate increases up to a famine level, leading to population decline.
We show how the carrying capacity – the population that can be indefinitely supported by a given environment (Catton, 1980) – can be defined within HANDY, as the population whose total consumption is at a level that equals what nature can regenerate. Since the regrowth of Nature is maximum when y = λ / 2, we can find the optimal level of depletion (production) per capita, δ* in an egalitarian society where xE ≡ 0, δ∗∗(≥ δ∗) in an equitable society where κ ≡ 1, and δ*** in an unequal society where xE ≥ 0 and κ > 1.
In sum, the results of our experiments, discussed in Section 6, indicate that either one of the two features apparent in historical societal collapses – over-exploitation of natural resources and strong economic stratification – can independently result in a complete collapse. Given economic stratification, collapse is very difficult to avoid and requires major policy changes, including major reductions in inequality and population growth rates. Even in the absence of economic stratification, collapse can still occur if depletion per capita is too high. However, collapse can be avoided and population can reach equilibrium if the per capita rate of depletion of nature is reduced to a sustainable level, and if resources are distributed in a reasonably equitable fashion.
In the upcoming generations of HANDY, we plan to develop several extensions including: (1) disaggregation of Nature into nonrenewable stocks, regenerating stocks, and renewable flows, as well as the introduction of an investment mechanism in accessibility of natural resources, in order to study the effects of investment in technology on resource choice and production efficiency; (2) making inequality (κ) endogenous to the model structure; (3) introduction of “policies” that can modify parameters such as depletion, the coefficient of inequality, and the birth rate; and, (4) introduction of multiple coupled regions to represent countries with different policies, trade of carrying capacity, and resource wars.
UPDATE -- 8 January
The Porter Ranch ( CA ) Methane Leak --
Clif High @ Halfpasthuman.com forewarned of this :
Asymmetric Linguistic Trends Analysis
by Clif High
Chariot of Time ( January, 2016 - 2029 )
( keywords only : )
Terra --
[ California ] 'methane venting'
'evacuations
'crisis'
'methane release'
'take off' very early in 2016…
'earthquake'
'acceleration'
'release rate'
'weather system (of linked low pressure cells)'
'inversion'
'released methane'
'discussed health hazard'
'elderly (shut ins)'
'bad air'
'falling'
'leaves'
'bite bad air'
'evacuations'
'affected'
'afflicted'
'impact'
'methane'
'life patterns'
'areas in deeper valleys'
'bad air zones'
' tainted (non methane) air'
'methane release'
'clog' the 'breathing'
'local inhabitants'.
'bursting methane release'
'air traffic routing problems'
'strange lightning forms'
'neon like'
'gas concentrations'
'energy from space (and airplane engines and such)'
'methane'
'release episodes'
'oceans'
'methane fueled flash fire'
'earthquake created surface trench'
'pipeline explosion'
'pipelines'
'flooding'
ALTA Report - August 2015
"...This last set has support within its structure for methane, and volcanic ( underground ) gases that will accumulate and form 'death atmosphere pools' in some areas. The data sets describe places where the cost to retrieve bodies is too high to warrant the effort ( a group of tourists gassed to death ) , and where whole ( large as in tens of thousands ) herds of animals are gassed and the visuals taken by drones. In at least one instance to be reported over the upcoming years ( maybe into 2017 ), a helicopter and/or drone will 'ignite a conflagration' in a pool of unknown methane' with an 'engine spark..."
ALTA Report - August 2013
"...Further subsets describe [ holes ] that will open up [revealing ] moving [magma ] and [expelling hot gases ]. Some of these sets are referencing areas that will affect whole [ regions ] as [ electrical lines melt ] and ]pipelines rupture ]. Further problem,s are indicated for several [ corporations ] as [deep storehouses / storage vaults ] are made [uninhabitable ] by [gases ]…"
Evacuate while you can do so 'gracefully' -- but do NOT come to Las Vegas ( The City Built By Losers ) -- You are not welcome here unless you have Money ... Keep moving ... Go to Washington DC ...
Cute, but not 1% as smart as it pretends to be ( ~ 0% Failsafe, No shrouds for the props [ = 10%++ efficiency ], Coanda Effect, Tesla Turbines, &c... )
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3387542/The-MEGADRONE-big-carry-passenger-Chinese-firm-says-self-flying-craft-used-smart-taxi.html
6 January 2016
The MEGADRONE big enough to carry a
passenger:
Chinese firm says self-flying craft could be used as a smart taxi
Chinese firm says self-flying craft could be used as a smart taxi
by
Ellie Zolfagharifard
Ellie Zolfagharifard
The all-electric vehicle has four arms with eight propellers at the end allowing it to travel up to 60mph... Ehang says the 184 is autonomous, so all the passenger has to do is enter their final destination into an app... FAA regulators have not approved the drone for human use in the US, but Ehang is hopeful they will do soon... Cost is yet to be revealed and the company claims a commercial version of the craft will be available this year...
CN204380268
Multi-rotor-wing air vehicle
Multi-rotor-wing air vehicle
The utility model discloses a multi-rotor-wing air vehicle. The multi-rotor-wing air vehicle comprises a vehicle body, a plurality of vehicle arms horizontally installed on the vehicle body, motors and propellers, wherein the motors and the propellers are installed on the vehicle arms. Each motor is arranged below the corresponding vehicle arm. Each propeller is arranged below the corresponding motor and installed on an output shaft of the corresponding motor. According to the multi-rotor-wing air vehicle, due to the low-arrangement installation mode of the motors and the propellers, injuries, caused by disengaging of the propellers, to persons are avoided; meanwhile, flying of the multi-rotor-wing air vehicle is guaranteed, and the service life of the multi-rotor-wing air vehicle is prolonged.
CN104932527
Aircraft control method and device
Aircraft control method and device
The invention discloses an aircraft control method and device. The aircraft control method comprises the following steps that step one, a flight instruction inputted by a user through input equipment of an intelligent terminal is sensed, and the flight instruction includes any one of course reversal, direction and hovering; and step two, the flight instruction is transmitted to the airborne flight control system of an aircraft. According to the aircraft control method, input of the user sensed by the intelligent terminal through the input equipment is acquired to act as the flight instruction, and the flight instruction is transmitted to the airborne flight control system and flight of the aircraft is controlled by the airborne flight control system so that the technical level requirement for an aircraft operator is greatly reduced, the flight environment requirement for the aircraft is also reduced and real-time operation can be performed.
CN104808675
Intelligent terminal-based somatosensory flight operation and control system and terminal equipment
Intelligent terminal-based somatosensory flight operation and control system and terminal equipment
CN104808674
Multi-rotor aircraft control system, terminal and airborne flight control system
Multi-rotor aircraft control system, terminal and airborne flight control system
The invention discloses a multi-rotor aircraft control system, a terminal and an airborne flight control system. The control system comprises an airborne flight control system and an intelligent terminal, wherein the airborne flight control system is used for acquiring first position information and sending the first position information to the intelligent terminal; the intelligent terminal is used for acquiring second position information, acquiring a yawing angle and at least one speed selected from a horizontal flight speed and a vertical flight speed according to the second position information and the first position information sent by the airborne flight control system, and sending the yawing angle and at least one speed selected from the horizontal flight speed and the vertical flight speed to the airborne flight control system; the first position information is the position information of the aircraft where the airborne flight control system is located; the second position information is the position information of the intelligent terminal; the airborne flight control system is also used for controlling the aircraft where the airborne flight control system is located to fly to the intelligent terminal according to the yawing angle and at least one speed selected from the horizontal flight speed and the vertical flight speed.
http://www.thefreethoughtproject.com/scientists-cured-hecpatitis-pill-costs-4-live-1000/
There’s a Cure for Hepatitis and the
Pill Only Costs $4, But if You Live in America it Costs
$1,000
By
Matt Agorist
By
Matt Agorist
On April 8, 2013, the pharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences, Inc., filed a New Drug Application claiming to be able to cure hepatitis C. They received the FDA’s coveted Breakthrough Therapy Designation, which is is given to drugs that show significant treatment advantages to existing options.
In an incredibly fast review process, the FDA approved Gilead Sciences’ Sovaldi for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in December of the same year.
The efficacy rate of Sovaldi, when combined with NS5A inhibitors, is nothing short of astonishing, sitting between 94% and 97%. This rate is far better and far safer than any previous treatments for Hep C.
Nearly one year after receiving FDA approval, on October 10, 2014, Gilead Sciences Inc. patented Harvoni, which is Solvaldi combined with one of these inhibitors.
Global demand for Harvoni quickly skyrocketed as, according to the World Health Organization, there are currently 130-150 million people living with chronic hepatitis C, globally.
Prior to the availability of this remarkable drug, hepatitis C treatments involved 6 to 12-month treatments with an interferon-based regimen that provided minimal success rates and was associated with severe side effects including anemia, depression, severe rash, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue.
In contrast, Solvadi cures almost everyone in a fraction of the time, and mostly without any of the severe side effects.
In the United States, the average cost of treatment for a 12-week course is $84,000 – $94,000. Of course, this number sounds ridiculous, but what should it cost to cure one’s disease?
The costs associated with studying, testing, and getting new drugs approved can be staggering, and the money made from selling the new drug is often used to pay for future drugs as well as paying back investments made to produce the current ones. Unfortunately, the people involved in creating life-saving drugs cannot work for free.
But here’s the kicker, according to Médecins du Monde, or Doctors of the World, Gilead Sciences Inc. didn’t invent Sovaldi – they did.
In February, Doctors of the World filed a patent challenge in Europe against Sovaldi (sofosbuvir), arguing that “the molecule itself is not sufficiently innovative.”
They are claiming that Gilead merely copied their publicly funded research, patented it, and then spiked the price to reap insane profits. And reap insane profits, they did. In 2014, Gilead reported a total revenue of $24.9 billion as compared to the previous year’s $11.2 billion.
&c…
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http://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n01/seymour-m-hersh/military-to-military
London Review of Books, Vol. 38 No. 1 · 7 January 2016, pages 11-14
Military to Military
Seymour M. Hersh on US intelligence sharing in the Syrian war
Seymour M. Hersh on US intelligence sharing in the Syrian war
http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2014-12-05/19-signs-you-live-country-has-gone-completely-insane
19 Signs That You Live In A Country
That Has Gone Completely Insane
Submitted by Michael Snyder of The End of The American Dream blog,
Do you ever feel like you are living in a “Bizarro World”? That is how I feel much of the time. I look around and it seems as though some form of mass psychosis has descended on most of the population. Things that would have had Americans angrily marching in the streets a generation or two ago are now just accepted as “normal” by the “sheeple” that populate this nation. If the talking heads that endlessly spew nonsense at us through our televisions tell us to believe something, no matter how absurd it is, most people just go along with it. Before we had televisions and radios and computers and movies and the Internet, people actually had to do the hard work of thinking for themselves. But now we are all plugged into this giant “matrix” that tells us what to think, what to believe and how to feel about things. And unfortunately, the people that are telling us what to think and believe are delusional themselves. The blind are leading the blind, and as a result our nation is coming apart at the seams all around us.
The following are 19 signs that you live in a country that has gone completely insane…
#1 When those occupying the highest offices in the land tell you that an $18,000,000,000,000 debt is “under control“, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#2 When your president starts acting like an emperor and begins ruling by decree and your elected representatives won’t lift a finger to do anything to stop it, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#3 When the greatest dream in life for millions of your fellow citizens is to win the Powerball jackpot, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#4 When dressing up sex dolls in fashionable clothing and photographing them is considered to be art, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#5 When only 36 percent of the population can name all three branches of government, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#6 When a boy can sue his high school for not letting him use the girls’ restrooms and win $75,000 in “damages”, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#7 When people that want to have sex with their own family members start demanding “equal rights”, you live in a country that has gone completely insane…
Sex With Son - Photo from izismile
#8 When pregnancy is considered to be a “disease” and babies are considered to be “liabilities”, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#9 When the federal government collects billions of our phone calls and emails and hardly anyone gets upset about it, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#10 When 30 million of your fellow citizens are taking antidepressants, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#11 When an endless stream of gang members, drug dealers, sexual predators, welfare parasites and Middle Eastern terrorists can enter the country illegally and nothing is done, but anyone who criticizes this is in danger of being put on an “enemies list“, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#12 When you can get arrested for “encouraging terrorism on Twitter“, but not for publicly burning the American flag in the middle of the street, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#13 When your military airdrops huge loads of weapons into the hands of the very terrorists that they are supposed to be fighting, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#14 When there are 2.5 million homeless children living in your nation and nobody is calling it a “national emergency”, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#15 When a fifth-grade student can get suspended from school for making an imaginary gun with his fingers, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#16 When Congress has to pass a law to keep federal workers from watching porn all day long, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#17 When the number of payday lenders is greater than the number of Starbucks locations, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#18 When an illegal immigrant can get a drivers’ license, but the head of a fire department of a major U.S. city is suspended from his job without pay for promoting sexual morality, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
#19 When the general public knows far more about Kim Kardashian than it does about the Federal Reserve, you live in a country that has gone completely insane.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature16185.html
Nature (2015)
doi:10.1038/nature16185
Rapid removal of organic
micropollutants from water by a porous β-cyclodextrin
polymer
Alaaeddin Alsbaiee, Brian J. Smith, Leilei Xiao, Yuhan Ling, Damian E. Helblin & William R. Dichtel
Alaaeddin Alsbaiee, Brian J. Smith, Leilei Xiao, Yuhan Ling, Damian E. Helblin & William R. Dichtel
http://news.sciencemag.org/environment/2015/12/faster-cheaper-water-filter-thanks-sugar
21 December 2015
DOI: 10.1126/science.aae0152
A faster, cheaper water filter,
thanks to sugar
by
David Shultz
by
David Shultz
A new filter material may be better at straining contaminants from water than the activated carbon in your faucet filter—and may be cheaper and easier to clean, to boot. If it can be developed into a successful technology, the new material might help remove from the water supply small organic molecules such as Bisphenol A (BPA), a byproduct of some plastic manufacturing that has been linked to environmental damage and health risks.
“This was pretty exciting,” says Susan Richardson, an environmental chemist at the University of South Carolina in Columbia, who was not involved in the study. “It looks very promising. I can’t see a downside yet.”
The new material was cooked up by William Dichtel, an organic chemist at Cornell University, and colleagues. It is a β-cyclodextrin polymer, meaning it is composed of long strands of repeating molecules. The basic molecular unit consists of two main pieces: cyclodextrin (shown in blue in the figure below) and a six-carbon ring called tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (red). Cyclodextrins are sugar molecules arranged in a ring such that the sugar’s hydroxyl groups are perpendicular to the plane of the ring. Their binding power has been exploited before, for example, to trap smelly molecules in the odor-neutralizing spray known as Febreeze. To create the filter material, scientist heated the two components in a solution of potassium carbonate and tetrahydrofuran to link the two types of molecules together in stiff chains and creating a porous 3D lattice.
The researchers then tested the new material and found that it blew the doors off of current filter materials. The scientists ran a sample of BPA-contaminated water through both the new porous cyclodextrins as well as three existing activated carbons and two nonporous cyclodextrin polymers. The porous cyclodextrin polymers reached 95% of their adsorption capacity in just 10 seconds. The other materials took at least 30 minutes to reach their maximum adsorption, and the second best performer only adsorbed 53% of its capacity in the first 10 seconds, the team reports online today in Nature. The results make the β-cyclodextrin the fastest BPA remover ever discovered, the researchers claim. The polymer sucked up a variety of other small organic molecules faster than current materials, as well.
"We knew that [water filtering] would be a likely application if we were successful,” Dichtel says. “We were definitely pleasantly surprised with just how good the performance is.”
Like carbon-based water filters, the new cyclodextrin polymers owe much of their stickiness to a large surface area. The new cyclodextrin polymers have an enormous surface area per mass: 250 m2 per gram, meaning that 2 grams of the stuff contains more than enough surface area to completely cover an NBA basketball court. However some of the existing activated carbon filters actually have even more surface area than the cyclodextrins. The real improvement comes from the properties of the material itself, Dichtel says. “The difference between our material and activated carbons is that the cyclodextrins are actually much better for binding pollutants,” he says.
The new material may even be easier to clean than activated charcoal. Whereas charcoal filters must be heated to liberate contaminant, the polymer can be regenerated simply by washing the filter in methanol at room temperature.
To top it off, β-cyclodextrin polymers are also cheap to make—a detail that surprised Richardson. The researchers estimate that the manufacturing costs may drop as low as $5-$25 per kilogram of β-cyclodextrin as chemists continue to refine the polymerization process, about half the cost of charcoal filters. “I’m thinking this is going to be something like 100 times the cost of activated carbon,” Richardson says. “But it’s cheaper, apparently, so go figure.”
Dichtel is hopeful that the new material could eventually be useful not just in commercial water filters, but industrial ones as well, especially in the developing world. The technology could also be a boon to wildlife: BPA mimics the hormone estrogen and has been wreaking havoc on fish populations for years now, causing male fish to become female in some cases. “We’ve got a big problem with estrogen of fish in our rivers,” Richardson says. “If this works and it’s cheaper than activated carbon, I could see it having promise for reducing the impact of the estrogenicity and helping our fish recover, too.”
Jamie KRUZIC, et al : Bioactive Glass Dental Fillings
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151222163419.htm
December 22, 2015
Tooth fillings of the future may
incorporate bioactive glass
A few years from now millions of people around the world might be walking around with an unusual kind of glass in their mouth, and using it every time they eat. Engineers have made some promising findings about the ability of 'bioactive' glass to help reduce the ability of bacteria to attack composite tooth fillings -- and perhaps even provide some of the minerals needed to replace those lost to tooth decay.
A few years from now millions of people around the world might be walking around with an unusual kind of glass in their mouth, and using it every time they eat.
Engineers at Oregon State University have made some promising findings about the ability of "bioactive" glass to help reduce the ability of bacteria to attack composite tooth fillings -- and perhaps even provide some of the minerals needed to replace those lost to tooth decay.
Prolonging the life of composite tooth fillings could be an important step forward for dental treatment, the researchers say, since more than 122 million composite tooth restorations are made in the United States every year. An average person uses their teeth for more than 600,000 "chews" a year, and some studies suggest the average lifetime of a posterior dental composite is only six years.
The new research was just published in the journal Dental Materials, in work supported by the National Institutes of Health.
"Bioactive glass, which is a type of crushed glass that is able to interact with the body, has been used in some types of bone healing for decades," said Jamie Kruzic, a professor and expert in advanced structural and biomaterials in the OSU College of Engineering.
"This type of glass is only beginning to see use in dentistry, and our research shows it may be very promising for tooth fillings," he said. "The bacteria in the mouth that help cause cavities don't seem to like this type of glass and are less likely to colonize on fillings that incorporate it. This could have a significant impact on the future of dentistry."
Bioactive glass is made with compounds such as silicon oxide, calcium oxide and phosphorus oxide, and looks like powdered glass. It's called "bioactive" because the body notices it is there and can react to it, as opposed to other biomedical products that are inert. Bioactive glass is very hard and stiff, and it can replace some of the inert glass fillers that are currently mixed with polymers to make modern composite tooth fillings.
"Almost all fillings will eventually fail," Kruzic said. "New tooth decay often begins at the interface of a filling and the tooth, and is called secondary tooth decay. The tooth is literally being eroded and demineralized at that interface."
Bioactive glass may help prolong the life of fillings, researchers say, because the new study showed that the depth of bacterial penetration into the interface with bioactive glass-containing fillings was significantly smaller than for composites lacking the glass.
Fillings made with bioactive glass should slow secondary tooth decay, and also provide some minerals that could help replace those being lost, researchers say. The combination of these two forces should result in a tooth filling that works just as well, but lasts longer.
Recently extracted human molars were used in this research to produce simulated tooth restoration samples for laboratory experiments. OSU has developed a laboratory that's one of the first in the world to test simulated tooth fillings in conditions that mimic the mouth.
If this laboratory result is confirmed by clinical research, it should be very easy to incorporate bioactive glass into existing formulations for composite tooth fillings, Kruzic said.
The antimicrobial effect of bioactive glass is attributed, in part, to the release of ions such as those from calcium and phosphate that have a toxic effect on oral bacteria and tend to neutralize the local acidic environment.
"My collaborators and I have already shown in previous studies that composites containing up to 15 percent bioactive glass, by weight, can have mechanical properties comparable, or superior to commercial composites now being used," Kruzic said.
http://www.demajournal.com/article/S0109-5641%2815%2900437-6/abstract
Dental Materials, 2016; 32 (1): 73
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.10.007
Bioactive glass fillers reduce
bacterial penetration into marginal gaps for composite
restorations
D. Khvostenko, T.J. Hilton, J.L. Ferracane, J.C. Mitchell, J.J. Kruzic
D. Khvostenko, T.J. Hilton, J.L. Ferracane, J.C. Mitchell, J.J. Kruzic
Abstract
Objective
Bioactive glass (BAG) is known to possess antimicrobial and remineralizing properties; however, the use of BAG as a filler for resin based composite restorations to slow recurrent caries has not been studied. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of adding 15 wt% BAG to a resin composite on bacterial biofilms penetrating into marginal gaps of simulated tooth fillings in vitro during cyclic mechanical loading.
Methods
Human molars were machined into approximately 3 mm thick disks of dentin and 1.5–2 mm deep composite restorations were placed. A narrow 15–20 micrometer wide dentin-composite gap was allowed to form along half of the margin by not applying dental adhesive to that region. Two different 72 wt% filled composites were used, one with 15 wt% BAG filler (15BAG) and the balance silanated strontium glass and one filled with aerosol silica and silanated strontium glass without BAG (0BAG—control). Samples of both groups had Streptococcus mutans biofilms grown on the surface and were tested inside a bioreactor for two weeks while subjected to periods of cyclic mechanical loading. After post-test biofilm viability was confirmed, each specimen was fixed in glutaraldehyde, gram positive stained, mounted in resin and cross-sectioned to reveal the gap profile. Depth of biofilm penetration for 0BAG and 15BAG was quantified as the fraction of gap depth. The data were compared using a Student's t-test.
Results
The average depth of bacterial penetration into the marginal gap for the 15BAG samples was significantly smaller (∼61%) in comparison to 0BAG, where 100% penetration was observed for all samples with the biofilm penetrating underneath of the restoration in some cases.
Significance
BAG containing resin dental composites reduce biofilm penetration into marginal gaps of simulated tooth restorations. This suggests BAG containing composites may have the potential to slow the development and propagation of secondary tooth decay at restoration margins.
Some Patents for Bioactive Glass ( Over 900 granted )
DUAL ACTION DENTIFRICE COMPOSITIONS TO PREVENT HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PROMOTE REMINERALIZATION
MY155413
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR REGENERATION OF HARD TISSUES
US2015352247
DEVICES AND METHODS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING
IN1105DEN2012
ADHESIVE SYSTEM APPLICABLE IN RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY
RO130609
BIOACTIVE GLASS AND COLLAGEN COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND KITS
WO2015147834
Bioactive porous composite bone graft implants
AU2014240108
BIOACTIVE GLASS SCAFFOLDS, AND METHOD OF MAKING.
MX2013009806
Bioactive porous bone graft implants
AU2014240175
BIOACTIVE GLASS SCAFFOLDS, AND METHOD OF MAKING
US2015225278
Bioactive glass ceramic and preparation method thereof
CN104743886
Tooth-cleaning composition for whitening teeth and repairing wounds
CN104586636
Production of novel ionically crosslinked materials
AU2013327018
BIOACTIVE GLASS PREPARATION AND USE
US2015118321
SYSTEM AND KIT FOR DELIVERING COLLAGEN BIOGLASS COMPOSITE BONE GRAFTING MATERIALS FOR REGENERATING HARD TISSUES
US2015105748
Bioactive glass ceramic and preparation method thereof
CN104478218
Method for manufacturing bioactive glass and bioactive glass
TW201444592
BIOACTIVE GLASS FIBER MESH FOR REPAIR OF HARD TISSUES
US2015079146
IMPLANTABLE PASTE AND ITS USE
WO2015140088
Resorbable Interbody Device
US2015073556
BIOACTIVE POROUS BONE GRAFT COMPOSITIONS WITH COLLAGEN
US2015071983
While the USA perfects its Stupidity :
http://www.pravdareport.com/science/tech/05-08-2014/128221-bolivia_free_illiteracy-0/
Bolivia free of illiteracy with
Cuban method of education
With the Cuban method of education, UNESCO declared Bolivia as a country that is free of illiteracy after the Government of President Evo Morales applied the "Yes I Can" method developed by Cuba which had already achieved great success in Venezuela and elsewhere.
The deputy minister of Alternative Education in Bolivia, Noel Aguirre, said on Tuesday (29) that UNESCO has accepted the report submitted by the government that shows that the country is free of illiteracy. "We can proudly say that the Plurinational State is a state free of illiteracy", he stated. According to Aguirre, the country has at this time an index of 3.8% illiterate, below the 4% that the UN declares that a country needs to have eradicated illiteracy.
The minister pointed out that the government's objective is to reach the "residual" population, with over 60 years of age. Born in Cuba, the method "yo si puedo" (Yes I can) began to be exported to other nations from 1999, has been used in the literacy of millions of people around the world and was used by the Morales government. The method seeks to understand the needs of the students and all the peculiarities of the locals using audiovisual resources and combinations of numbers and letters.
Moreover, the method has the advantage of lasting just over three months and can be implanted in places with few structures or infrastructures. In Brazil, the method is applied by the MST (Landless Movement) in several states, and was imported by the Lula government in 2010.
http://news.psu.edu/story/385212/2015/12/15/research/transparent-metal-films-smartphone-tablet-and-tv-displays
Transparent metal films for
smartphone, tablet and TV displays
By
Walt Mills
By
Walt Mills
A new material that is both highly transparent and electrically conductive could make large screen displays, smart windows and even touch screens and solar cells more affordable and efficient, according to the Penn State materials scientists and engineers who discovered it.
Indium tin oxide, the transparent conductor that is currently used for more than 90 percent of the display market, has been the dominant material for the past 60 years. However, in the last decade, the price of indium has increased dramatically. Displays and touchscreen modules have become a main cost driver in smartphones and tablets, making up close to 40 percent of the cost. While memory chips and processors get cheaper, displays get more expensive from generation to generation. Manufacturers have searched for a possible ITO replacement, but until now, nothing has matched ITO's combination of optical transparency, electrical conductivity and ease of fabrication.
A team led by Roman Engel-Herbert, assistant professor of materials science and engineering, reports today (Dec 15) online in Nature Materials a new design strategy that approaches the problem from a different angle. The researchers use thin -- 10 nanometer -- films of an unusual class of materials called correlated metals in which the electrons flow like a liquid. While in most conventional metals, such as copper, gold, aluminum or silver, electrons flow like a gas, in correlated metals, such as strontium vanadate and calcium vanadate, they move like a liquid. According to the researchers, this electron flow produces high optical transparency along with high metal-like conductivity.
"We are trying to make metals transparent by changing the effective mass of their electrons," Engel-Herbert said. "We are doing this by choosing materials in which the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged electrons is very large compared to their kinetic energy. As a result of this strong electron correlation effect, electrons 'feel' each other and behave like a liquid rather than a gas of non-interacting particles. This electron liquid is still highly conductive, but when you shine light on it, it becomes less reflective, thus much more transparent."
To better understand how they achieved this fine balance between transparency and conductivity, Engel-Herbert and his team turned to a materials theory expert, Professor Karin Rabe of Rutgers University.
"We realized that we needed her help to put a number on how 'liquid' this electron liquid in strontium vanadate is," Engel-Herbert said.
Rabe helped the Penn State team put together all the theoretical and mathematical puzzle pieces they needed to build transparent conductors in the form of a correlated metal. Now that they understand the essential mechanism behind their discovery, the Penn State researchers are confident they will find many other correlated metals that behave like strontium vanadate and calcium vanadate.
Lei Zhang, lead author on the Nature Materials paper and a graduate student in Engel-Herbert's group, was the first to recognize what they had discovered.
"I came from Silicon Valley where I worked for two years as an engineer before I joined the group," said Zhang. "I was aware that there were many companies trying hard to optimize those ITO materials and looking for other possible replacements, but they had been studied for many decades and there just wasn't much room for improvement. When we made the electrical measurements on our correlated metals, I knew we had something that looked really good compared to standard ITO."
Currently indium costs around $750 per kilogram, whereas strontium vanadate and calcium vanadate are made from elements with orders of magnitude higher abundance in the earth's crust. Vanadium sells for around $25 a kilogram, less than 5 percent of the cost of indium, while strontium is even cheaper than vanadium.
"Our correlated metals work really well compared to ITO," said Engel-Herbert. "Now, the question is how to implement these new materials into a large-scale manufacturing process From what we understand right now, there is no reason that strontium vanadate could not replace ITO in the same equipment currently used in industry."
Along with display technologies, Engel-Herbert and his group are excited about combining their new materials with a very promising type of solar cell that uses a class of materials called organic perovskites. Developed only within the last half dozen years, these materials outperform commercial silicon solar cells but require an inexpensive transparent conductor. Strontium vanadate, also a perovskite, has a compatible structure that makes this an interesting possibility for future inexpensive, high-efficiency solar cells.
Engel-Herbert and Zhang have applied for a patent on their technology.
Along with Zhang and Engel-Herbert, Hai-Tian Zhang, Craig Eaton, Yuanxia Zheng and Matthew Brahlek, all students or postdoctoral Fellows in Engel-Herbert's group, worked on this paper, "Correlated metals as transparent conductors." Others from Penn State and the Materials Research Institute on this project were Moses Chan, Evan Pugh professor of physics, and his postdoctoral Fellow, Weiwei Zhao; and Venkatraman Gopalan, professor of materials science and engineering and his student Lu Guo.
With Rabe was her student Yuanjun Zhou from Rutgers University. Anna Barnes, Hamna Haneef and associate professor Nikolas Podraza of Univesity of Toledo also worked on this project.
The Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy funded this work. Fabrication of the correlated metals was performed at the Materials Research Institute in the laboratory facilities of Penn State's Millennium Science Complex.
http://news.mit.edu/2015/automating-big-data-analysis-1016
October 16, 2015
Automating big-data analysis
System that replaces human
intuition with algorithms outperforms 615 of 906 human teams.
by
Larry Hardesty
by
Larry Hardesty
Big-data analysis consists of searching for buried patterns that have some kind of predictive power. But choosing which “features” of the data to analyze usually requires some human intuition. In a database containing, say, the beginning and end dates of various sales promotions and weekly profits, the crucial data may not be the dates themselves but the spans between them, or not the total profits but the averages across those spans.
MIT researchers aim to take the human element out of big-data analysis, with a new system that not only searches for patterns but designs the feature set, too. To test the first prototype of their system, they enrolled it in three data science competitions, in which it competed against human teams to find predictive patterns in unfamiliar data sets. Of the 906 teams participating in the three competitions, the researchers’ “Data Science Machine” finished ahead of 615.
In two of the three competitions, the predictions made by the Data Science Machine were 94 percent and 96 percent as accurate as the winning submissions. In the third, the figure was a more modest 87 percent. But where the teams of humans typically labored over their prediction algorithms for months, the Data Science Machine took somewhere between two and 12 hours to produce each of its entries.
“We view the Data Science Machine as a natural complement to human intelligence,” says Max Kanter, whose MIT master’s thesis in computer science is the basis of the Data Science Machine. “There’s so much data out there to be analyzed. And right now it’s just sitting there not doing anything. So maybe we can come up with a solution that will at least get us started on it, at least get us moving.”
Between the lines
Kanter and his thesis advisor, Kalyan Veeramachaneni, a research scientist at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), describe the Data Science Machine in a paper that Kanter will present next week at the IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics.
Veeramachaneni co-leads the Anyscale Learning for All group at CSAIL, which applies machine-learning techniques to practical problems in big-data analysis, such as determining the power-generation capacity of wind-farm sites or predicting which students are at risk for dropping out of online courses.
“What we observed from our experience solving a number of data science problems for industry is that one of the very critical steps is called feature engineering,” Veeramachaneni says. “The first thing you have to do is identify what variables to extract from the database or compose, and for that, you have to come up with a lot of ideas.”
In predicting dropout, for instance, two crucial indicators proved to be how long before a deadline a student begins working on a problem set and how much time the student spends on the course website relative to his or her classmates. MIT’s online-learning platform MITx doesn’t record either of those statistics, but it does collect data from which they can be inferred.
Featured composition
Kanter and Veeramachaneni use a couple of tricks to manufacture candidate features for data analyses. One is to exploit structural relationships inherent in database design. Databases typically store different types of data in different tables, indicating the correlations between them using numerical identifiers. The Data Science Machine tracks these correlations, using them as a cue to feature construction.
For instance, one table might list retail items and their costs; another might list items included in individual customers’ purchases. The Data Science Machine would begin by importing costs from the first table into the second. Then, taking its cue from the association of several different items in the second table with the same purchase number, it would execute a suite of operations to generate candidate features: total cost per order, average cost per order, minimum cost per order, and so on. As numerical identifiers proliferate across tables, the Data Science Machine layers operations on top of each other, finding minima of averages, averages of sums, and so on.
It also looks for so-called categorical data, which appear to be restricted to a limited range of values, such as days of the week or brand names. It then generates further feature candidates by dividing up existing features across categories.
Once it’s produced an array of candidates, it reduces their number by identifying those whose values seem to be correlated. Then it starts testing its reduced set of features on sample data, recombining them in different ways to optimize the accuracy of the predictions they yield.
“The Data Science Machine is one of those unbelievable projects where applying cutting-edge research to solve practical problems opens an entirely new way of looking at the problem,” says Margo Seltzer, a professor of computer science at Harvard University who was not involved in the work. “I think what they’ve done is going to become the standard quickly — very quickly.”
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-12/uoc--urc122315.php
UCLA researchers create
exceptionally strong and lightweight new metal
Magnesium infused with dense silicon carbide nanoparticles could be used for airplanes, cars, mobile electronics and more
Magnesium infused with dense silicon carbide nanoparticles could be used for airplanes, cars, mobile electronics and more
A team led by researchers from the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science has created a super-strong yet light structural metal with extremely high specific strength and modulus, or stiffness-to-weight ratio. The new metal is composed of magnesium infused with a dense and even dispersal of ceramic silicon carbide nanoparticles. It could be used to make lighter airplanes, spacecraft, and cars, helping to improve fuel efficiency, as well as in mobile electronics and biomedical devices.
To create the super-strong but lightweight metal, the team found a new way to disperse and stabilize nanoparticles in molten metals. They also developed a scalable manufacturing method that could pave the way for more high-performance lightweight metals. The research was published today in Nature.
"It's been proposed that nanoparticles could really enhance the strength of metals without damaging their plasticity, especially light metals like magnesium, but no groups have been able to disperse ceramic nanoparticles in molten metals until now," said Xiaochun Li, the principal investigator on the research and Raytheon Chair in Manufacturing Engineering at UCLA. "With an infusion of physics and materials processing, our method paves a new way to enhance the performance of many different kinds of metals by evenly infusing dense nanoparticles to enhance the performance of metals to meet energy and sustainability challenges in today's society."
Structural metals are load-bearing metals; they are used in buildings and vehicles. Magnesium, at just two-thirds the density of aluminum, is the lightest structural metal. Silicon carbide is an ultra-hard ceramic commonly used in industrial cutting blades. The researchers' technique of infusing a large number of silicon carbide particles smaller than 100 nanometers into magnesium added significant strength, stiffness, plasticity and durability under high temperatures.
The researchers' new silicon carbide-infused magnesium demonstrated record levels of specific strength -- how much weight a material can withstand before breaking -- and specific modulus -- the material's stiffness-to-weight ratio. It also showed superior stability at high temperatures.
Ceramic particles have long been considered as a potential way to make metals stronger. However, with microscale ceramic particles, the infusion process results in a loss of plasticity.
Nanoscale particles, by contrast, can enhance strength while maintaining or even improving metals' plasticity. But nanoscale ceramic particles tend to clump together rather than dispersing evenly, due to the tendency of small particles to attract one other.
To counteract this issue, researchers dispersed the particles into a molten magnesium zinc alloy. The newly discovered nanoparticle dispersion relies on the kinetic energy in the particles' movement. This stabilizes the particles' dispersion and prevents clumping.
To further enhance the new metal's strength, the researchers used a technique called high-pressure torsion to compress it.
"The results we obtained so far are just scratching the surface of the hidden treasure for a new class of metals with revolutionary properties and functionalities," Li said.
The new metal (more accurately called a metal nanocomposite) is about 14 percent silicon carbide nanoparticles and 86 percent magnesium. The researchers noted that magnesium is an abundant resource and that scaling up its use would not cause environmental damage.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v528/n7583/full/nature16445.html
Nature 528, 539–543 (24 December 2015)
doi:10.1038/nature16445
Processing and properties of
magnesium containing a dense uniform dispersion of
nanoparticles
Lian-Yi Chen, et al
Lian-Yi Chen, et al
Magnesium is a light metal, with a density two-thirds that of aluminium, is abundant on Earth and is biocompatible; it thus has the potential to improve energy efficiency and system performance in aerospace, automobile, defence, mobile electronics and biomedical applications1, 2, 3, 4, 5. However, conventional synthesis and processing methods (alloying and thermomechanical processing) have reached certain limits in further improving the properties of magnesium and other metals6. Ceramic particles have been introduced into metal matrices to improve the strength of the metals7, but unfortunately, ceramic microparticles severely degrade the plasticity and machinability of metals7, and nanoparticles, although they have the potential to improve strength while maintaining or even improving the plasticity of metals8, 9, are difficult to disperse uniformly in metal matrices10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Here we show that a dense uniform dispersion of silicon carbide nanoparticles (14 per cent by volume) in magnesium can be achieved through a nanoparticle self-stabilization mechanism in molten metal. An enhancement of strength, stiffness, plasticity and high-temperature stability is simultaneously achieved, delivering a higher specific yield strength and higher specific modulus than almost all structural metals.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I6mBSDqzyI&feature=youtu.be
Quanum Scanner : Equipment
for creating the quantum audio- and radio-matrices according
to the methods of wave genetics of Dr. Peter Gariaev.
The matrices are produced with the help of a laser beam reflected from the object which is supposed to provide the matrix. In the vicinity of the laser a radio-receiver is installed, which captures the radio-waves in the necessary frequency range with subsequent recording to computer as a sound file.
For these applications only one type of laser is suitable : the LGN-303.
A quantum scanner is being used in the research studies conducted in the area of wave genetics and creating the sound matrices. Itsí principle of functioning is based on the registration of plasma leaps of different polarization in the laser radiator, as it interacts with the external mirror, reflecting the ray back into the radiator. The ray partially passes through the external mirror and arrives at the scanned object. This influences the parameters of plasma leaps. These are being registered with the help of photodiodes, which sense two types of polarization: the vertical and horizontal ones. The signal from the photodiodes modulates the spectrum of radio-waves radiated by the laserís power supply unit. As a result of this, the radio-waves containing information about the quantum state of the scanned object are being emitted into the space. With the help of a radio-receiver it is possible to register these radio-waves and convert them into the sound spectrum. In this spectrum the information about plasma leaps of different polarization, occurring during the scanning of the object, will be present.
The Qmatrices are produced with the help of a laser beam reflected from the object which is supposed to provide the matrix. In the vicinity of the laser a radio-receiver is installed, which captures the radio-waves in the necessary frequency range with subsequent recording to computer as a sound file.
For these applications only one type of laser is suitable – the LGN-303.
In order to create Dr. Gariaev’s matrix, an adjustment bench is being installed at a distance of 11 cm from the laser, upon which a photograph is placed, or a drop of blood, or some other substance, for instance a medicine. The beam is reflected back from that substance and returns to the laser. Near the laser there is a radio-receiver in the AM frequency band, which receives the radio-waves from the laser at about 600 kHz. From the radio-receiver the signal is directed to the sound card of the computer, where it is being recorded by any sound editor. For example, Gold Wave can be used.
The Qmatrices are produced with the help of a laser beam reflected from the object which is supposed to provide the matrix. In the vicinity of the laser a radio-receiver is installed, which captures the radio-waves in the necessary frequency range with subsequent recording to computer as a sound file.
http://humansarefree.com/2015/12/where-on-earth-are-nasas-rovers-sending.html
Where On Earth Are NASA's Rovers
Sending Pictures From? Devon Island, Canada
There is an increasing number of people who believe that NASA's rovers never left the Earth in the first place, and the pictures they are allegedly sending back from Mars are taken in remote areas of our planet.
But if NASA's rovers are not on Mars, then where exactly are they?
First of all, evidence suggests that the pictures that we see on NASA's website are not even taken by the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers.
It is very possible that by now, both rovers are stored in a hangar, somewhere at NASA's JPL headquarters, and have been replaced by their smaller and more practical baby brothers.
Sure, if needed, they can always be taken out for a spin, but other than that, the smaller rovers are more convenient to work with.
One of the known locations where NASA is playing around with these small rovers is Devon Island, Canada...
http://www.ancient-code.com/scientists-geological-evidence-shows-the-great-sphinx-is-800000-years-old/
Scientists: Geological evidence
shows the Great Sphinx is 800,000 years old
One of the most mysterious and enigmatic monuments on the surface of the planet is without a doubt the Great Sphinx at the Giza plateau in Egypt. It is an ancient construction that has baffled researchers ever since its discovery and until today, no one has been able to accurately date the Sphinx, since there are no written records or mentions in the past about it. Now, two Ukrainian researchers have proposed a new provocative theory where the two scientists propose that the Great Sphinx of Egypt is around 800,000 years old. A Revolutionary theory that is backed up by science.
The study was presented at the International Conference of Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy held in Sofia titled: GEOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE PROBLEM OF DATING THE GREAT EGYPTIAN SPHINX CONSTRUCTION.
The authors of this paper are scientists Manichev Vjacheslav I. (Institute of Environmental Geochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and Alexander G. Parkhomenko (Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine).
The starting point of these two experts is the paradigm shift initiated by West and Schoch, a ‘debate’ intended to overcome the orthodox view of Egyptology referring to the possible remote origins of the Egyptian civilization and, on the other, physical evidence of water erosion present at the monuments of the Giza Plateau.
According to Manichev and Parkhomenko:
“The problem of dating the Great Egyptian Sphinx construction is still valid, despite of the long-term history of its research. Geological approach in connection to other scientific-natural methods permits to answer the question about the relative age of the Sphinx. The conducted visual investigation of the Sphinx allowed the conclusion about the important role of water from large water bodies which partially flooded the monument with formation of wave-cut hollows on its vertical walls.”
“The morphology of these formations has an analogy with similar such hollows formed by the sea in the coastal zones. Genetic resemblance of the compared erosion forms and the geological structure and petrographic composition of sedimentary rock complexes lead to a conclusion that the decisive factor of destruction of the historic monument is the wave energy rather than sand abrasion in Eolian process. Voluminous geological literature confirms the fact of existence of long-living fresh-water lakes in various periods of the Quaternary from the Lower Pleistocene to the Holocene. These lakes were distributed in the territories adjacent to the Nile. The absolute mark of the upper large erosion hollow of the Sphinx corresponds to the level of water surface which took place in the Early Pleistocene. The Great Egyptian Sphinx had already stood on the Giza Plateau by that geological (historical) time.”
“In our geological field expeditions in different mountains and littoral zones of the Crimea and Caucasus we could often observe the forms of Eolian weathering which morphology differs considerably from the weathering taking place on the GES. Most natural forms of weathering are of smoothed character, independent of lithological composition of the rocks...
“Our personal experience in scientific investigation of geology of the sea coasts gives reasons to draw an analogy with the GES and to suggest another mechanism of its destruction. Specialists-geologists, who work in the field of sea-coast geomorphology, know such forms of relief as wave-cut hollows (Morskaya Geomorfologiya, 1980). They can be one- and multi-storey. They are arranged horizontally to the sea water surface, if the coast makes a vertical wall (cliff). Especially deep wave-cut hollows are formed in precipitous cliffs built by the strata of carbonaceous rocks. Such forms of the coast relief are well-known and studied in detail on the Black-Sea coast of the Caucasus and Crimea (Popov, 1953; Zenkovich, 1960). General model of formation of the wave-cut hollows in the rocks of the Caucasian flysch is given by Popov (1953, 162; Fig. 3). In dynamics of the process of wave-cut hollows formation one can notice such a characteristic feature that the wave energy is directed to the rock stratum at the level of water surface. Besides, both saline and fresh water can dissolve the rocks...”
http://mgu.bg/geoarchmin/naterials/64Manichev.pdf
Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy
(Eds. R. I. Kostov, B. Gaydarska, M. Gurova). 2008.
Proceedings of the International Conference, 29-30 October 2008 Sofia, Publishing House “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, 308-311.
http://www.sciencerecorder.com
March 10, 2013
Have scientists discovered
reversible evolution?
by
Delila James
by
Delila James
Studying house dust mites, two University of Michigan biologists say they have discovered evidence that contracts Dollo’s law – a long standing scientific belief claiming evolution is irreversible.
Scientists at the University of Michigan announced the discovery Friday, saying their research reveals the common house dust mite has undergone “reverse” evolution, changing from a parasitic life form to a free-living one. The study shows the familiar house dust mite evolved over millions of years from free-living organisms into parasites before evolving back into free-living organisms.
The theory of an organism reverting to the characteristics of its ancestors is known as Dollo’s law. The hypothesis, posed by Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo, states that “an organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realized in the ranks of its ancestors.” Although evolutionary biologists have disagreed about how the rule is applied in nature, they have been in general agreement on the general principle that the evolutionary process is irreversible.
“All our analyses conclusively demonstrated that house dust mites have abandoned a parasitic lifestyle, secondarily becoming free-living, and then speciated in several habitats, including human habitations,” according to Pavel Klimov and Barry O’Connor of the University of Michigan Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology…
Apparently they haven't heard of Ebner's amazing research @ CIBA-Geigy :
http://www.rexresearch.com/ebner/ebner.htm
Guido EBNER : Primeval Code
Electrostatic fields & frequency cause degenerate DNA to revert to its earlier, primitive state.
Tom Bearden's Message :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsJybtR9YlM
TO ALL SCIENTISTS ON THIS PLANET!
Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Bearden, US Army, PhD calls for the scientific community to act.
"To the sincere person who remains skeptical, consider this: Absolute proof is not needed before serious research begins on the subject. In no other field of human endeavor is proof required before serious study and research begins; on the contrary, proof is the result of this research. In this regard, the subject of extraterrestrial studies is being held to an irrational requirement of proof before serious research can begin, on the one hand, and denounced as an area of spurious interest because no proof exists, on the other!"
-Steven M. Greer, MD
RECOMMENDED SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY ACTIONS
As observations of the UFO phenomena reported by many thousands of witnesses are validated, a new set of scientific paradigms will need to be researched to explain what is being observed.
Twentieth century scientific theories have barely touched the surface in explaining what numerous scientific, military and civilian witnesses have observed and reported. However, in some cases, covert military research programs appear to have advanced much further in understanding the observed phenomena and than have our academic and public scientists. Recent findings, such as the demonstration of possible faster than speed of light phenomenon, suggest that indeed there will be a whole new class of scientific phenomena that 21st century scientists will investigate to explain what has been declared as “impossible” by scientists of the last century.
There is still a major acceptance problem about UFO/ET issues with most scientists.
Dr. Peter Sturrock, a highly respected solar physicist and now an emeritus professor at Stanford University, summarized the problem as follows: The definite resolution of the UFO enigma will not come about unless and until the problem is subjected to open and extensive scientific study by the normal procedures of established science. This requires a change in attitude primarily on the part of scientists and administrators in universities.
A further view by Dr. Sturrock on the role of scientists and scientific journals is quoted in section 3.2.1. Surprising though it may seem to the lay person, scientists often have trouble changing their understanding of processes and natural phenomena when faced with evidence that their theories may not be correct.
The history of science is replete with examples of scientists proclaiming such and such is impossible, only to be shown later that their assumptions were incorrect... [see full article here: http://www.siriusdisclosure.com/summa... ]
Over the last century, scientists have played both an active and passive role, often unknowingly, in shaping the attitudes of the “trusting” public on the UFO issue through promulgation of misinformation and disinformation.
In summary, without investigation and research, there can be no intelligent informed statement on the phenomena. This need was also recommended by a panel of scientists in the Sturrock/Rockefeller report and by scientists and military personnel in the French COMETA report summarized in section 8.0.
We recommend SCIENTISTS take the following actions:
1. Scientists must open their minds to the possibility of the UFO/ET phenomenon and stop prejudging others who are researching this area. This will require each to do their own “research” into the matter;
2. Scientists who know the UFO/ET issues are real (such as those who participate in covert research projects) should share the reality and their understanding with scientific colleagues to start to bring them up to speed. There will be a lot of catching up to do and it will be difficult because of reputations and funding issues;
3. Academic scientists should share this knowledge with their students and the public, for it is the next generation of students and graduate students that will help make the breakthroughs in research to explain what has been observed for several generations;
4. It is critical that scientists help make the study of UFO/ET issues a supported and encouraged area of scientific investigation for these future graduate students and young professional scientists;
5. Scientist/managers who run our federally funded academic research programs should set aside a small percentage of their budgets for “outside-the-box” research into the UFO/ET arena, helping to make it a legitimate area of research.
6. Finally, scientists should realize that advances in science and technology that could come from an understanding of the UFO/ET phenomenon will have far ranging effects on the future of the people and the environment of our planet. The opportunities for new “breakthrough” research have never been better (as well as the opportunity to rewrite many textbooks).
Nibiru Come Home ! We Miss You ! All is Forgiven ! Love, Mother Earth & Father Sun
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TITUHb4dwiM
Mysterious Glowing Light In the
Early Evening Western Sky, What Is It?
[ Comments insist that it's Arcturus ,,, ]
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/sky-walk-free/id543615601?mt=8
Sky Walk Free
by
VIMAL BHANVADIYA
Descriptionby
VIMAL BHANVADIYA
The Sky Walk is a magical new app that enables you to identify the stars, planets, galaxies, constellations and even satellites you can see above. Just stand anywhere and hold your iPhone, iPod touch or iPad up to the sky and The Sky Walk will display the names of the stars, planets and other objects you are able to see, just like magic!
Ahhhh… Deeply satisfying doom art :
'Who says my work’s a disaster?' Artist
creates incredible images of how the world might end
https://soundcloud.com/v-guerrilla/the-goerilla-economist-46
Interview with Clif High (
Halfpasthumancom )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bNsJUJwHwE
NEW: The World In 2016 The Economist
Cover Released! DECODE Starts Now
https://i.imgur.com/uPdww6f.jpg
Rex-ommended Viewing : Graham Hancock : Prehistoric Civilization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWmaiexDRGs
GRAHAM HANCOCK : ANCIENT & FUTURE
CATACLYSM - THE GREAT RETURN OF THE COMET
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5DNvYMtkyk
Quest for the Lost civilization - Graham
Hancock (FULL MOVIE)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5DNvYMtkyk
Graham Hancock : Fingerprints of the Gods
http://cbsnews.com.co/long-lost-nikola-tesla-drawings-reveal-map-to-multiplication/
Long-Lost Nikola Tesla Drawings
Reveal Map To Multiplication
The Sketches were hidden in a small trunk with numerous other drawings and manuscripts ranging from hand-held technological devices to free-energy systems, many with notes scrawled all over them. Some of the pieces are already familiar to the public, but a few others are not. Most notably is the Map to Multiplication or the Math Spiral. Zucca made a few copies and showed the drawings around to different thinkers, dreamers, and mathematicians.
A few days later a Local High School Mathematics Instructor, Joey Grether, had been working on deciphering the system and had a few breakthroughs. Grether suggests that the Spiral not only explores Multiplication as an interwoven web, but that it, “offers a comprehensive visual understanding of how all numbers are self-organized into 12 positions of compositability.”
“This device allows us to see numbers as patterns, the formation of prime numbers, twin primes, Highly composite numbers, multiplication and division, as well as few other systems, I imagine, that are yet to be discovered.”
The diagram itself is very intuitive, allowing students to see how numbers all work together based on a spiral with 12 positions. 12, or 12x (multiples of 12) is the most highly composite system, which is why we have 12 months in a year, 12 inches in a foot, 24 hours in a day, etc. 12 can be divided by 2, 3, 4, and 6. So can all multiples of 12. For every 12 numbers there is a chance of 4 numbers being prime. They happen to fall in positions (think clock positions) 5, 7, 11, and 1.
Tesla is known for the quote “If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6 and 9, then you would have the key to the universe.” It turns out that when the device is examined, the digital roots of the numbers in positions 3, 6, 9, and 12 constantly repeat the same sequence 3, 6, 9! Is this what Tesla was referring too? The self-organization of numbers and their digital roots?
Its hard to say, but Grether seems to think so. “This breakthrough is phenomenal. If we could get students all over the globe to use this technique, to play with it, and help figure out how to use it, we could overcome our cultural aversion to Mathematics. Instead of memorizing the multiplication table, we could learn the positions of numbers and have a better understanding of how they work.”
Juan Zapata, One of Mr. G’s students believes so as well… “I used to say I’m bad at Math… cause thats what everyone says, but now, I’m like, dude, this is too easy.”
Theres one other fact about the Tesla Spiral that make it interesting. The diagram is dated 12/12/12! 1912. Grether and his students want to turn December 12 into a national holiday. So grab a 12 pack, get a dozen donuts, and celebrate the power of 12x.
http://www.geometryandtheology.com
Ryan Murtha's new website on Geometry
& Theology -- a work in progress… includes Alchemy --
Rex-ommended visit…
Bashar the PsyOops Mouthpiece --
http://projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?87835-Bashar-Fraud-Pawn-or-What
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZfs2g-6GP0
...It seems that this channeler, who has become VERY renown for channeling Bashar (supposedly a benevolent, super-evolved extraterrestrial intelligence) is being fed these so-called 'transmissions' by a white male HUMAN voice that is relaying the information to him in realtime. These are most evident at the following timestamps, although it is happening throughout the entirety of the responses. Again, you will need to run it through VLC player to hear. And you will need headphones:
0:54 - this is insanely blatant. You can hear that after he says "after we translate the phrase" the channeler momentarily stops as you can hear a voice in the background say "isolated, limited terrorist..." to which the channeler follows suit right away.
1:06 - after the channeler finishes saying "America", the voice in the background goes on saying "primarily.." to which the channeler follows suit.
1:17 - At the exact moment which the person finishes asking the question "do you know when it is likely to occur?" you can immediately hear the white male voice in the background speak first even before Bashar speaks. This is very important since it is a case of the background voice speaking first before the channeler begins speaking at all, which is the clearest (and first) case of this happening in the video. Effectively eliminating the possibility of any audio de-synchronization, which was already completely absurd to begin with since the questioner has no such effect over his voice and the background voice is clearly nothing like the channeler's...
1:25 - THIS IS THE CLEAREST, MOST UNDENIABLE EVIDENCE IN THIS ENTIRE VIDEO.
After the channeler finishes saying "2001", the white male voice in the background goes on to very clearly say, "MOST LIKELY, in or around" HOWEVER, the channeler does not say this right away, instead he says "MOST LIKELY, either" (he probably says "either" because he did not clearly hear what the other male voice said, signalling for a repeat, or he was biding for more time just in case the message he was receiving from the background voice would be a little lengthy so he'd have time to relay it clearly) and THEN after a repeat by the background voice saying "in or around" a second time, the channeler continues with "in or around". This undeniably proves that there are two different people involved in this transmission and that Bashar is not an extraterrestrial channeler but a complete deceiver and government pawn. I have just proved this for certain.
( BTW : His interlocking coils "free energy" antenna is a suckoff of Walter Russell )
http://www.thecommonsenseshow.com/2015/12/30/the-global-economic-collapse-is-happening-as-you-read-these-words/
30 Dec, 2015
The Global Economic Collapse Is
Happening As You Read These Words
by
Dave Hodges
by
Dave Hodges
The entire wealth of the planet is estimated to be around $65-7o trillion dollars. Any debt that exceeds that amount should be considered to be a catalyst for global economic collapse and ultimately World War III along with the emergence of extreme authoritarian government similar to what the world witnessed prior to World War II.
Nations who are trying to save themselves from the abyss of economic collapse will seek to plunder the resources of other nations and when these predatory behaviors grow in number, global conflict will breakout. We are already seeing evidence of this in Ukraine (i.e. control of Eurasia’s gas) and in Syria and Iran (i.e. control of the medium of exchange to buy oil, gold vs. the dollar).
In 2011, Bloomberg reported that Bank of America shifted about $22 trillion worth of derivative obligations from Merrill Lynch and the Bank of America Corporation holding company to the FDIC insured retail deposit division. Along with this information came the revelation that the FDIC insured unit was already stuffed with $53 trillion worth of these potentially toxic obligations, making a total of $75 trillion dollars in debt from the toxic holdings of only one bank. In other words, the United States taxpayer owes Bank of America $75 trillion dollars when, not if, the credit swap derivatives market collapses. REMEMBER: ANY DEBT THAT EXCEEDS $70 TRILLION DOLLARS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED TO BE THE CATALYST FOR A GLOBAL ECONOMIC COLLAPSE.
Although this event was prominently reported in Bloomberg, it was not reported on Fox and CNN and the other corporate news entities. Further, the implications of this nation-busting act were never explained to the American people. So, the ignorant American people continue to entrust their life savings to entities who are planning to steal these assets.
Implications
Derivatives are highly flammable financial instruments that are used to insure the banks against risk. The main purpose of a derivative lies in the fact that they are used for speculation (i.e. gambling). The derivatives market comprises the modern day version of the big gaming casino on Wall Street!
Credit swap derivatives are bets made upon the future value of stocks, bonds, mortgages, other loans, currencies, commodities, volatility of financial indexes, and even weather changes. It is a case of the Las Vegas Strip coming to Wall Street. The banksters are playing with house money. Only in this case, the house money is the good faith and credit of the American taxpayer.
And it is not just Bank of America that is stealing your money to cover their derivatives debt. All of the “too big to fail” banks (e.g. JP Morgan, Wells Fargo) have had their gambling addiction guaranteed by the American people. This was supposed to be a secret that would be kept from the American people in order to keep America from rioting and stringing up every banker that they could get their hands on. So,why isn’t that you have not heard about this before (an estimated 95% of the readers are probably ignorant of this fact)? Well, the fact remains that there have been cracks in the conspiracy and there have been people telling all of us about this very fact. Breitbart told you about this fact last year. Politifact came to the party late, but even they reported this fact late last year. Ellen Brown wrote about this development last year. Forbes covered this development in 2013. The Common Sense Show covered this event many times in 2011-12 on several broadcasts. On November 16, 2014, I covered the fact that the G20 nations passed a joint resolution to get their nation’s central banking system to declare that your bank account was not defined as money. This was done because the G20 central banks are approaching insolvency. This put your assets at the bottom of the list for FDIC compensation in the event of a bank failure. In other words, your money is as good as gone.
Even if Wall Street was to net out the worth of the derivatives involved, the amount is so large that the United States could not hope to pay it off. Why? Because the debt is estimated to be at $1.5 quadrillion dollar debt without a major dollar devaluation, if another collapse were to actually occur and a large part of the derivatives were triggered, the U.S. government cannot cover the obligation. Rest assured that the banks would be made whole. However, the same cannot be said for the American taxpayer. The Federal Reserve has not only given their blessing, they approved the transfer of the derivatives from Merrill Lynch to insured retail unit of BAC before the deal was even done. Why would the Federal Reserve participate in the economic suicide of our country? Because these sacred cow banks are owned by prominent members of the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve members are intent on financial survival at the expense of the people.
Solely based upon the condition of the megabanks, it is a foregone conclusion that these bank customers are going to lose their assets. Since the U.S. only takes in $2 trillion dollars per year, where is the money going to come from to cover the derivatives debt? The interest on the derivatives debt is exploding faster than we can pay the interest on it, $505 trillion per year . This one set of circumstances is enough, on its own, to collapse the U.S. economy. This could be the straw that breaks the camel’s back. However, we have a lot of straws sitting upon the backs of the American camel.
1. The national debt.
2. The national deficit.
3. The stock market bubble.
4. The MERS mortgage fraud which has stolen an estimated 13 million homes.
5. The 1.5 quadrillion derivatives debt.
6. The record low Baltic Index which speaks to the health of the global economy.
7. Record consumer credit debt.
8. 5o million Americans on food stamps.
9. Shadow Stats which states that 23% of Americans are unemployed and underemployed
10. A weakened military as we sit upon the edge of World War III at a time when Obama is downsizing our military and firing its leadership base.
11. Increased foreign reliance of food imports (20% of the total).
12. The FCC and Attorney General Loretta Lynch is trying to gain control over the Internet in an attempt to silence the opposition of the independent media.
13. Food inflation which some estimate to be at about 18%.
14. The media is owned by six corporations who have helped to create this problem.
15. Unfunded liabilities (i.e. Social Security, Medicare) are now in excess of $240 trillion dollars. Remember, any debt in excess of $70 trillion dollars should be considered to be a catalyst for global economic collapse.
Do you actually believe that various segments of the economy can be collapsing around you and that your life savings, your retirement and your other miscellaneous investments are going to be safe? Why do you think Obama wants your guns? The elite knows what is coming, they have planned for this day. And they are laughing at your ignorance and the fact that YOU have funded their golden parachutes.
Everybody gets the joke but the American people.
Everybody gets the joke but the American people. You are renting your life savings and all that you own from the following people:
What Does It All Mean?
I wish all questions had answers this simple. Soon-to-be broke bankers start wars which will kill millions/billions in order to preserve their financial standing. Broke citizens start civil wars. Power hungry government bureaucrats, eager to preserve their power, promote false flag attacks to promote the implementation of a genocidal system of global feudalism under the New World Order.
Is there anything that can be done? Not without divine intervention. The debt could be repudiated but that would still trigger World War III. About the one thing you can do to is store up on God’s teachings, guns, gold, food and form trusted alliances.
http://massprivatei.blogspot.com/2015/12/how-to-delete-your-personal-info-from.html
How to delete your personal info.
from the internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3z8zjpNMZw&feature=youtu.be
Air-crete dome homes
http://www.domegaia.com/
Air-crete -- Cellular Concrete or Foam Cement.
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Andromedans are made of this stuff :
http://www.caltech.edu/news/topolariton-new-half-matter-half-light-particle-48222
T. Karzig et al. Phys. Rev. X (2015)
Topolariton, a New Half-Matter,
Half-Light Particle
by
Rod Pyle
by
Rod Pyle
Caltech scientist theorizes a new
quasiparticle with unique characteristics.
A new type of "quasiparticle" theorized by Caltech's Gil Refael, a professor of theoretical physics and condensed matter theory, could help improve the efficiency of a wide range of photonic devices—technologies, such as optical amplifiers, solar photovoltaic cells, and even barcode scanners, which create, manipulate, or detect light.
Electrons traveling through the semiconductors used in modern computers lose energy via heat because of resistance. This is not the case with light signals, but there can be other causes of signal loss in light transmission, such as unwanted reflection and scattering of photons, or light particles. Refael says that a type of quasiparticle called the "topolariton" could reduce such signal degradation and enhance the stability of the photons as they move along the edges of semiconductors. He described topolaritons and their properties in a paper published in the July 2015 issue of the journal Physical Review X.
Refael's work at Caltech concentrates on quantum aspects of matter, including quantum entanglement (in which quantum particles share behaviors regardless of distance), quantum computing, and the emergence and control of new quantum states.
Quasiparticles such as the topolariton are entities that exhibit some, but not all, of the characteristics of elementary particles like the electrons and quarks that make up atoms. They are classified as emergent phenomena—those that arise from the dynamical behavior of a system—and they exist only inside solid materials. Some examples of quasiparticles include phonons ("packets" of atoms or molecules vibrating collectively), solitons (solitary wave packets or pulses that retain their shape while moving at a constant velocity), and excitons (formed when an electron binds with an electron hole, or the void left when an electron departs a valence orbital). The interaction of photons with excitons can form another quasiparticle called the polariton.
During a workshop at the National Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored Institute for Quantum Information (now the Institute for Quantum Information and Matter) in 2010, Refael and two colleagues came up with the idea for the topolariton, a type of polariton with the ability to flow in one direction along the edges of semiconducting quantum wells embedded in optical cavities. The quantum well and the cavity confine electrons and photons to motion within a single plane. "We suggested that you could take a simple semiconductor and a regular quantum well, and give rise to a special excitation, which is a hybrid of a photon and an electron-hole pair," that is, of a polariton. "Shining light at the frequency can kick an electron out of the balance and initiate a polariton that travels exclusively on the edge of the system. The light–matter interaction, in this case, produces so-called topological quantum states that are not there in each of the components."
Because topolaritons are part matter and part light, they could be guided and controlled with reflectors or with photonic band-gaps—regions in the optical medium through which photons cannot travel. Furthermore, the direction of a topolariton's motion could be reversed by the application of a magnetic field. "This would be like a one-way filter for light, providing a directional communication with minimum losses of energy," he says.
Photonic devices are currently in widespread use, and are expected to eventually replace traditional semiconductors in many applications. They are more efficient and accurate, work better over long distances, and save energy. They are also less prone to interference from outside influences such as electromagnetic fields. Exploiting toploaritons into such devices should lead to further improvements in their performance.
Evolving from theory to practical applications, however, may be a rather long process, Refael admits. "We'll need to create some new interfaces between the photonic world and the electronic world," he says. "One challenge is making one-way photon wave-guides for visible light. The topolaritons provide a route to such devices using standard semi-conductor technology, and can also act as an intermediary between photonic and electron-based devices—a necessary step for any optoelectronic device."
https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.031001
July 1, 2015
Synopsis: Meet the Topolariton
by
Ana Lopes
Quasiparticles dubbed topological
polaritons make their debut in the theoretical world.
by
Ana Lopes
Condensed-matter physicists often turn to particle-like entities called quasiparticles—such as excitons, plasmons, magnons—to explain complex phenomena. Now Gil Refael from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and colleagues report the theoretical concept of the topological polarition, or “topolariton”: a hybrid half-light, half-matter quasiparticle that has special topological properties and might be used in devices to transport light in one direction.
The proposed topolaritons arise from the strong coupling of a photon and an exciton, a bound state of an electron and a hole. Their topology can be thought of as knots in their gapped energy-band structure. At the edge of the systems in which topolaritons emerge, these knots unwind and allow the topolaritons to propagate in a single direction without back-reflection. In other words, the topolaritons cannot make U-turns. Back-reflection is a known source of detrimental feedback and loss in photonic devices. The topolaritons’ immunity to it may thus be exploited to build devices with increased performance.
The researchers describe a scheme to generate topolaritons that may be feasible to implement in common systems—such as semiconductor structures or atomically thin layers of compounds known as transition-metal dichalcogenides—embedded in photonic waveguides or microcavities. Previous approaches to make similar one-way photonic channels have mostly hinged on effects that are only applicable at microwave frequencies. Refael and co-workers’ proposal offers an avenue to make such “one-way photonic roads” in the optical regime, which despite progress has remained a challenging pursuit.
Shades of Lord Rayleigh's Active Nitrogen [ http://wwwrexresearch.com/ rayleigh/activen.htm ] :
Phys. Rev. X 5, 041053 (2015)
30 December 2015
Mapping the Dissociative Ionization
Dynamics of Molecular Nitrogen with Attosecond Time
Resolution
A. Trabattoni, M. Klinker, J. González-Vázquez, C. Liu, G. Sansone, R. Linguerri, M. Hochlaf, J. Klei, M. J. J. Vrakking, F. Martín, M. Nisoli, and F. Calegari
A. Trabattoni, M. Klinker, J. González-Vázquez, C. Liu, G. Sansone, R. Linguerri, M. Hochlaf, J. Klei, M. J. J. Vrakking, F. Martín, M. Nisoli, and F. Calegari
Molecular nitrogen plays a role in the assembly of prebiotic molecules, and it protects humans from the Sun’s extreme ultraviolet radiation. Researchers investigate, for the first time, the ultrafast molecular dynamics of nitrogen as it disassociates.
Studying the interaction of molecular nitrogen with extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation is of prime importance to understand radiation-induced processes occurring in Earth’s upper atmosphere. In particular, photoinduced dissociation dynamics involving excited states of N2+ leads to N and N+ atomic species that are relevant in atmospheric photochemical processes. However, tracking the relaxation dynamics of highly excited states of N2+ is difficult to achieve, and its theoretical modeling is notoriously complex. Here, we report on an experimental and theoretical investigation of the dissociation dynamics of N2+ induced by isolated attosecond XUV pulses in combination with few-optical-cycle near-infrared/visible (NIR/VIS) pulses. The momentum distribution of the produced N+ fragments is measured as a function of pump-probe delay with subfemtosecond resolution using a velocity map imaging spectrometer. The time-dependent measurements reveal the presence of NIR/VIS-induced transitions between N2+ states together with an interference pattern that carries the signature of the potential energy curves activated by the XUV pulse. We show that the subfemtosecond characterization of the interference pattern is essential for a semiquantitative determination of the repulsive part of these curves.
This is the stuff of Tom Bearden's wet dreams :
Phys. Rev. X 5, 041034 (2015)
30 November 2015
Towards Gauging Time-Reversal
Symmetry: A Tensor Network Approach
Xie Chen and Ashvin Vishwanath
Xie Chen and Ashvin Vishwanath
Time-reversal symmetry is fundamental to condensed matter physics, and now researchers show how time reversal can be applied locally, using a tensor network representation, and how time-reversal twists can be used to detect topological order.
It is well known that unitary symmetries can be “gauged,” i.e., defined to act in a local way, which leads to a corresponding gauge field. Gauging, for example, the charge-conservation symmetry leads to electromagnetic gauge fields. It is an open question whether an analogous process is possible for time reversal which is an antiunitary symmetry. Here, we discuss a route to gauging time-reversal symmetry that applies to gapped quantum ground states that admit a tensor network representation. The tensor network representation of quantum states provides a notion of locality for the wave function coefficient and hence a notion of locality for the action of complex conjugation in antiunitary symmetries. Based on that, we show how time reversal can be applied locally and also describe time-reversal symmetry twists that act as gauge fluxes through nontrivial loops in the system. As with unitary symmetries, gauging time reversal provides useful access to the physical properties of the system. We show how topological invariants of certain time-reversal symmetric topological phases in D=1, 2 are readily extracted using these ideas.
Graphene + Fermions = Quantum Queerdness :
Phys. Rev. X 5, 041042 (2015)
15 December 2015
Majorana Zero Modes in Graphene
P. San-Jose, J. L. Lado, R. Aguado, F. Guinea, and J. Fernández-Rossier
P. San-Jose, J. L. Lado, R. Aguado, F. Guinea, and J. Fernández-Rossier
Majorana particles, which are their own antiparticles and whose recent detection in solid-state systems remains controversial, are expected to play an important role in future quantum computing. Now, scientists predict that graphene may host Majorana particles.
A clear demonstration of topological superconductivity (TS) and Majorana zero modes remains one of the major pending goals in the field of topological materials. One common strategy to generate TS is through the coupling of an s-wave superconductor to a helical half-metallic system. Numerous proposals for the latter have been put forward in the literature, most of them based on semiconductors or topological insulators with strong spin-orbit coupling. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach for the creation of TS in graphene-superconductor junctions without the need for spin-orbit coupling. Our prediction stems from the helicity of graphene’s zero-Landau-level edge states in the presence of interactions and from the possibility, experimentally demonstrated, of tuning their magnetic properties with in-plane magnetic fields. We show how canted antiferromagnetic ordering in the graphene bulk close to neutrality induces TS along the junction and gives rise to isolated, topologically protected Majorana bound states at either end. We also discuss possible strategies to detect their presence in graphene Josephson junctions through Fraunhofer pattern anomalies and Andreev spectroscopy. The latter, in particular, exhibits strong unambiguous signatures of the presence of the Majorana states in the form of universal zero-bias anomalies. Remarkable progress has recently been reported in the fabrication of the proposed type of junctions, which offers a promising outlook for Majorana physics in graphene systems.
Phys. Rev. X 5, 041038 (2015)
10 December 2015
Majorana Fermion Surface Code for
Universal Quantum Computation
Sagar Vijay, Timothy H. Hsieh, and Liang Fu
Sagar Vijay, Timothy H. Hsieh, and Liang Fu
Fault-tolerant quantum computation has been a long-standing goal in many fields of physics. A new model shows how logical qubits can be encoded using anyon excitations from Majorana fermions arranged on a two-dimensional lattice...
Meanwhile, Palmer Craig's proven geomagnetic field-powered Hall Effect battery still sits dormant after ~80 years [ http://www.rexresearch.com/craig/craig.htm ] --
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/151119/ncomms9913/full/ncomms9913.html
doi: 10.1038/ncomms9913 (2015).
Nat. Commun. 6:8913
Carrier-mediated ferromagnetism in the
magnetic topological insulator Cr-doped (Sb,Bi)2Te3.
Ye, M. et al.
Ye, M. et al.
Abstract
Magnetically doped topological insulators, possessing an energy gap created at the Dirac point through time-reversal-symmetry breaking, are predicted to exhibit exotic phenomena including the quantized anomalous Hall effect and a dissipationless transport, which facilitate the development of low-power-consumption devices using electron spins. Although several candidates of magnetically doped topological insulators were demonstrated to show long-range magnetic order, the realization of the quantized anomalous Hall effect is so far restricted to the Cr-doped (Sb,Bi)2Te3 system at extremely low temperature; however, the microscopic origin of its ferromagnetism is poorly understood. Here we present an element-resolved study for Cr-doped (Sb,Bi)2Te3 using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism to unambiguously show that the long-range magnetic order is mediated by the p-hole carriers of the host lattice, and the interaction between the Sb(Te) p and Cr d states is crucial. Our results are important for material engineering in realizing the quantized anomalous Hall effect at higher temperatures.
Help ! Help ! Rex Research has been virtualized !
http://cso.wikia.com/wiki/Rex_Research_Institutehttp://cso.wikia.com/wiki/Rex_Research_Institute
Rex Research Institute is a
fictional organization in Counter-Strike Online.
Background
The Rex Research Institute is an organization of doctors and scientists who were creating various types of medicine in an attempt to prolong life. Gradually, they changed their objective into trying to find a way to make humans immortal. Due to their continuous experiments on living things, their plans backfired and had instead created a dangerous virus, dubbed the Rex Virus. This caused humans to turn into the undead, the zombies. The zombies managed to escape from the lab, during Chaos chapter, and started infecting the others. This was also the place where Jennifer was captured and kept alive as a human experimental subject..
Oh joy ! At last, somebody understands me !
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Rex_Research
Rex Research is a website which promotes pseudoscience and conspiracy theories. It includes such things as perpetual motion machines and Tetrasil. The site is, as a whole, very similar to Time Cube: They both promote questionable theories in a rambling, largely incomprehensible way, and they both have horribly designed webpages, with Rex Research having huge walls of links...
Big SubGenius Tee-Hee-Hees from KPFA ( 94.1 FM, Berkeley CA )
https://www.mixcloud.com/PhiloDrummond/the-puzzling-evidence-show-november-30th-2014-the-rex-research-best-of-puzzling-evidence-show/
The Puzzling Evidence Show - November
30th, 2014 - THE REX RESEARCH BEST OF PUZZLING EVIDENCE
Here's a well-done review of Air Wells :
http://www.thefullwiki.org/Air_well_(28condenser)
Air well (condenser): Wikis
Coming soon : Tesla turbines pretty please ? --
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/545086/heat-resistant-ceramic-parts-are-now-3-d-printable/
Heat-Resistant Ceramic Parts Are Now 3-D
Printable
Researchers demonstrate high-resolution printing of objects made of versatile ceramic materials...
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/351/6268/58
Science 1 January 2016:
Vol. 351 no. 6268 pp. 58-62
DOI: 10.1126/science.aad2688
Additive manufacturing of
polymer-derived ceramics
Zak C. Eckel, Chaoyin Zhou, John H. Martin, Alan J. Jacobsen, William B. Carter, Tobias A. Schaedler
Zak C. Eckel, Chaoyin Zhou, John H. Martin, Alan J. Jacobsen, William B. Carter, Tobias A. Schaedler
Abstract
The extremely high melting point of many ceramics adds challenges to additive manufacturing as compared with metals and polymers. Because ceramics cannot be cast or machined easily, three-dimensional (3D) printing enables a big leap in geometrical flexibility. We report preceramic monomers that are cured with ultraviolet light in a stereolithography 3D printer or through a patterned mask, forming 3D polymer structures that can have complex shape and cellular architecture. These polymer structures can be pyrolyzed to a ceramic with uniform shrinkage and virtually no porosity. Silicon oxycarbide microlattice and honeycomb cellular materials fabricated with this approach exhibit higher strength than ceramic foams of similar density. Additive manufacturing of such materials is of interest for propulsion components, thermal protection systems, porous burners, microelectromechanical systems, and electronic device packaging.
http://www.jourlib.org/references/7911999
Journal of Power and Energy Engineering
DOI: 10.4236/jpee.2014.24003 Sep 06, 2014
Journal of Power and Energy Engineering
DOI: 10.4236/jpee.2014.24003 Sep 06, 2014
A New Approach of Electric Field Adoption for Germination Improvement
by
Waman Ziblaji Gandhare, Mamta Samir Patwardhan
ABSTRACT: Enhancement of tomato seed germination is one of the most important factors for developing a supply chain of increased demand. Tomato is one of the important cash crops in the world. To fulfill increased requirement, electric field adoption is the best alternative. The study was undertaken at MPKV, Rahuri for improvement in tomato seed germination. Three different approaches were utilized as electrostatic field, microwave and corona discharge method to treat tomato seeds. The comparative analysis revealed that adoption of electrostatic field application was simple as well as powerful method with significantly positive results. In electrostatic field, the optimal dosage was 2 kV/mm for 20 second interval to improve germination, root shoot length and seed vigor.
http://www.naturalblaze.com/2015/12/cell-tower-radiation-prevents-garden-cress-seed-germination-in-danish-experiment.html
December 31, 2015
Cell Tower Radiation Prevents Garden
Cress Seed Germination in Danish Experiment
…Five Danish schoolgirls proved what apparently no one in the microwave industry wanted to. Wi-Fi radiation causes adverse effects to any life forms, which, in their experiment, were garden cress seeds. The young ladies placed the seeds near two Wi-Fi routers, waited and took photographs for twelve days. The results—failure of seeds to germinate—can be seen in the above photographs.
So, what does that experiment portend for humans? That similar effect(s) can occur from cell towers too. Two researchers, “Drs. Cammaerts and Johansson conducted a partial replication of the original Danish student study using cell towers instead of WiFi routers as the source of wireless radiation. They found that cress seeds located 200 meters from two cell towers failed to germinate.” [1] What did they conclude from their findings? “Wireless technology may effectively and seriously impact nature and should urgently be used much more cautiously.”…
Gold-Chloride : 94% Cure Rate for Addictions --
https://fourthdimensionalrecovery.wordpress.com/2012/08/12/how-the-rockefellers-blocked-the-gold-cure-for-addiction/
August 12, 2012
How the Rockefellers blocked the gold CURE for addiction
This is the story on how the Rockefeller Empire blocked gold as a viable treatment for addiction and set up Alcoholics Anonymous to conceal the truth.
CN103385851
Injectable medicine composition used for resisting cancer
Inventor: CAI WEIHUI, et al.
WO2008063662
GOLD (III) CHLORIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR CANCER
Inventor: GUTIERREZ SERGIO
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3270597/The-mysterious-mushroom-triggers-spontaneous-orgasms-women-Phallic-fungus-releases-hormone-like-compounds-excite-single-sniff.html#v-7690268611997680811
13 October 2015
The mysterious mushroom that
triggers spontaneous orgasms in women:
Phallic fungus releases 'hormone-like compounds' to excite with a single sniff
By
Sarah Griffiths
Phallic fungus releases 'hormone-like compounds' to excite with a single sniff
By
Sarah Griffiths
Orange mushroom growing in Hawaii's rumoured to have potent propertiesOysters and chocolate maybe considered aphrodisiacs, but their stimulating powers pale into insignificance when compared to a mysterious mushroom found in Hawaii.
Researchers discovered 'fetid odour' of the fungi triggered orgasms
Almost half of the women in the experiment experienced an orgasm
Researchers suggest hormone-like compounds may be similar to human neurotransmitters during sexual encounters, to trigger the reaction
An as yet unnamed species of bright orange mushroom that grows on volcanic slopes has long been rumoured to possess potent properties.
Researchers have discovered the 'fetid odour' of the fungus can trigger spontaneous climaxes in females.
The mushrooms were discovered growing on lava deposits dating back 600 and 10,000 years.
It is thought they belong to the genus Dictyophora, a family of mushrooms that bear distinctive net-like heads.
In a brief study, published in the International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms in 2001, John Holliday of Next Laboratories in Kula, Hawaii and Noah Soule of Aloha Medicinals tested the mushroom's aphrodisiac effect.
In a small experiment involving 16 women and 20 men, volunteers were asked to sniff the mushroom, which is said to have a 'fetid odour'.
Its smell triggered spontaneous orgasms in six of the women, while the other 10, who received smaller doses, experienced an increase in heart rate, Snopes.com reported.
The study explained: 'There are significant sexual arousal characteristics present in the fetid odour of this unique mushroom.
'These results suggest that the hormone like compounds present in the volatile portion of the spore mass may have some similarity to human neurotransmitters during sexual encounters.'
However, commentators have noted that it was just one study and more work is needed to confirm the fungi's seemingly spectacular powers.
Interestingly Dictyophora mushrooms - also known as 'veiled ladies' - grow length so quickly that they can 'bloom' in just 45 minutes.
It is thought that the mushrooms produce the potent smells in order to reproduce.
Another mushroom from the same family, named Dictyophora indusiata, emits an unpleasant smell similar to faeces.
This specific branch of the fungus family has long been considered to possess special powers.
They were ingested during ancient Mexican divinatory ceremonies and in New Guinea the mushroom is considered sacred because of its suggestive form.
In Nigeria, the mushroom is one of several stinkhorns given the name 'Akufodewa' by the Yoruba people.
The name is formed from a combination of the Yoruba words: ku ('die'), fun ('for'), ode ('hunter'), and wa ('search').
It refers to how the mushroom's stench can attract hunters who mistake its odour for that of a dead animal.
In Chinese medicine the fungi has been used to treat many inflammatory, gastric, and neural diseases.
Southern China's Miao people continue to use it traditionally for a number of conditions, including coughs, dysentery, enteritis and even leukemia.
http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/heres-what-blind-prophet-baba-vanga-predicted-for-2016-and-beyond-its-not-good/news-story/6adaca964c9bde14e21103ee7d4fbc1d
Here’s what blind prophet Baba Vanga
predicted for 2016 and beyond: It’s not good
Marnie O’Neill
Marnie O’Neill
A BLIND mystic who reportedly foretold 9/11, the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, the Fukushima nuclear spill and the birth of ISIS also made dire predictions for 2016 and beyond.
Bulgaria-born Prophetess Baba Vanga, who died in 1996 aged 85, was known as “Nostradamus from the Balkans” thanks to a purported 85 per cent success rate and has long been revered in Russia and Europe as a kind of supernatural saint.
Of the hundreds of predictions Vanga made over her 50-year career as a celebrated clairvoyant, a large number alluded to natural and climate change-related disasters. She warned of melting polar ice caps and rising sea temperatures back in the 1950s, decades before anyone had heard of global warming.
Her followers believe her vivid description of a “huge wave” that would descend on a “big coast, covering people and towns and (causing) everything to disappear under the water” was a reference to the 2004 tsunami and earthquake which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives across the Pacific Rim.
But it’s Vanga’s preoccupation with a “great Muslim war” that has sent believers, conspiracy theorists and Islamophobics into a doomsday frenzy in recent months as the world struggles to contain the escalating threat from Islamic State and its affiliates.
The chilling prophecies warn of a 2016 invasion of Europe by Muslim extremists, a conflict she predicted would begin with the Arab Spring in 2010, play out in Syria where “Muslims would use chemical warfare against Europeans”, and culminate in the establishment of a caliphate by 2043 with Rome at its epicentre.
According to Vanga, Europe as we know it will “cease to exist” by the end of next year following the systematic elimination of entire populations, leaving the continent “almost empty”, a “wasteland almost entirely devoid of any form of life”.
If that sounds dramatic, consider the developments of the past year, which has seen ISIS edge perilously close to Europe with the taking of Sirte, a key Libyan city overlooking the Mediterranean and the birthplace of the late dictator Gaddafi.
Sirte is now an Islamic State colony operating under Sharia Law. The new regime reportedly cemented its authority by staging a series of public executions, during which an unknown number of people were crucified and beheaded.
And ISIS continues to gain ground in Syria, despite a massive bombing campaign by allied forces in the wake of the Paris attacks. To devotees and others consumed by fear of an impending apocalypse, it’s as if Vanga’s deadly prophecies are unfolding before their very eyes.
There’s no shortage of images like these on the internet, particularly on Russian websites
FROM ‘ILLITERATE’ VILLAGE GIRL TO APOCALYPTIC ANGEL
Baba Vanga was born Vangelia Pandeva Dimitrova in Strumica, a village located at the foot of a volcanic mountain range in what was then the Ottoman Empire.
According to folklore, she led an ordinary life up until the age of 12, when she mysteriously lost her eyesight during a massive storm — described by some as a freak tornado. According to folklore, the youngster was flung into the air and then dashed to the ground by a powerful gust of wind.
What happened next is murky but her family reportedly found her in a terrible state several days later, her injured eyes sealed shut and encrusted with a thick layer of dust and dirt. Too poor to afford specialist care, she was relegated to a life of blindness.
Vanga later stated that she had experienced her first vision during the days she was missing and believed she had been instilled with the ability to heal people and predict the future. She was able to convince others of her paranormal powers and quickly developed a cult following. She became the go-to psychic for the rich and powerful and admirers, among them heads of state, scientists and historians, would come from all over the world for a few minutes in her company.
She later served as an adviser to Bulgarian Communist Party leaders, some of whom allegedly exploited her gift to further their own agendas. She was reportedly kept under surveillance by the country’s secret service and her home, the scene of countless meetings with visiting foreign politician and businessmen, reported bugged.
THE MOST FAMOUS BABA VANGA PROPHECIES TO ‘COME TRUE’
Predicted in the 1950s: Global warming and the 2004 Tsunami.
“Cold regions will become warm … and volcanoes will awaken. A huge wave will cover a big coast covered with people and towns, and everything will disappear beneath the water.”
“Everything will melt, just like ice.”
Predicted in 1989: The September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on New York’s Twin Towers.
“Horror, horror! The American brethren (believed to be a reference to the two ‘brother’ towers) will fall after being attacked by the steel birds (thought to be the two hijacked passenger planes). “The wolves will be howling in a bush (believed to be a reference to then US president George Bush) and innocent blood will gush.”
Predicted in 1980: The sinking of Russian nuclear submarine the Kursk in 2000.
It saw the crew die horrible deaths over several days while international rescue crews tried in vain to retrieve the vessel from the depths of the ocean. Until the tragedy, people assumed the “Kursk” Vanga referred to was the Russian city the Kursk was named for.
“At the turn of the century, in August of 1999 or 2000, Kursk will be covered with water, and the whole world will be weeping over it.”
The election of Barack Obama.
Vanga reportedly correctly predicted that the 44th president of the United States would be African American. However, she also stated that he would be the “last US president”. We’ll have to wait and see how that pans out.
Vanga’s prophecies mention the emergence of a Muslim group in Syria in 2013 which will wage chemical warfare on Europe. Many believe this is a reference to ISIS, which also came on the scene in 2013
Vanga’s prophecies mention the emergence of a Muslim group in Syria in 2013 which will wage chemical warfare on Europe. Many believe this is a reference to ISIS, which also came on the scene in 2013
Vanga’s 9/11 prophecy talks of “American brethren” coming under attack “by steel birds”
APOCALYPSE SOON: VANGA’S MAJOR PROPHECIES FROM 2016 ONWARDS
2016: “Muslims” will invade Europe, which will “cease to exist” as we know it. The ensuing campaign of destruction will last years, driving out populations and leaving the entire continent “almost empty”.
2023: The Earth’s orbit will change (nobody really knows what this means).
2025: The population of Europe will reach almost zero.
2028: Mankind will fly to Venus, in hope of finding new sources of energy.
2033: World water levels will rise as the polar ice caps melt (this is already happening).
2043: Europe’s transformation into an Islamic caliphate is complete. Rome is named the capital. The world’s economy thrives under Muslim rule.
2066: America will use a new climate change weapon for the first time in a bid to retake Rome and bring back Christianity.
2076: Communism will return to Europe and the rest of the world.
2084: Nature is reborn (nobody is really sure what this means).
2100: Man-made sun illuminates the dark side of the planet (This is already in the pipeline — since 2008, scientists have been working on creating an artificial sun using nuclear fusion technology).
2130: With the help of the aliens, civilisations will live underwater.
2170: Major global drought.
2187: Two large volcanic eruptions will be successfully stopped.
2201: Temperatures drop as the sun’s thermonuclear processes slow down.
2262: Planets will slowly change orbits. Mars will be threatened by a comet.
2354: An accident on the artificial sun will result in more drought.
2480: Two artificial suns will collide and leave the Earth in the dark.
3005: A war on Mars will change the trajectory of the planet.
3010: A comet will hit the moon. The Earth will be surrounded by a ring of rock and ash.
3797: By this time, everything on Earth will die. However, human civilisation will be advanced enough to move to a new star system.
http://guymcpherson.com/2015/07/near-term-habitat-loss-for-humans/
22 July 2015
Near-term Habitat Loss for Humans
by
Guy McPherson
by
Guy McPherson
Fact: This planet has not harbored humans at 3.3 C or higher above baseline (i.e., the beginning of the industrial revolution). The number may be much lower. The jury is still out.
Fact: Humans are animals that depend on myriad other species for survival. As with all other animals, humans require clean air, potable water, healthy food, and the ability to maintain body temperature to sustain themselves.
Fact: Humans will die without a living planet that continuously supplies the elements listed above.
Fact: So far, all humans born into the physical realm have died. There is no rational basis for expecting any human to avoid this fate.
Fact: The Sixth Mass Extinction is under way.
Fact: All species have gone extinct or will go extinct. There is no rational basis for expecting Homo sapiens to avoid this fate.
Earth is officially at 0.85 C above baseline. The actual, unofficial global-average temperature is at least 0.1 C higher than the official figure. The ongoing El Niño will take Earth well beyond 1 C, the 1990 Rubicon from the United Nations Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases. As David Spratt points out in this video from October 2014, 0.5 C is was a more reasonable target. But those days are long behind us.
The rate of evolution via natural selection trails the rate of climate change by a factor of 10,000, according to a paper in the August 2013 issue of Ecology Letters. Clever as we are, we will not evade the Sixth Mass Extinction in the absence of myriad non-human organisms to supply the necessities of human life.
“Dramatic emission reductions (35%–80%) in anthropogenic aerosols and their precursors projected by Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 result in ~1 °C of additional warming,” according to an analysis published in the 20 May 2013 issue of Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. Instead of taking the cherry-picking, conservative approach assumed by academic scientists and the International Panel on Climate Change’s RCP, I’ll use the upper end of the conservative projection: Reducing industrial activity by 35% results in ~1 C global-average temperature rise, and eliminating global industrial activity results in an attendant ~3 C global-average temperature rise.
In other words, the absence of solar dimming associated with reflective particles could cause an abrupt rise in global-average temperature beyond that which has supported the existence of humans in the past (about 4 C, the number at which this headline from 2008 in The Guardian conservatively concludes human extinction: “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”). A large majority of the rise in temperature will come much more rapidly than the initial 0.85 C. Assuming the least-conservative end of the very conservative spectrum offered by the journal literature and the International Panel on Climate Change takes Earth well beyond the temperature at which human life has been harbored on this planet. Earth only gets hotter from there.
On the other hand, nobody knows the global-average temperature at which humans will become extinct. We’ve not yet completed this trial. By the time we complete the trial, there will be nobody left to record it. The lesson will come after the exam.
The industrial economies of the world are inextricably linked. If Europe goes down the tubes because the derivatives bubble pops on that continent, then there will be consequences throughout the world. There’s a reason the Federal Reserve System of the United States gives money directly to foreign countries.
The rapid rise in global-average temperature I’ve described in this scenario occurs within days after collapse is complete. Sans methane and its exponential rise in Earth’s atmosphere. Sans 10-year “lag” in maximum heating from atmospheric carbon dioxide. Sans nuclear facilities melting down catastrophically.
I’m not suggesting all humans will die within days after the ongoing collapse of industrial civilization is complete. Rather, that process is likely to require months, or perhaps a few years. But it’s difficult for me to envision Earth with humans in 2030, notwithstanding the IPCC’s fantasy technology.
Contrary to conventional “wisdom,” we cannot sustain this unsustainable set of living arrangements indefinitely. Industrial civilization will end. Those of you believing somebody has the system under control are deluded. Nobody is in charge of the system, despite the goals of the deep state. The system teeters on the brink, even according to the International Monetary Fund and The Guardian (and see David Stockman’s overview from 22 December 2015 and this summary from 23 December 2015). With respect to the lifeblood of civilization, crude oil, and its home base: “Saudi Arabia is starting to come apart, and when its unscheduled rapid disassembly is a little farther along, the Industrial Age will come to an end.”
Ergo, nobody is responsible for industrial civilization, much less in charge of it. Only you are responsible for yourself.
Shortly after civilization reaches its overdue end, habitat for humans will disappear. Between now then, every year will be worse than the one before, except for the few who benefit from oppression abroad, obedience at home, and destruction of the living planet. Obedience at home is exemplified by thoughtless people still on their hamster wheels.
Preppers take heart: Bunkers of beans will see you through a few years if you avoid fires, floods, superstorms, bitter cold, infectious diseases, and numerous other hazards. After that, it’s microbes and bacteria for ten million years or so, assuming humans become the first animals to persist beyond seven generations despite lethal mutations associated with bathing in ionizing radiation.
Everybody take heart: We get to live. It’s quite an amazing deal. Let’s get on with it.
http://www.dailyimpact.net/
THE DAILY IMPACT -- CHRONICLING THE CRASH
OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
...“Saudi Arabia is starting to come apart, and when its unscheduled rapid disassembly is a little farther along, the Industrial Age will come to an end.”
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3381459/Man-stupid-protect-Earth-New-Year-message-Koko-talking-gorilla-urges-humanity-stop-destroying-planet.html
1 January 2016
'Man stupid. Protect Earth': New
Year message from Koko the gorilla, who urges humanity to
stop destroying the planet
The 44-year-old gorilla has been learning sign language since she was one
This year she was filmed delivering a 60-second New Year's message
The 38-word bulletin revealed she loved flowers, animals and man
But it also revealed the gorilla was unhappy with man killing the earth
By
David Wilkes
David Wilkes
Given by a gorilla in sign language, it is among the more unusual messages for the New Year.
Koko was filmed delivering a 38-word bulletin about how ‘stupid’ mankind is harming the Earth.
In the 60-second video, the 44-year-old great ape, which has been learning sign language since she was one, said: ‘I am gorilla, I am flowers, animals. I am Nature. Koko love man. Earth Koko love.
‘But man stupid… stupid! Koko sorry, Koko cry. Time hurry. Fix Earth! Help Earth! Hurry! Protect Earth. Nature watches you. Thank you.’
The message was scripted by NOE Conservation, based in France, whose main focus is preserving biodiversity, and The Gorilla Foundation in Woodside, California, where Koko has lived since 1979, immersed in human company.
https://mises.org/library/pc-about-control-not-etiquette-0
December 28, 2015
PC Is About Control, Not Etiquette
Jeff Deist
Jeff Deist
I’d like to speak today about what political correctness is, at least in its modern version, what it is not, and what we might do to fight against it.
To begin, we need to understand that political correctness is not about being nice. It’s not simply a social issue, or a subset of the culture wars.
It’s not about politeness, or inclusiveness, or good manners. It’s not about being respectful toward your fellow humans, and it’s not about being sensitive or caring or avoiding hurt feelings and unpleasant slurs.
But you’ve heard this argument, I’m sure. PC is about simple respect and inclusiveness, they tell us. As though we need progressives, the cultural enforcers, to help us understand that we shouldn’t call someone retarded, or use the “N” word, make hurtful comments about someone’s appearance, or tolerate bullies.
If PC truly was about kindness and respect, it wouldn’t need to be imposed on us. After all, we already have a mechanism for the social cohesion PC is said to represent: it’s called manners. And we already have specific individuals charged with insuring that good manners are instilled and upheld: they’re called parents.
Political Correctness Defined
But what exactly is PC? Let me take a stab at defining it: Political correctness is the conscious, designed manipulation of language intended to change the way people speak, write, think, feel, and act, in furtherance of an agenda.
PC is best understood as propaganda, which is how I suggest we approach it. But unlike propaganda, which historically has been used by governments to win favor for a particular campaign or effort, PC is all-encompassing. It seeks nothing less than to mold us into modern versions of Marx’s un-alienated society man, freed of all his bourgeois pretensions and humdrum social conventions.
Like all propaganda, PC fundamentally is a lie. It is about refusing to deal with the underlying nature of reality, in fact attempting to alter that reality by legislative and social fiat. A is no longer A.
To quote Hans-Hermann Hoppe:
[T]he masters … stipulate that aggression, invasion, murder and war are actually self-defense, whereas self-defense is aggression, invasion, murder and war. Freedom is coercion, and coercion is freedom. … Taxes are voluntary payments, and voluntarily paid prices are exploitative taxes. In a PC world, metaphysics is diverted and rerouted. Truth becomes malleable, to serve a bigger purpose determined by our superiors.
But where did all this come from? Surely PC, in all its various forms, is nothing new under the sun. I think we can safely assume that feudal chiefs, kings, emperors, and politicians have ever and always attempted to control the language, thoughts, and thus the actions of their subjects. Thought police have always existed.
To understand the origins of political correctness, we might look to the aforementioned Marx, and later the Frankfurt school. We might consider the work of Leo Strauss for its impact on the war-hungry think tank world. We might study the deceptive sloganeering of Saul Alinsky. We might mention the French philosopher Foucault, who used the term “political correctness” in the 1960s as a criticism of unscientific dogma.
But if you really want to understand the black art of PC propaganda, let me suggest reading one of its foremost practitioners, Edward Bernays.
Bernays was a remarkable man, someone who literally wrote the book on propaganda and its softer guise of public relations. He is little discussed in the West today, despite being the godfather of modern spin.
He was the nephew of Sigmund Freud, and like Mises was born in Austria in the late nineteenth century. Unlike Mises, however, he fortuitously came to New York City as an infant and then proceeded to live an astonishing 103 years.
One of his first jobs was as a press agent for President Woodrow Wilson’s Committee on Public Information, an agency designed to gin up popular support for US entry into WW1 (German Americans and Irish Americans especially were opposed). It was Bernays who coined the infamous phrase “Make the World Safe for Democracy” used by the committee.
After the war, he asked himself whether one could “apply a similar technique to the problems of peace.” And by “problems,” Bernays meant selling stuff. He directed very successful campaigns promoting Ivory Soap, for bacon and eggs as a healthy breakfast, and ballet. He directed several very successful advertising campaigns, most notably for Lucky Strike in its efforts to make smoking socially acceptable for women.
The Role of “Herd Psychology”
Bernays was quite open and even proud of engaging in the “manufacturing of consent,” a term used by British surgeon and psychologist Wilfred Trotter in his seminal Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War published in 1919.
Bernays took the concept of herd psychology to heart. The herd instinct entails the deep seated psychological need to win approval of one’s social group. The herd overwhelms any other influence; as social humans, our need to fit in is paramount.
But however ingrained, in Bernays’s view the herd instinct cannot be trusted. The herd is irrational and dangerous, and must be steered by wiser men in a thousand imperceptible ways — and this is key. They must not know they are being steered.
The techniques Bernays employed are still very much being used to shape political correctness today.
First, he understood how all-powerful the herd mind and herd instinct really is. We are not the special snowflakes we imagine, according to Bernays. Instead we are timorous and malleable creatures who desperately want to fit in and win acceptance of the group.
Second, he understood the critical importance of using third party authorities to promote causes or products. Celebrities, athletes, models, politicians, and wealthy elites are the people from whom the herd takes its cues, whether they’re endorsing transgender awareness or selling luxury cars. So when George Clooney or Kim Kardashian endorses Hillary Clinton, it resonates with the herd.
Third, he understood the role that emotions play in our tastes and preferences. It’s not a particular candidate or cigarette or a watch or a handbag we really want, it’s the emotional component of the ad that affects us, however subconsciously.
What We Can Do About It
So the question we might ask ourselves is this: how do we fight back against PC? What can we do, as individuals with finite amounts of time and resources, with serious obligations to our families, loved ones, and careers, to reverse the growing tide of darkness?
First, we must understand that we’re in a fight. PC represents a war for our very hearts, minds, and souls. The other side understands this, and so should you. The fight is taking place on multiple fronts: the state-linguistic complex operates not only within government, but also academia, media, the business world, churches and synagogues, nonprofits, and NGOs. So understand the forces aligned against you.
Understand that the PC enforcers are not asking you, they’re not debating you, and they don’t care about your vote. They don’t care whether they can win at the ballot box, or whether they use extralegal means. There are millions of progressives in the US who absolutely would criminalize speech that does not comport with their sense of social justice.
One poll suggests 51 percent of Democrats and 1/3 of all Americans would do just that.
The other side is fighting deliberately and tactically. So realize you’re in a fight, and fight back. Culturally, this really is a matter of life and death.
We Still Have Freedom to Act
As bad as PC contamination may be at this point, we are not like Mises, fleeing a few days ahead of the Nazis. We have tremendous resources at our disposal in a digital age. We can still communicate globally and create communities of outspoken, anti-PC voices. We can still read and share anti-state books and articles. We can still read real history and the great un-PC literary classics. We can still homeschool our kids. We can still hold events like this one today.
This is not to say that bucking PC can’t hurt you: the possible loss of one’s job, reputation, friends, and even family is very serious. But defeatism is never called for, and it makes us unworthy of our ancestors.
Use humor to ridicule PC. PC is absurd, and most people sense it. And its practitioners suffer from a comical lack of self-awareness and irony. Use every tool at your disposal to mock, ridicule, and expose PC for what it is.
Never forget that society can change very rapidly in the wake of certain precipitating events. We certainly all hope that no great calamity strikes America, in the form of an economic collapse, a currency collapse, an inability to provide entitlements and welfare, energy shortages, food and water shortages, natural disasters, or civil unrest. But we can’t discount the possibility of these things happening.
And if they do, I suggest that PC language and PC thinking will be the first ornament of the state to go. Only rich, modern, societies can afford the luxury of a mindset that does not comport with reality, and that mindset will be swiftly swept aside as the “rich” part of America frays.
Men and women might start to rediscover that they need and complement each other if the welfare state breaks down. Endless hours spent on social media might give way to rebuilding social connections that really matter when the chips are down.
More traditional family structures might suddenly seem less oppressive in the face of great economic uncertainty. Schools and universities might rediscover the value of teaching practical skills, instead of whitewashed history and grievance studies. One’s sexual preferences might not loom as large in the scheme of things, certainly not as a source of rights. The rule of law might become something more than an abstraction to be discarded in order to further social justice and deny privilege.
Play the Long Game
I’m afraid it might not be popular to say so, but we have to be prepared for a long and hard campaign. Let’s leave the empty promises of quick fixes to the politicians. Progressives play the long game masterfully. They’ve taken 100 years to ransack our institutions inch by inch. I’m not suggesting incrementalism to reclaim those foregone institutions, which are by all account too far gone — but to create our own.
PC enforcers seek to divide and atomize us, by class, race, sex, and sexuality. So let’s take them up on it. Let’s bypass the institutions controlled by them in favor of our own. Who says we can’t create our own schools, our own churches, our own media, our own literature, and our own civic and social organizations? Starting from scratch certainly is less daunting than fighting PC on its own turf.
Conclusion
PC is a virus that puts us — liberty loving people — on our heels. When we allow progressives to frame the debate and control the narrative, we lose power over our lives. If we don’t address what the state and its agents are doing to control us, we might honestly wonder how much longer organizations like the Mises Institute are going to be free to hold events like this one today.
Is it really that unimaginable that you might wake up one day and find sites with anti-state and anti-egalitarian content blocked — sites like mises.org and lewrockwell.com?
Or that social media outlets like Facebook might simply eliminate opinions not deemed acceptable in the new America?
In fact, head Facebook creep Mark Zuckerberg recently was overheard at a UN summit telling Angela Merkel that he would get to work on suppressing Facebook comments by Germans who have the audacity to object to the government’s handling of migrants.
Here’s the Facebook statement:
We are committed to working closely with the German government on this important issue. We think the best solutions to dealing with people who make racist and xenophobic comments can be found when service providers, government, and civil society all work together to address this common challenge.
Chilling, isn’t it? And coming soon to a server near you, unless we all get busy.
