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( March 2014 )
Sci-Tech News & Olds
( March 2014 )
Silene Capensis ( African Dreamroot )
Steven CUMMER : Sonic Cloaking
Oleg GADOMSKY : Nanogold Invisibility Cloaking
J.W. DUNNE : An Experiment With Time
Electroceutical Therapy
Old Aeroplane Designs
Autogyro / Gyroplane / Gyrodyne Patents List
Water / Hyfuel Patents List
Silene Capensis ( African Dream
Root ) -- Phenomenal enhancement of dreaming, if
you're ready...
wikipedia.org
Silene undulata
Kingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Core eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Genus: Silene
Species: S. undulata
Synonyms :Silene capensis Otth ; Melandrium undulatum (Ait.) Rohrb.
Also known as African Dream Root) is a plant native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa.[1][2]
In cultivation, S. undulata is an easily grown, but moisture hungry herb. It is tolerant of extreme heat (>40 °C) and moderate cold (-5 °C). A moisture retentive seedbed is essential. The fragrant flowers open at night and close in the day. It is a biennial to short lived perennial and the root can be harvested after the second year.
Uses[edit]
S. undulata is regarded by the Xhosa people as a sacred plant. Its root is traditionally used to induce vivid (and according to the Xhosa, prophetic) lucid dreams during the initiation process of shamans, classifying it a naturally occurring oneirogen similar to the more well-known dream herb Calea zacatechichi.[1]
Further reading
J. F. Sobiecki: A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects. (PDF, 197kB) in Southern African Humanities, Vol. 20, Pages 333–351, December 2008
Jean-Francois Sobiecki: Psychoactive Spiritual Medicines and Healing Dynamics in the Initiation Process of Southern Bantu Diviners. In: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 44, 2012, S. 216–223, doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.703101.
Watt, J.M. & Breyer-Brandwijk, M.J. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa. Second edition. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.
References
a b J. F. Sobiecki: A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects. (PDF, 197kB) in Southern African Humanities, Vol. 20, Pages 333–351, December 2008
H. Wild: Caryophyllaceae in Flora Zambesiaca, Vol. 1, Pt 2, 1961: Silene undulata
[ Recommended Sleep / Dream Supplements : Melatonin... Tryptophan ... DMAE ( DiMethylAminoEthanol ) .. L-DOPA ]
Steven CUMMER, et al. :
Acoustic Cloaking
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140311184708.htm
March 11, 2014
Acoustic cloaking device hides objects from
sound
Summary:
Engineers have demonstrated the world's first three-dimensional acoustic cloak. The new device reroutes sound waves to create the impression that the cloak and anything beneath it are not there. The phenomenon works in all three dimensions, no matter which direction the sound is coming from or where the observer is located, and holds potential for future applications such as sonar avoidance and architectural acoustics.
Bogdan Popa, a graduate student in
electrical and computer engineering,
shows off the 3D acoustic cloak he helped design and build as a member of Steven Cummer’s laboratory.
shows off the 3D acoustic cloak he helped design and build as a member of Steven Cummer’s laboratory.
Using little more than a few perforated sheets of plastic and a staggering amount of number crunching, Duke engineers have demonstrated the world's first three-dimensional acoustic cloak. The new device reroutes sound waves to create the impression that both the cloak and anything beneath it are not there.
The acoustic cloaking device works in all three dimensions, no matter which direction the sound is coming from or where the observer is located, and holds potential for future applications such as sonar avoidance and architectural acoustics.
The study appears online in Nature Materials.
"The particular trick we're performing is hiding an object from sound waves," said Steven Cummer, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University. "By placing this cloak around an object, the sound waves behave like there is nothing more than a flat surface in their path."
To achieve this new trick, Cummer and his colleagues turned to the developing field of metamaterials -- the combination of natural materials in repeating patterns to achieve unnatural properties. In the case of the new acoustic cloak, the materials manipulating the behavior of sound waves are simply plastic and air. Once constructed, the device looks like several plastic plates with a repeating pattern of holes poked through them stacked on top of one another to form a sort of pyramid.
To give the illusion that it isn't there, the cloak must alter the waves' trajectory to match what they would look like had they had reflected off a flat surface. Because the sound is not reaching the surface beneath, it is traveling a shorter distance and its speed must be slowed to compensate.
"The structure that we built might look really simple," said Cummer. "But I promise you that it's a lot more difficult and interesting than it looks. We put a lot of energy into calculating how sound waves would interact with it. We didn't come up with this overnight."
To test the cloaking device, researchers covered a small sphere with the cloak and "pinged" it with short bursts of sound from various angles. Using a microphone, they mapped how the waves responded and produced videos of them traveling through the air.
Cummer and his team then compared the videos to those created with both an unobstructed flat surface and an uncloaked sphere blocking the way. The results clearly show that the cloaking device makes it appear as though the sound waves reflected off an empty surface.
Although the experiment is a simple demonstration showing that the technology is possible and concealing an evil super-genius' underwater lair is a long ways away, Cummer believes that the technique has several potential commercial applications.
"We conducted our tests in the air, but sound waves behave similarly underwater, so one obvious potential use is sonar avoidance," said Cummer. "But there's also the design of auditoriums or concert halls -- any space where you need to control the acoustics. If you had to put a beam somewhere for structural reasons that was going to mess up the sound, perhaps you could fix the acoustics by cloaking it."
http://www.pratt.duke.edu/news/acoustic-cloaking-device-hides-objects-sound
March 11, 2014
Acoustic Cloaking Device Hides
Objects from Sound
Duke engineers build world’s first 3-D
acoustic cloaking device
By Ken Kingery
By Ken Kingery
Using little more than a few perforated sheets of plastic and a staggering amount of number crunching, Duke engineers have demonstrated the world’s first three-dimensional acoustic cloak. The new device reroutes sound waves to create the impression that both the cloak and anything beneath it are not there.
The acoustic cloaking device works in all three dimensions, no matter which direction the sound is coming from or where the observer is located, and holds potential for future applications such as sonar avoidance and architectural acoustics.
[Bogdan Popa, a graduate student in electrical and computer engineering, shows off the 3D acoustic cloak he helped design and build as a member of Steven Cummer’s laboratory.]
Bogdan Popa, a graduate student in electrical and computer engineering, shows off the 3D acoustic cloak he helped design and build as a member of Steven Cummer’s laboratory.
“The particular trick we’re performing is hiding an object from sound waves,” said Steven Cummer, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University. “By placing this cloak around an object, the sound waves behave like there is nothing more than a flat surface in their path.”
To achieve this new trick, Cummer and his colleagues turned to the developing field of metamaterials—the combination of natural materials in repeating patterns to achieve unnatural properties. In the case of the new acoustic cloak, the materials manipulating the behavior of sound waves are simply plastic and air. Once constructed, the device looks like several plastic plates with a repeating pattern of holes poked through them stacked on top of one another to form a sort of pyramid.
[A close up view of the 3D acoustic cloak. The geometry of the plastic sheets and placement of the holes interacts with sound waves to make it appear as if it isn’t there.]
A close up view of the 3D acoustic cloak. The geometry of the plastic sheets and placement of the holes interacts with sound waves to make it appear as if it isn’t there.
To give the illusion that it isn’t there, the cloak must alter the waves’ trajectory to match what they would look like had they had reflected off a flat surface. Because the sound is not reaching the surface beneath, it is traveling a shorter distance and its speed must be slowed to compensate.
“The structure that we built might look really simple,” said Cummer. “But I promise you that it’s a lot more difficult and interesting than it looks. We put a lot of energy into calculating how sound waves would interact with it. We didn’t come up with this overnight.”
To test the cloaking device, researchers covered a small sphere with the cloak and “pinged” it with short bursts of sound from various angles. Using a microphone, they mapped how the waves responded and produced videos of them traveling through the air.
Cummer and his team then compared the videos to those created with both an unobstructed flat surface and an uncloaked sphere blocking the way. The results clearly show that the cloaking device makes it appear as though the sound waves reflected off an empty surface.
Although the experiment is a simple demonstration showing that the technology is possible and concealing an evil super-genius’ underwater lair is a long ways away, Cummer believes that the technique has several potential commercial applications.
“We conducted our tests in the air, but sound waves behave similarly underwater, so one obvious potential use is sonar avoidance,” said Cummer. “But there’s also the design of auditoriums or concert halls—any space where you need to control the acoustics. If you had to put a beam somewhere for structural reasons that was going to mess up the sound, perhaps you could fix the acoustics by cloaking it.”
Nature Materials, March 9, 2014.
DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3901
“Three-dimensional broadband
omnidirectional acoustic ground cloak,” Zigoneanu L., Popa,
B., Cummer, S.A.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=k13L8u2tACY : Acoustic Cloak Demonstration
Metamaterial particles having active electronic components and related methods
US2010289715
Wide Angle Impedance Matching Using Metamaterials in a Phased Array Antenna System
US7889127
http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0805/0805.1114.pdf
Oleg GADOMSKY : Nanogold Invisibility Cloaking
http://www.keelynet.com/indexfeb206.htm
http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/01/25/capofdarkness.shtml
Russian inventor patents invisibility technique
A professor from the department of quantum and optical electronics of the Ulyanovsk State University in western Russia has patented a method of making things invisible, Interfax news agency reported. The so-called invisibility cloak, created by Oleg Gadomsky, is called “The method of conversion of optical radiation” in the patent. Gadomsky had been long experimenting on nanoparticles of gold. He now claims to have invented a sub-micron stratum of microscopical colloid golden particles that makes an object placed behind it invisible to an observer. “Only static objects can be made invisible for the time being, as during motion the radiation frequency changes. But soon it will be possible to create a cap of darkness and a magic cloak like Harry Potter’s,” the scientist believes.
////
http://www.dailytech.com/Russian+Inventor+Patents+New+Optical+Camouflage+Technique/article475.htm
January 27, 2006
Russian Inventor Patents New Optical
Camouflage Technique
by
Kristopher Kubicki
by
Kristopher Kubicki
The technology for atomic level invisibility might be closer than you'd think
MosNews and NewsRU are reporting that Russian professor Oleg Gadomsky has patented a new method of optical camouflage. The professor, versed in both quantum and optical electronics, uses gold nanoparticles arranged in a stratum that cloaks the image of an object to the other side of the stratum. The patent, unfortunately, does not show a scale demonstration of this technology or even if the technology works yet.
Gadomsky's technology is completely different than existing methods of optical camouflage that exist today. In 2003, the TACHI laboratory of the University of Tokyo demonstrated an "invisibility cloak" -- which was actually no more than a projection of the image behind the cloak projected back onto the cloak. Gadomsky plans to actually disrupt the radiation in such a manner to "bend" light around the stealthed object behind the nanoparticle wall.
[ Excerpts ]
US2008171192
Inventor: GADOMSKY OLEG NIKOLAEVICH [RU]
Abstract
An antireflective coating applied onto a substrate in the form of at least one layer of nanoparticles arranged on the aforementioned substrate at equal distances from each other in accordance with a specific nanostructure. The nanoparticles are made from a material that under effect of incident light generates between the neighboring particles optical resonance interaction with a frequency that belongs to a visible optical range. The interaction between the nanoparticles reduces reflection of the incident light. The nanoparticles have a radius in the range of 10 to 100 nm and a pitch between the adjacent particles that ranges between 1.5 diameters to several diameters.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] An antireflective coating may be defined as a coating that has a very low coefficient of reflection. The antireflection coating reduces unwanted reflections from surfaces and is commonly used on spectacles and photographic lenses.
[0003] Whenever a ray of light moves from one medium to another (e.g., when light enters a sheet of glass after traveling through air), some portion of the light is reflected from the surface (known as the interface) between the two media. The strength of the reflection depends on the refractive indices of the two media as well as the incidence angle. The exact value can be calculated using the Fresnel equations.
[0004] When the light meets the interface at normal incidence (i.e. perpendicularly to the surface), the intensity of the separated light is characterized by the reflection coefficient or reflectance, R:
[0000] [mathematical formula - see original document]
[0000] where n0 and nS are the refractive indices of the first and second media, respectively. The value of R varies from 0.0 (no reflection) to 1.0 (all light reflected) and is usually quoted as a percentage. Complementary to R is the transmission coefficient or transmittance, T. If the effects of absorption and scatter are neglected, then the value T is always 1-R. Thus if a beam of light with intensity I is incident on the surface, a beam of intensity RI is reflected, and a beam with intensity TI is transmitted into the medium.
[0005] For a typical situation with visible light traveling from air (n0 1.0) into common glass (nS 1.5), the value of R is 0.04, or 4%. Thus only 96% of the light (T=1-R=0.96) actually enters the glass, and the rest is reflected from the surface. The amount of light reflected is known as the reflection loss. Light also may bounce from one surface to another multiple times, being partially reflected and partially transmitted each time it does so. In all, the combined reflection coefficient is given by 2R/(1+R). For glass in air, this is about 7.7%.
[0006] In the case of a single-layer coating of the glass, the light ray reflects twice, once from the surface between air and the layer, and once from the layer-to-glass interface.
[0007] From the equation above with refractive indices being known, reflectivities for both interfaces can be calculated, and denoted R01 and R1S, respectively. The transmission at each interface is therefore T01=1-R01 and T1S=1-R1S. The total transmittance into the glass is thus T1ST01. Calculating this value for various values of n1, it can be found that at one particular value of optimum refractive index of the layer, the transmittance of both interfaces is equal, and this corresponds to the maximum total transmittance into the glass.
[0008] This optimum value is given by the geometric mean of the two surrounding indices, i.e.:
[0000]
n1=[square root of]{square root over (n0nS)}.
[0009] For the example of glass (nS 1.5) in air (n0 1.0), this optimum refractive index is n1 1.225. The reflection loss of each interface is approximately 1.0% (with a combined loss of 2.0%), and an overall transmission T1ST01 is approximately 98%. Therefore an intermediate coating between the air and glass can reduce the reflection loss by half of its normal (uncoated) value.
[0010] Practical antireflection coatings, however, rely on an intermediate layer not only for its direct reduction of reflection coefficient, but also on use of the interference effect of a thin layer. Assume that the layer thickness is controlled precisely such that it is exactly one-quarter of the wavelength of the light deep ([lambda]/4), forming a quarter-wave coating. If this is the case, the incident beam I, when reflected from the second interface, will travel exactly half its own wavelength further than the beam reflected from the first surface. If the intensities of the two beams, R1 and R2, are exactly equal, then since they are exactly out of phase, they will destructively interfere and cancel each other. Therefore, there is n0 reflection from the surface, and all the energy of the beam must be in the transmitted ray, T.
[0011] Real coatings do not reach perfect performance, though they are capable of reducing a surface's reflection coefficient to less than 0.1%. Practical details include correct calculation of the layer thickness; since the wavelength of the light is reduced inside a medium, this thickness will be [lambda]0/4n1, where [lambda]0 is the vacuum wavelength. Also, the layer will be the ideal thickness for only one distinct wavelength of light. Other difficulties include finding suitable materials, since few useful substances have the required refractive index (n 1.23) that will make both reflected rays exactly equal in intensity. Magnesium fluoride (MgF2) is often used, since this is hard-wearing and can be easily applied to substrates using physical vapor deposition, even though its index is higher than desirable (n=1.38).
[0012] Further reduction is possible by using multiple coating layers, designed such that reflections from the surfaces undergo maximum destructive interference. One way to do this is to add a second quarter-wave-thick higher-index layer between the low-index layer and the substrate. The reflection from all three interfaces produces destructive interference and antireflection. Other techniques use varying thicknesses of the coatings. By using two or more layers, each of a material chosen to give the best possible match of the desired refractive index and dispersion, broadband antireflection coatings that cover the visible range (400-700 nm) with maximum reflectivities of less than 0.5% are commonly achievable.
[0013] The exact nature of the coating determines the appearance of the coated optics; common anti-reflective coatings on eyeglasses and photographic lenses often look somewhat bluish (since they reflect slightly more blue light than other visible wavelengths), though green-and-pink-tinged coatings are also used.
[0014] If the coated optic is used at non-normal incidence (i.e. with light rays not perpendicular to the surface), the antireflection capabilities are degraded somewhat. This occurs because a beam travelling through the layer at an angle "sees" a greater apparent thickness of the layer. There is a counter-intuitive effect at work here. Although the optical path taken by light is indeed longer, interference coatings work on the principle of "difference in optical path length" or "phase thickness". This is because light tends to be coherent over the very small (tens to hundreds of nm) thickness of the coating. The net effect of this is that the anti-reflection band of the coating tends to move to shorter wavelengths as the optic is tilted. Coatings can also be designed to work at a particular angle; beam splitter coatings are usually optimized for 45[deg.] angles. Non-normal incidence angles also usually cause the reflection to be polarization dependent.
[0015] Known in the art are methods of imparting antireflective properties to optical devices by coating them with single-layered or multilayered interferential coatings.
[0016] Application of N sequential layers provides 2N parameters (i.e., N refractive indices and N thicknesses). Such a coating makes it possible to efficiently suppress reflection in a predetermined angular range by selecting predetermined combinations of reflective indices and thicknesses. Thus, at high angles of incidence for N wavelengths the coefficient of reflection from the coating can be reduced to [a value close to] zero. By arranging the minimums of reflection over the spectrum, it becomes possible to obtain a coating with a predetermined integral reflective capacity. In order to obtain an antireflective coating with efficient achromatization, it is necessary to have a wide assortment of substances that differ in dispersions and indices of refraction. Therefore, an essential problem associated with improvement of interferential coatings is broadening of the assortment of transparent substances suitable for application onto substrates in the form of homogeneous films [M. Born, E. Wolf. Principles of Optics, Pergamon Press, 1968, Chapter 1; and Ph. Baumester, et al. Optical Interference Coatings, Scientific American 223 (6), 58 (1970)].
[0017] Thus, known methods of forming antireflective coatings possess the following disadvantages.
[0018] 1) They cannot provide the minimal reflective capacity in a wide range of wavelengths of visible light spectrum, i.e., from 400 nm to 800 nm, and in a wide range of angles of incidence 0 to 90[deg.].
[0019] 2) The known processes are limited in the choice of substances for application of alternating layers. These substances must be transparent in the visible part of the optical spectrum; films made from these substances must be homogeneous and possess appropriate mechanical properties and high adhesive capacity.
[0020] 3) Widening of an antireflection spectrum requires an increase in the number of layers, and this leads to accelerated aging of interferential coatings.
[0021] 4) The known interferential antireflective coatings do not provide minimal reflection in a wide range of wavelengths and incidence angles when such coatings are applied onto surfaces of opaque media.
[0022] 5) A common disadvantage of conventional interferential coating is that their structure, properties, and design must always be considered with reference to the nature, properties, and characteristics of the substrate onto which the coating is applied.
[0023] Recent development of nanotechnology opened a new avenue for improving properties of the coatings based on the use of new physical phenomena inherent only to nanostructures.
[0024] Nanometer-scaled layers and structures are becoming more and more important in optics and photonics. Very thin layers are routinely used as anti-reflective coatings for displays, lenses and other optical elements. High-grade anti-reflective coatings can be created using nanoporous polymer films. Ultrathin layers are being increasingly utilized in solar cells and are a key element in the realization of large and brilliant displays based on organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) merged with nanoparticle coatings. Tiny nanoclusters make possible not only silicon-based light emission which can be used in optocouplers but also novel sensor devices and integrated optical systems.
[0025] Patterning of nanoparticles for controlling optical properties of coatings is known. For example, US Patent Application Publication No. 20050118411 (inventor C. Horne) published in 2005 describes nanoscale particles, particle coatings/particle arrays and corresponding consolidated materials based on an ability to vary the composition involving a wide range of metal and/or metalloid elements and corresponding compositions. In particular, metalloid oxides and metal-metalloid compositions are described in the form of improved nanoscale particles and coatings formed from the nanoscale particles. Compositions comprising rare earth metals and dopants/additives with rare earth metals are described. Complex compositions with a range of host compositions and dopants/additives can be formed using the approaches described herein. The particle coating can take the form of particle arrays that range from collections of disbursable primary particles to fused networks of primary particles forming channels that reflect the nanoscale of the primary particles. Suitable materials for optical applications are described along with some optical devices of interest.
[0026] This new technique is based on the fact that when nanoparticles of certain metals or dielectrics are introduced into coating layers, the nanoparticles change or improve properties. In the field of optical coatings, the technique based on the use of nanoparticles is used as a new approach for obtaining antireflective coatings that impart new properties to optical elements, e.g., optical filters. The introduction of the aforementioned new technique makes it possible to improve quality and reduce the number of coating layers.
[0027] Other methods of arranging nanoparticles into nanostructures are described, e.g., in European Patent Application Publication EP 1510861A1 published Feb. 03, 2003 (Inventors: O. Harnack, Et al.); US Patent Application Publication 2006/0228491A1 published 10o.12.2006, (inventors M. Choi, et al.), etc.
[0028] However, the inventor herein is not aware of any published material teaching that interaction between patterned and closely arranged nanoparticles may be used for reducing reflection in an optical coating.
OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0029] It is an object of the invention to provide antireflective optical coatings with minimal possible reflective capacity in the entire range of visible wavelengths of 400 nm to 800 nm. It is another object to provide an antireflective coating that effectively works irrespective of the direction of light that is incident in an arbitrary direction in the limits of a hemisphere, i.e., in the range +-90[deg.] from the perpendicular to the surface of the aforementioned reflective coating. It is a further object to provide an antireflective coating capable of providing a coefficient of reflection close to zero based on the use of nanoparticles of metals or dielectrics arranged in a specific pattern in the material of a coating.
[0030] The invention relates to an optical coating with light-reflective capacity reduced practically to zero due to interaction of specially patterned nanoparticles. The invention is based on the effect found by the inventor and consists of suppressing reflective capacity of an optical system due to interaction between nanoparticles arranged at very short distances from each other in the form of specific patterns. Such a system has several parameters that can be used for changing reflective capacity of the system from 0 to 1, thus converting the system from an ideal mirror to an absolutely transparent body in a wide range of the optical spectrum. The effect results from conversion of frequency of optical radiation due to interaction between neighboring nanoparticles. The invention can be used for applying antireflective coatings onto optical lenses, filters, etc. The coatings are composed of substantially identical nanoparticles of a predetermined material with a radius in the range of 10 to 100 nm, which are arranged with a predetermined structure on the surface of a body. Such coatings can reduce reflective capacity of a transparent optical medium, e.g., of quartz glass, practically to zero in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 800 nm. Antireflective coatings of the invention in the form of a monolayer of nanoparticles are noticeably superior to conventional multilayered interferential wide-band reflective coatings. The coatings may also be used for application onto non-transparent bodies of different shapes and configuration for reducing reflection from the surfaces of such bodies...
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0050] The nanoparticles form a predetermined structure that maintains the aforementioned anti-reflective effect provided by the nanoparticle interaction. Types of such nanostructures are determined by specific requirements of coating. Examples of the nanostructures are described below.
[0051] The nanostructured system may be located on the surface of a body 32 which is an object of reflective capacity decrease, or may be located inside of the body 32.
[0052] In order to reduce optical reflection from transparent or non-transparent bodies, it is required that absorption in the nanostructure be minimal. Reflection from the surface of the coating 30 also should be minimal, while the transmission of light through this surface should be maximal. As has been mentioned above, the effect of decrease in reflective capacity is achieved due to interaction between the nanoparticles and depends on the structure of the nanoparticle system.
[0053] The nature of interaction between identical (or different) nanoparticles is described below.
[0054] When the body 32 coated with the coating 30 is irradiated with an external light L, the impurity atoms or valence electrons contained in the system are subject to quantum transitions that generate in isolated nanoparticles optical resonance with certain frequency [omega]0 that belongs to a visible optical range. When distances R between the centers of nanoparticles are comparable in size with radii a of the nanoparticles, this leads to the formation of optical near-field resonances in the field of natural light. Frequencies w of these resonances to a great extent depend on distances R and on the radii a of the nanoparticles. Mathematical substantiation of the effect of the near-field resonance is disclosed by O. N. Gadomsky in "JETP, vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 466-478 (2003); by O. N. Gadomsky, in Journal "Physics-Uspekhi", 43(1), 1071-1102 (2000); and O. N. Gadomsky, et al. "Optics and Spectroscopy", Vol. 98, No. 2, (2005). Frequencies of secondary radiation depend on the concentration of impurity atoms for dielectric nanoparticles and on the concentration of valence electrons for metallic nanoparticles.
[0055] Dissipation of light from a pair of silver nanoparticles on a glass substrate was experimentally realized as described by N. Tamaru, et al. in Applied Physics Letters, 80, No. 10, 1826 (2002) (Resonant light scattering from individual Ag nanoparticles and particle pairs). This situation can also be easily explained on the basis of optical neaqr-field resonances.
[0056] The physical meaning of the reflection minimization effect in a nanostructured system with reference to interaction between nanoparticles can be conveniently demonstrated with an example of a semi-infinite nanocrystal composed of pairs of nanoparticles. Such a situation was considered in the work of O. N. Gadomsky, et al., with an example of interaction between glass nanospheres with sodium atoms as the impurity. (See O. N. Gadomsky, et al., Metastructural systems of activated nanospheres and optical near-polar resonances [Optics and Spectroscopy, 98, 300 (2005)]). Subsequent numerical calculations showed that the aforementioned optical effect of antireflection can also be obtained in a pair of gold nanoparticles...
[0060] The coating of the present invention is based on the above-described effect of antireflective action. This effect can be realized on superthin nanocrystals composed of one or several monolayers. The aforementioned nanocrystals are in principle different from photonic and globular crystals in which dimensions of the globules are comparable with the wavelength of the external optical radiation. In nanocrystals, dimensions of nanoparticles are considerably smaller than the wavelength of light. However, these particles are not points. As seen in FIGS. 2a, 2b, dependence from radii of particles is significant. A review of photonic and globular crystals is presented by I. S. Fogel et al. in "Pure Appl. Opt.", 7, 393, 1998.
[0061] The effect revealed by the inventor in a system of interacting nanoparticles indicates that for a given material of nanoparticles the reflective and light-transmissive capacity of the optical system are effected mostly by the following three main parameters: a radius of nanoparticles, a distance between the neighboring nanoparticles, and a structural factor.
[0062] The physical antireflective effect described above may be used in practice, e.g., for applying antireflective coatings of the invention onto surfaces of optical lenses, filters, or other optical elements made from transparent materials, e.g., glass. It should be noted in this connection that when a light beam passes through interfaces, e.g., between glass and air, then, depending on the type of glass, reflection of light from the interface reduces the power of the light beam at least by 4 to 9%. If the light falls onto the surface at an angle, the loss of light power is even higher. Since, as a rule, modern optical devices and instruments contain a significant number of interfaces between light-refractive elements, reflection of light from multiple interfaces may in some cases lead to losses of light power as high as 80% or more. Such significant losses not only affect light power but, even worse, also generate a diffuse background that produces a significant masking action after several reflections of light that passes through the system. Use of the antireflective coating of the invention makes it possible to alleviate the above problem by reducing reflective capacity of a multiple-interface optical system...
Application Example of the Antireflective Nanostructured Coating
[0077] It is understood that practical realization of the above-described monolayered nanostructure composed of identical nanoparticles arranged in a regular lattice is not a trivial task. One of the methods that can be employed for the preparation of such structure is advanced electron-beam lithography (E-Beam lithography) with an electron beam diameter of about several nanometers (see . . . ). In general, the procedure performed by means of E-Beam lithography consists of sequential exposure to an electron beam in selected areas of a positive electron-beam resist on a substrate. The exposed areas have a pattern corresponding to the pattern of the required nanostructure, and dimensions of the exposed areas correspond to transverse dimensions of the nanoparticles. The exposed areas of the resist are lithographically developed, whereby a relief structure is obtained in which recesses of the profiled resist layer correspond to the locations designated for the particles. The next stage of the process is coating of the developed surface with the material of the nanoparticles, e.g., gold. The coating is carried out by sputtering. The sputtered material coats the bottoms of the recesses as well as the raised, i.e., non-developed, areas. The following process is secondary development that removes the raised portions while leaving the material of the coated recesses intact. The product obtained after this stage is a substrate that supports a plurality of nanoparticles arranged into a specific nanostructure. The procedure described above is well known in semiconductor technology as a lift-off process...
[0089] Nanoparticles formed by the above-described particles may have transverse diameters of 10 nm to 100 nm, and pitches P and P' may have dimensions ranging from 1.5 diameters to several diameters...
NANOPARTICLE GOLD PREPARATION PATENTS
Method of Producing Gold Nanoparticle
US7060121
Abstract --- A method for producing gold nanoparticles is disclosed. When gold salt solution is mixed with an absorbent, gold in the form of complexes is adsorbed onto the surface of the absorbent. The gold-loaded absorbent, after being separated from the solution by screening, filtration, settling or other methods, is ashed to form ashes. The ashes contain gold nanoparticles and impurities such as oxides of sodium, potassium and calcium. The impurities can be removed by dissolution using dilute acids. The relatively pure gold nanoparticles are obtained after the impurities are removed. Activated carbon or gold-adsorbing resin can be used as the absorbent. Silver or platinum group metal nanoparticles can also be produced by this method.
Process for Preparing Gold Nano Particle...
CN101015862
Abstract --- A method for preparing gold nanometer particles via water-phase soft template method uses water-phase soft template method, the soft group formed by carbowax (PEG) and dodecyl sodium sulfate (SDS) as soft template, mixes the water solution of chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) and said soft group, uses PEG as reducer to reduce the gold ion into gold nanometer particles in special shape and size. In reaction, the soft template and reaction period can control the size and shape of gold nanometer particles. And the reactant via high-speed eccentric treatment, deposition and washed via water to obtain the gold nanometer ball, tablet, ring or arc. The invention is characterized in narrow size and size distribution, with simple operation on shape control.
Nanometer Gold Water Solution Dispersing Method
TW281876B
Abstract --- There is provided a nanometer gold water solution dispersing method, which is characterized in dissolving gold of smaller than 5 nanometers into water of 33 to 37 DEG C, so that the content of gold in the water solution is less than 100 ppm; and using a pressure pump to apply a shock of 50 pound/cm<2> on the water solution to fully dispense the gold in the water solution.
Method for Preparing Polypodia Shaped Au Nanoparticle using Microwave...
CN1994634
Abstract --- The invention uses microwave accelerating water-phase soft template method to prepare multi-foot gold nanometer particles, wherein it uses polyvinyl pyrrolidon (PVP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS0 to form soft group as soft template; mixes water solution with chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) with said soft group; under microwave radiation, using sodium citrate as reducer to quickly reduce gold ion into multi-food gold nanometer particles; in the reaction, the soft template formed by PVP and SDS will control the shape and size of gold nanometer particles; high-speed eccentrically treating the reaction product, depositing and washing with water to obtain the multi-food gold nanometer particles at 20-50mm and narrow diameter distribution. The invention has low consumption of surface activator, short process, simple separation and easy preparation.
Process for Nano Colloid Gold...
CN1979166
Abstract --- The invention relates to a technology method and reacting device for making detection using nanometer colloidal gold that includes the following steps: setting material intake on reacting device, and having sealing cover, whisking device is set in the reacting device, and condensate reflux unit is set on top, heater is set on the bottom of the reactor and the four sides of bottom to form heating area to take equal heating to reaction liquid; adding auric chloride acid solution into reacting device to take heating, starting whisking device and taking cooling by using condensate reflux unit; after solution boiling, adding citric acid-3-natrium solution, after boiling for 10 minutes, stop heating; cooling and filtering to gain colloidal gold. The invention could gain the colloidal gold that has good sphericity and size distribution.
Preparation Method of Two-Dimensional Plane Gold Nano Single Crystal Plate
CN1924117
Abstract --- The invention discloses a preparing method of two-dimension plane gold micro-nanometer single-chip disc, which comprises the following steps: (1) allocating mold; blending non-ion surface activator, clad and chlorauric acid solution; obtaining even hexagonal lysotropic liquid crystal; (2) stewing the lysotropic liquid crystal; (3) collecting the product; observing the product with regular trianglar or hexagonal structure through electron microscope; measuring the length at 1-10um and thickness at 10-100nm.
Aqueous Phase Synthesis Method for Preparing Nanometer Gold Grains
CN1876290
Abstract --- The invention discloses a process of preparing nanometer gold grains in aqueous phase, comprising following steps: (1) alkalizing acyclic compound to acrylate compounds, preparing aqueous solution; (2) stirring and boiling chlorauric acid solution, adding it into acrylate compound solution, heating and stirring continuously for 15-25 minutes and getting nanometer gold size solution; the adding amount proportion between said acrylate compound and chlorauric acid by mole is 5-100: 1. The invention employs acrylate compound as reducer and stabilizer, the preparation is preceded in boiling aqueous phase, and the grain size of prepared nanometer grain is 10 to 100nm.
Nanometer Gold Grain Microwave Synthesis Method
CN1876292
Abstract --- The invention relates to a method for synthesizing gold nanometer grain. The invention employs microwave heating method to replace traditional reflux method, and employs sodium citrate as reducer to reduce chlorauric acid to gold nanometer grain. It provides a formula for getting grain size Y (nm) of gold nanometer grain and sodium citrate/ chlorauric acid mol ratio X : Y=8.55+101.5/(1+1.6X5); getting gold nanometer grain with required grain size by choosing the mol ratio of sodium citrate/ chlorauric acid according to provided formula. The gold nanometer grain with different size dispersion can be got by adjusting ratio between chlorauric acid and sodium citrate in initial mixture. The invention employs one reducer to synthesize gold nanometer grain with different size, and the time is ten times shorter than that of traditional method.
Water-Phase Production of Length Controllable Dendritic Golden Nanometer Particle
CN1817523
Abstract --- A water-phase preparing process for the dendritic gold nanoparticles with controllable twig length used for biologic marker and biologic detection includes such steps as providing gold nanoparticles as seeds, regulating the pH value of tetrachloroaurcolic acid to 3.5-12, adding said seeds to the solution mixture of tetrachloroaurcolic acid and reducer while stirring, and reacting at 4-30 deg.C for 1-5 min while stirring.
Method for Preparing Gold Colloidal Nanoparticles
CN1806973
Abstract --- The invention relates the method for preparation of nanometer gold particle, comprising the following step: making the mixture solution of PVP and citric acid, adding chlorauric acid solution, and injecting the mixture solution into quartz coiled pipe which is irradiated by ultraviolet lamp, the radiated wave length of ultraviolet lamp being 253.7-300nm, and the power of ultraviolet lamp being 14-2000W. Using the method, the grain-size distribution of nanometer gold particle is homogeneous, the particle sizes are easy to control, the least mean particle diameter is 1.5nm, and no poison material and the polluted material are produced.
Method for Preparing Gold Nano Microgranule Powder
CN1806972
Abstract --- The invention discloses the method for preparation of nanometer gold ultramicron powders, comprising the following steps: 1 mixing the polyvinyl pyrrolidon solution and chlorauric acid solution; 2 adding natrium hydroxydatum solution; 3 heating with microwave, getting the nanometer gold sol; 4 evaporating it with vacuum rotatory evaporator and getting nanometer gold ultramicron powders. The method possesses the advantages of low cost, simple technology and wide applications.
Synthesis Process of Nanometer Mesoporous Gold Complex
CN1772612
Also published as: CN1318298C (C)
Abstract --- The present invention relates to the synthesis process of nanometer mesoporous gold complex. The synthesis process includes: dissolving chlorauric acid in solution prepared with template agent, water and hydrochloric acid via strirring at 0-60 deg.c for 0.3-1 hr; dropping ethyl silicate into the solution to obtain the sol of nanometer mesoporous gold complex and crystallizing statically at 0-160 deg.c for 24-72 hr; filtering, washing and drying to obtain nanometer Ag/SiO2 mesoporous complex cake; and roasting at 450-600 deg.c in air atmosphere for eliminating the template agent to obtain the nanometer mesoporous gold complex. The present invention has simple reaction process, simple operation, low reaction temperature, wide temperature range, etc. and the prepared nanometer metal particle has size of 2.5-20 nm.
Gold Nanometer Particle Grain Size Control Method Based on Glutathione
CN1736638
Also published as: CN1332775C
Abstract --- Disclosed is a method for controlling the grain diameter of gold nanometer particles with glutathion, belonging to the field of nanometer technology. The specific steps are as following: a. mixing the citric acid trisodium solution with glutathion solution; b. heating separately the solution prepared by step-a and chlorauric acid solution, then mixing; c. heating the solution to boiling to make the reaction complete after the solution prepared by step-b off-color, then cooling the liquid to prepare gold nanometer particle sol solution. The method is characterized in that: it is simple and the efficiency is high, the particle dimension is easy to adjust, and the creature compatibility is good, and the prepared nanometer particles has a good dispersibility and a uniform grain diameter which can be controlled by a range of 8-40nm. The gold nanometer particles can apply in the field of DNA detection, biology, drug industry, and so on.
Preparation Method of Monodisperse Gold Nanometer Particle...
CN1736637
Abstract --- The invention discloses a method for preparation of monodispersed gold nanometer particles used for detection of immunity chromatography, belonging to the technical field of preparing nanometer materials. Using sodium citrate as the reducer and reducing gold schloride in water- phase, the technique is characterized in that: the molar ratio of sodium citrate to gold schloride is among 7.0- 20: 1; the temperature of the reaction system keeps 80- 99Deg. C; the PH value of gold schloride water solution is adjusted between 2.0- 5.0, the sodium citrate is added into the solution with stirring, and the stirring continues until the color of the sol is not changeable. The method is characterized in that the operation is simple, the repeatability is easy, and the cost is low; the grain diameter of gold nanometer particle is among 20- 40nm, and the polydispersion degree decreases to among 5- 10%, which satisfy the requirements of technique of biology mark and immunity chromatography more.
Poisonless Low Cost Refining Method for Noble Metals
CN1683573
Also published as: CN1308470
Abstract --- The poison-less noble metal refining process includes the following steps: superfine treating ore material to nanometer level; setting nanometer level ore powder and water into high pressure reactor, heating and pressurizing to make water reach supercritical state, introducing high pressure oxygen containing gas to oxidize ore material fully; decompressing to evaporate water, and screening remainder solid to obtain required noble metal. Owing to the superfine treatment of the ore material, the coated gold and other accompanied minerals are separated physically, and serial chemical reactions are completed under nanometer size to raise the reaction rate to several times or decades times. Therefore, the present invention has greatly raised yield, greatly lowered cost, no environmental pollution, recovery of heat energy and high comprehensive utility.
Method for Preparing Nano Gold Solution
CN1663714
Also published as: CN1302882C
Abstract --- The invention discloses a method of nanometer aurum solution, which includes the following processes, (1) charging chlorauric acid into deionized water, then charging polyvinyl pyrrolidon, sodium dodecyl sulfate, wherein the mass concentration of the chlorauric acid, polyvinyl pyrrolidon, and sodium dodecyl sulfate being 0.01í 1/2 1.0ú, 0.02í 1/2 2.0ú and 0.0001í 1/2 1.0ú, (2) at room temperature, charging 0.01-0.5% aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate into the miscible liquid of step (1) while agitating, when the pH reaches 6.8-7.0, ceasing the charge of hydrazine hydrate aqueous solution, continuing stirring 20-30 minutes.
Indirecting Light Chemical Preparation for Gold Nanometer Material
CN1613589
Also published as: CN1322952C
Abstract --- An indirect photochemical process for preparing gold nanoparticles includes such steps as mixing CLCH2COOH with NaAc, regulating pH=2.0-5.5, adding Fe2(SO4)3 and EDTA, adding HAuO4, ultraviolet irradiating, and traditional granulating.
Method for Preparing Novel Load Type Nanometer Gold Catalyzer
CN1565727
Abstract --- The invention provides a method for preparing a supported nano-gold catalyst, specially a supported nano-gold catalyst with high gold-load rate, high dispersion degree and high catalytic activity. The process includes the following steps: adjusting pH value of HAuCl#-[4] water solution to 7-9 by using alkali; according to saturated water absorbing capacity of carrier, soaking by equal volume; immersing the soaked carrier and adsorbed active component in aqueous alkali, and carrying out the exchange reaction of Cl#+[-] ion. The supported nano-gold catalyst has excellent catalytic activity.
METHOD FOR PRODUCING METAL NANOPARTICLES
WO2008003522
Abstract --- This invention provides a method for producing a composition comprising colloidal nanoparticles of metals including silver, gold, zinc, mercury, copper, palladium, platinum, or bismuth, by contacting a metal or metal compound with bacteria. An embodiment of the method comprises a step of incubating probiotic bacteria with an aqueous solution comprising at least 4 mM of a silver or gold salt. A resulting nanosilver-containing composition is useful as a highly efficient antimicrobial agent, for instance when impregnated onto a carrier, or an algicide agent or a herbicide agent.
A hard-to-find classic study of dream-precognition :
Definitions ... The Puzzle ... The Experiment ... Temporal Endurance & Temporal Flow ... Serial Time ...
Electroceutical Therapy
( Therapeutic Pulsed EM Fields )
( Therapeutic Pulsed EM Fields )
www.bioelectromagnetics.org
http://www.ivivihealthsciences.com/patients-news.htm
http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=46335&action=detail&ref=1065
March 6, 2010
Electromagnetic Pulses Provide Pain Relief
for Osteoarthritis
by Maria Seyrig
by Maria Seyrig
Electromagnetic pulses significantly decrease pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis of the knee, according to Henry Ford Hospital researchers.
In the double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study, 34 patients used a portable battery-operated device that emits a low-intensity pulsating electromagnetic frequency and experienced more than 40 percent pain relief on their first day.
"Our results show pulsed electromagnetic fields caused a significant decrease in pain" says Fred Nelson, M.D., associate program director for research and director of the Osteoarthritis Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Henry Ford Hospital.
Dr. Nelson will present the results this week at the Orthopaedic Research Society's annual meeting in New Orleans.
Dr. Nelson explains that in the laboratory, electromagnetic signals have been shown to decrease calcium in cartilage cells. This sets off a series of chemical events that can lead to reduced inflammation. Previously, the electromagnetic fields have been used to control pain related to cosmetic surgery.
"We are really fine-tuning what we are doing to the cell environment with a very specific pulse sequence and frequency," says Dr. Nelson.
Patients strapped the small, ring-shaped plastic device around their knees for 15 minutes, twice daily for six weeks. The device was lightweight and patients could position the device directly over clothing. All participants were given a device with a coil that appeared to work but some were assigned active coils and others were given non-active coils. The electromagnetic device was developed by Ivivi Health Sciences of Montvale, New Jersey.
Osteoarthritis of the knee is a leading cause of disability and loss of independence. It is a slow, progressively degenerative disease in which the joint cartilage gradually wears away due to trauma, aging or infection. As the cartilage thins, the surrounding bone thickens and often bones rub against one another, causing additional wear. Normal activity becomes painful and difficult.
Current treatments include drug therapies like anti-inflammatory medication or pain relievers; physical therapy; support devices; health and behavioral modifications such as weight loss; surgery and joint replacement.
Dr. Nelson explains that medications often have variable success and can produce considerable side effects such as changes in kidney and liver function, a reduction in the ability of blood to clot as well as abdominal pain, nausea and indigestion.
"The exciting thing about this new approach is that it has been found to have no side effects, it is relatively low-cost in the long-run and the onset of pain relief is immediate," says Dr. Nelson. "We look at electromagnetic pulses as a potential way to improve quality of life and independence for those who suffer from osteoarthritis of the knee." Dr. Nelson says researchers will continue to look at the consistency of the relief, how long the pain relief lasts and if electromagnetic pulses might affect other joints.
http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1008902/ivivi_pemf_technology_accelerates_wound_healing_in_laboratory_animals_study/
July 23, 2007
Ivivi PEMF Technology Accelerates Wound
Healing in Laboratory Animals, Study Reports
Ivivi Technologies, Inc.’s (AMEX: II) non-invasive, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) technology increased tensile strength in a standard wound model in rats by 59% after 21 days, researchers reported in the August 2007 journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. The study was conducted at the Montefiore Medical Center, in The Teaching Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. PEMF signals have accelerated the physiological processes involved in healing in multiple clinical studies.
“PEMF signals accelerate biomechanical wound healing. These wounds healed faster and were stronger, earlier, than those that weren’t treated,” said Dr. Berish Strauch, of the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Albert Einstein, in whose lab the study was done. “This study represents the first objective data on the effect of PEMF on healing rates of cutaneous wounds at the cellular level. Although the mechanisms of action are not fully known, previous studies have shown that PEMF enhances the production of wound healing factors that reduce the time of the inflammatory phase as well as accelerates the production of the animal’s own growth factors including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), which modulates new blood vessel growth. This study shows that a specifically configured PEMF signal yields the best result.”
“As we get a clearer picture of the transduction properties of the physiological pathways involved in tissue repair, we can configure new PEMF signals,” said Dr. Arthur Pilla, Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Columbia University, Ivivi Science Director, and a co-author of the study. “We are increasingly able to fine-tune the configuration of PEMF signals to achieve a more optimal ‘dose’ for different indications, as evidenced in this study.” Dr. Pilla invented the bone-growth stimulator, an early medical application of PEMF technology.
“If a patient can be discharged earlier after surgery, not only can that patient return to an active lifestyle more rapidly, but healthcare costs can be reduced,” commented Andre’ DiMino, Vice Chairman and Co-CEO of Ivivi Technologies, Inc. “Thus, if we can increase the strength of a wound at an earlier stage in the postoperative period, we can offer an absolute improvement on patient outcomes with a simple non-invasive technology with no known side effects.”
About The Study
The study involved 100 rats, each with a linear skin incision on their dorsum that was subsequently sutured and treated with non-invasive PEMF signals. The study was prospective, placebo-controlled and double blinded and designed to test different PEMF signal configurations for 21 days. Four different signals were used targeting the calcium/calmodulin pathway which is at the start of the anti-inflammatory and growth factor stages of tissue repair. PEMF has been shown to accelerate the binding of calcium to calmodulin. At the end of the 21 day period, one specific signal had the most significant effect on wound repair, demonstrating a 59% increase in wound tensile strength compared to control, leading researchers to conclude that exposing wounds to PEMF of very specific configurations accelerated wound repair in the early, most critical phases of healing in this animal model.
About Ivivi Technologies, Inc.
Based in Northvale, NJ, Ivivi Technologies, Inc. is a medical technology company focusing on designing, developing and commercializing its proprietary electrotherapeutic technology platform. Ivivi’s research and development activities are focused specifically on pulsed electromagnetic field, or PEMF, technology, which, by creating a therapeutic electrical current in injured soft tissue, stimulates biochemical and physiological healing processes to help repair the injured tissue and reduce related pain and inflammation. The Company’s Electroceuticals™ have been used in non-invasive treatments for a wide array of conditions, including chronic wounds, pain and edema following plastic and reconstructive surgery and chronic inflammatory disorders.
http://www.integrityresearchinstitute.org/catalog/bioelectric.html
OsteoPad Bone Hardener
This unique invention relates to the field of electrotherapy, bioelectricity, bioelectromagnetics, sports performance enhancement, medical electricity and electromedicine. Particularly, the invention involves the novel implementation of electrotherapy for those suffering from osteopenia or osteoporosis. This amazing product comprises the specific, patented signal for resonating with the bone calcium channels to open them for transport across the cell membrane, thus simulating the performance of weight-bearing exercise. Its patents have expired but the three medical doctors never created the present product though all three Drs. Robert Becker, Andrew Bassett, and Arthur Pilla knew it will prevent and reverse osteoporosis from clinical trials and numerous journal articles. However, they claim that no "funding" ever arrived for creating the consumer electrotherapy unit which we now call the "OsteoPad". It is easy to use, with a flat pancake magnetic coil in a pad connected to the simple control panel which can be set on the nightstand for all-night treatments. This product will no doubt be a great seller since "1 out of every 2 people" in the US suffers or will suffer from bone loss as they age, which is called osteoporosis since the bones become porous without weight-bearing exercise to stimulate the piezoelectric bone to open calcium channels naturally. The OsteoPad signal does the work for the elderly person and lets their bones absorb calcium and magesium directly. - Available in early 2014
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625142/
PLoS One. 2013; 8(4): e61752. Apr 12, 2013.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061752
PMCID: PMC3625142
Non-Thermal Radio Frequency and Static
Magnetic Fields Increase Rate of Hemoglobin Deoxygenation in a
Cell-Free Preparation
David Muehsam, et al.
David Muehsam, et al.
Abstract -- The growing body of clinical and experimental data regarding electromagnetic field (EMF) bioeffects and their therapeutic applications has contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. This study reports that two EMF modalities currently in clinical use, a pulse-modulated radiofrequency (PRF) signal, and a static magnetic field (SMF), applied independently, increased the rate of deoxygenation of human hemoglobin (Hb) in a cell-free assay. Deoxygenation of Hb was initiated using the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) in an assay that allowed the time for deoxygenation to be controlled (from several min to several hours) by adjusting the relative concentrations of DTT and Hb. The time course of Hb deoxygenation was observed using visible light spectroscopy. Exposure for 10–30 min to either PRF or SMF increased the rate of deoxygenation occurring several min to several hours after the end of EMF exposure. The sensitivity and biochemical simplicity of the assay developed here suggest a new research tool that may help to further the understanding of basic biophysical EMF transduction mechanisms. If the results of this study were to be shown to occur at the cellular and tissue level, EMF-enhanced oxygen availability would be one of the mechanisms by which clinically relevant EMF-mediated enhancement of growth and repair processes could occur...
...Although much further work is required to ascertain the clinical relevance of the results reported here, enhanced oxygen delivery using PRF or SMF may be important non-invasive, non-pharmacologic therapeutic modalities by which clinically relevant EMF-mediated enhancement of growth and repair processes can occur.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940137
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Sep 28;426(3):330-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.078. Epub 2012 Aug 24.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Sep 28;426(3):330-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.078. Epub 2012 Aug 24.
Electromagnetic fields instantaneously modulate nitric oxide signaling in challenged biological systems.
A. Pilla
Abstract -- This study shows that a non-thermal pulse-modulated RF signal (PRF), configured to modulate calmodulin (CaM) activation via acceleration of Ca(2+) binding kinetics, produced an immediate nearly 3-fold increase in nitric oxide (NO) from dopaminergic MN9D cultures (P < 0.001). NO was measured electrochemically in real-time using a NO selective membrane electrode, which showed the PRF effect occurred within the first seconds after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Further support that the site of action of PRF involves CaM is provided in human fibroblast cultures challenged with low serum and exposed for 15 min to the identical PRF signal. In this case a CaM antagonist W-7 could be added to the culture 3 h prior to PRF exposure. Those results showed the PRF signal produced nearly a two-fold increase in NO, which could be blocked by W-7 (P < 0.001). To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of a real-time effect of non-thermal electromagnetic fields (EMF) on NO release from challenged cells. The results provide mechanistic support for the many reported bioeffects of EMF in which NO plays a role. Thus, in a typical clinical application for acute post operative pain, or chronic pain from, e.g., osteoarthritis, EMF therapy could be employed to modulate the dynamics of NO via Ca/CaM-dependent constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) in the target tissue. This, in turn, would modulate the dynamics of the signaling pathways the body uses in response to the various phases of healing after physical or chemical insult or injury.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18240331
J Orthop Res. 2008 Jun;26(6):854-9. doi: 10.1002/jor.20590.
A pulsing electric field (PEF) increases
human chondrocyte proliferation through a transduction pathway
involving nitric oxide signaling.
Fitzsimmons RJ1, Gordon SL, Kronberg J, Ganey T, Pilla AA.
Fitzsimmons RJ1, Gordon SL, Kronberg J, Ganey T, Pilla AA.
Abstract -- A potential treatment modality for joint pain due to cartilage degradation is electromagnetic fields (EMF) that can be delivered, noninvasively, to chondrocytes buried within cartilage. A pulsed EMF in clinical use for recalcitrant bone fracture healing has been modified to be delivered as a pulsed electric field (PEF) through capacitive coupling. It was the objective of this study to determine whether the PEF signal could have a direct effect on chondrocytes in vitro. This study shows that a 30-min PEF treatment can increase DNA content of chondrocyte monolayer by approximately 150% at 72 h poststimulus. Studies intended to explore the biological mechanism showed this PEF signal increased nitric oxide measured in culture medium and cGMP measured in cell extract within the 30-min exposure period. Increasing calcium in the culture media or adding the calcium ionophore A23187, without PEF treatment, also significantly increased short-term nitric oxide production. The inhibitor W7, which blocks calcium/calmodulin, prevented the PEF-stimulated increase in both nitric oxide and cGMP. The inhibitor L-NAME, which blocks nitric oxide synthase, prevented the PEF-stimulated increase in nitric oxide, cGMP, and DNA content. An inhibitor of guanylate cyclase (LY83583) blocked the PEF-stimulated increase in cGMP and DNA content. A nitric oxide donor, when present for only 30 min, increased DNA content 72 h later. Taken together, these results suggest the transduction pathway for PEF-stimulated chondrocyte proliferation involves nitric oxide and the production of nitric oxide may be the result of a cascade that involves calcium, calmodulin, and cGMP production.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12175815
Nitric Oxide. 2002 Aug;7(1):18-23.
Nitric oxide mediates the effects of pulsed
electromagnetic field stimulation on the osteoblast
proliferation and differentiation.
Diniz P1, Soejima K, Ito G.
Diniz P1, Soejima K, Ito G.
Abstract -- The purpose of this research was to investigate whether the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on the osteoblast proliferation and differentiation are mediated by the increase in the nitric oxide (NO, nitrogen monoxide) synthesis. The osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cell line) were cultured in the absence (-NMMA group) or in the presence (+NMMA group) of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NMMA. First, osteoblasts were subjected to PEMF stimulation (15 Hz and 0.6 mT) up to 15 days. The DNA content and the NO concentration in the conditioned medium were determined on the 3rd, 7th, and 15th days of culture. Following, osteoblasts were stimulated in the proliferation (P-NMMA and P+NMMA groups) or in the differentiation (D-NMMA and D+NMMA groups) stages of maturation, and the alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) activity was determined on the 15th day of culture for all groups. PEMF stimulation increased significantly the nitrite concentration in the -NMMA group on the 3rd, 7th, and 15th days of culture. However, this effect was partially blocked in the +NMMA group. The DNA content in the -NMMA group, but not in the +NMMA group, increased significantly on the 3rd and 7th days of culture. The AlPase activity in the P-NMMA and D-NMMA groups, but not in the P+NMMA and D+NMMA groups, also increased significantly. In conclusion, the PEMF stimulatory effects on the osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation were mediated by the increase in the NO synthesis.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21664476
Nitric Oxide. 2011 Oct 30;25(3):316-25.
doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.05.009. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
Sinusoidal electromagnetic field stimulates
rat osteoblast differentiation and maturation via activation
of NO-cGMP-PKG pathway.
Cheng G1, Zhai Y, Chen K, Zhou J, Han G, Zhu R, Ming L, Song P, Wang J.
Cheng G1, Zhai Y, Chen K, Zhou J, Han G, Zhu R, Ming L, Song P, Wang J.
Abstract -- Nitric oxide (NO) is an important intracellular and intercellular messenger, critically affecting bone metabolism. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether the effect of sinusoidal electromagnetic field (SEMF) on the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts is mediated by the NO-cGMP-PKG signal pathway. We examined the impact of SEMF on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, and found that L-NAME, nitric oxide synthase's inhibitor, prevents SEMF-mediated increase in NOS activity and NO levels. We showed that an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (ODQ) blocks the increase in cGMP levels triggered by exposure to SEMF. The inhibitor PDE5, which hydrolyzes 3',5'-cyclic-GMP to 5'-GMP, prevents the SEMF's stimulation of PKG activity. We also blocked the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway to determine whether the maturation and mineralization of osteoblasts, stimulated by SEMF, would be inhibited. This was evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osterix gene expression and mineralized bone modulus. After treatment with SEMF, the NOS activity increases in comparison with the control group (P<0.01), reaching the highest level after 0.5h. Osterix gene expression, ALP activity and mineralized bone nodules in the SEMF experimental group also increase significantly. However, these effects are partially blocked in the L-NAME treated cultures. Surprisingly, all the osteogenic markers in the SEMF+L-NAME group were slightly higher than in the control culture, but lower than in the cells exposed to SEMF only. We conclude that the NO-cGMP-PKG signal pathway is activated by SEMF treatment, the stimulatory effect of SEMF on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts is attenuated when the pathway is blocked.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21867211
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2011 Jul;84(1 Pt 1):011905. Epub 2011 Jul 12.
Reducing blood viscosity with magnetic
fields.
Tao R1, Huang K.
Tao R1, Huang K.
Abstract -- Blood viscosity is a major factor in heart disease. When blood viscosity increases, it damages blood vessels and increases the risk of heart attacks. Currently, the only method of treatment is to take drugs such as aspirin, which has, however, several unwanted side effects. Here we report our finding that blood viscosity can be reduced with magnetic fields of 1 T or above in the blood flow direction. One magnetic field pulse of 1.3 T lasting ~1 min can reduce the blood viscosity by 20%-30%. After the exposure, in the absence of magnetic field, the blood viscosity slowly moves up, but takes a couple of hours to return to the original value. The process is repeatable. Reapplying the magnetic field reduces the blood viscosity again. By selecting the magnetic field strength and duration, we can keep the blood viscosity within the normal range. In addition, such viscosity reduction does not affect the red blood cells' normal function. This technology has much potential for physical therap
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19263507
Int J Biol Macromol. 2009 Apr 1;44(3):278-85.
Effects of mobile phone radiofrequency on
the structure and function of the normal human hemoglobin.
Mousavy SJ1, Riazi GH, Kamarei M, Aliakbarian H, Sattarahmady N, Sharifizadeh A, Safarian S, Ahmad F, Moosavi-Movahedi AA.
Mousavy SJ1, Riazi GH, Kamarei M, Aliakbarian H, Sattarahmady N, Sharifizadeh A, Safarian S, Ahmad F, Moosavi-Movahedi AA.
Abstract -- Widespread use of mobile phones has increased the human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). It is required to investigate the effect of EMFs on the biological systems. In this paper the effect of mobile phone RF (910MHz and 940 MHz) on structure and function of HbA was investigated. Oxygen affinity was measured by sodium dithionite with UV-vis spectrophotometer. Structural changes were studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated that mobile phone EMFs altered oxygen affinity and tertiary structure of HbA. Furthermore, the decrease of oxygen affinity of HbA corresponded to the EMFs intensity and time of exposure.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19263507
Bioelectrochem Bioenerg. 1999 Feb;48(1):27-34.
EMF signals and ion/ligand binding
kinetics: prediction of bioeffective waveform parameters.
Pilla AA1, Muehsam DJ, Markov MS, Sisken BF.
Pilla AA1, Muehsam DJ, Markov MS, Sisken BF.
Abstract -- The kinetics of an electromagnetic field (EMF) target pathway are used to estimate frequency windows for EMF bioeffects. Ion/ligand binding is characterized via first order kinetics from which a specific electrical impedance can be derived. The resistance/capacitance properties of the binding pathway impedance, determined by the kinetics of the rate-determining step, define the frequency range over which the target pathway is most sensitive to external EMF. Applied signals may thus be configured such that their spectral content closely matches that of the target, using evaluation of the signal to thermal noise ratio to optimize waveform parameters. Using the approach proposed in this study, a pulsed radio frequency (PRF) waveform, currently employed clinically for soft tissue repair, was returned by modulation of burst duration, producing significant bioeffects at substantially reduced signal amplitude. Application is made to Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent myosin phosphorylation, for which the binding time constants may be estimated from reported kinetics, neurite outgrowth from embryonic chick dorsal root explants and bone repair in a fracture model. The results showed that the retuned signal produced increased phosphorylation rates, neurite outgrowth and biomechanical strength that were indistinguishable from those produced by the clinical signal, but with a tenfold reduction in peak signal amplitude, approximately 800-fold reduction in average amplitude and approximately 10(6)-fold reduction in average power.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17632344
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007 Aug;120(2):425-30.
Pulsed magnetic fields accelerate cutaneous
wound healing in rats.
Strauch B1, Patel MK, Navarro JA, Berdichevsky M, Yu HL, Pilla AA.
Strauch B1, Patel MK, Navarro JA, Berdichevsky M, Yu HL, Pilla AA.
Abstract -- Previous studies of pulsed magnetic fields have reported enhanced fracture and chronic wound healing, endothelial cell growth, and angiogenesis. This study characterizes the biomechanical changes that occur when standard cutaneous wounds are exposed to radiofrequency pulsed magnetic fields with specific dosage parameters, in an attempt to determine whether return to functional tensile strength could be accelerated in wound healing.
The mean tensile strength of treated groups in phase 1 was 48 percent (p < 0.001) greater than that of controls at 21 days; there was no significant difference at 60 days. In phase 2, the treated groups showed 18 percent (not significant), 44 percent, and 59 percent (p < 0.001) increases in tensile strength over controls at 21 days.
The authors successfully demonstrated that exposing wounds to pulsed magnetic fields of very specific configurations accelerated early wound healing in this animal model, as evidenced by significantly increased wound tensile strength at 21 days after wounding.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945715
J Hand Surg Am. 2006 Sep;31(7):1131-5.
Pulsed magnetic field therapy increases
tensile strength in a rat Achilles' tendon repair model.
Strauch B1, Patel MK, Rosen DJ, Mahadevia S, Brindzei N, Pilla AA.
Strauch B1, Patel MK, Rosen DJ, Mahadevia S, Brindzei N, Pilla AA.
Abstract -- To examine the effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields on the biomechanic strength of rat Achilles' tendons at 3 weeks after transection and repair.
In the animals receiving PMF exposure, an increase in tensile strength of up to 69% was noted at the repair site of the rat Achilles' tendon at 3 weeks after transection and repair compared with nonstimulated control animals.
The application of electromagnetic fields, configured to enhance Ca(2+) binding in the growth factor cascades involved in tissue healing, achieved a marked increase of tensile strength at the repair site in this animal model. If similar effects occur in humans, rehabilitation could begin earlier and the risk of developing adhesions or rupturing the tendon in the early postoperative period could be reduced.
SOME ELECTROCEUTICAL PATENTS
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC TREATMENT OF PLANT, ANIMAL, AND HUMAN TISSUE, ORGANS, CELLS, AND MOLECULES
US2014046117
Also published as: WO2005056111 // WO2005056111 // US2014046115 // US2010222631 // US2010210893
Abstract -- An apparatus and method for electromagnetic treatment of plants, animals, and humans comprising: configuring at least one waveform according to a mathematical model having at least one waveform parameter, said at least one waveform to be coupled to a target pathway structure; choosing a value of said at least one waveform parameter so that said at least waveform is configured to be detectable in said target pathway structure above background activity in said target pathway structure; generating an electromagnetic signal from said configured at least one waveform; and coupling said electromagnetic signal to said target pathway structure using a coupling device.
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC TREATMENT
US2013274540
Also published as: US2011112352
Abstract -- Described herein are electromagnetic treatment devices for treatment of tissue. In particular, described herein are lightweight, wearable, low-energy variations that are specifically configured to specifically and sufficiently apply energy within a specific bandpass of frequencies of a target biological pathway, such as the binding of Calcium to Calmodulin, and thereby regulate the pathway. Methods and systems for treating biological tissue are also described.
METHODS AND DEVICES FOR PROVIDING ELECTROMAGNETIC TREATMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF A METAL-CONTAINING IMPLANT
WO2013115854
Also published as: US8343027
Abstract -- Methods and devices for providing electromagnetic field treatment to a subject having a metal-containing implant or prosthesis at or near the treatment site. These treatment methods can include calibrating the treatment devices such that the treatment field provided is not distorted or affected by the presence of metal in the target location. Additionally, embodiments of the invention provide for wearable and adjustable electromagnetic treatment devices with reinforcing support members to maintain the structure of flexible metal applicators, which generate the therapeutic electromagnetic field.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC TREATMENT OF HEAD, CEREBRAL AND NEURAL INJURY IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS
CA2813036
Also published as: WO2012045079 // WO2012045079 // US2012116149
Abstract -- Embodiments of the invention include methods of treating neurological injury and conditions, in particular, traumatic brain injury and physiological responses arising from injury or conditions. These treatment methods can include the steps of generating a pulsed electromagnetic field from a pulsed electromagnetic field source and applying the pulsed electromagnetic field 1 in proximity to a target region affected by the neurological injury or condition to reduce a physiological response to the neurological injury or condition.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC TREATMENT OF COGNITION AND NEUROLOGICAL INJURY
WO2013067512
Abstract -- Methods and devices for providing therapeutic electromagnetic field treatment to a subject having a cognitive or neurological condition or injury. Treatment devices can include headwear incorporating electromagnetic treatment delivery devices providing electromagnetic treatment to a user's head area. Such devices include protective headwear such as helmets with electromagnetic delivery devices. Additionally, embodiments of the invention provide for wearable and adjustable electromagnetic treatment devices that can be used to provide electromagnetic treatment to multiple areas of the user's head. Embodiments of the invention provide for sequential electromagnetic treatment with a single or a plurality of treatment applicators which target a single or multiple cerebral regions as determined by imaging, non-imaging and physiological monitoring before, during and after electromagnetic treatment.
PHARMACOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND TOPICAL AGENT ENHANCEMENT APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR USING SAME
ES2387536
US2007026514
Also published as: WO2006096698 // MX2007010974 // KR20080003799
Abstract -- A method for enhancing pharmacological, chemical, topical, and cosmetic effects comprising applying at least one reactive agent to a target pathway structure (Step 101) , configuring at least one waveform having at least one waveform parameter (Step 102), selecting a value of said at least one waveform parameter of said at least one waveform to maximize at least one of a signal to noise ratio and a Power signal to noise ratio, in a target pathway structure (Step 103), using said at least one waveform that maximizes said at least one of a signal to noise ratio and a Power signal to noise ratio in a target pathway structure to which said reactive agent has been applied, to generate an electromagnetic signal (Step 104), and coupling said electromagnetic signal to said target pathway structure to modulate said target pathway structure (Step 105) .
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENHANCEMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR THERAPEUTICS AND PROPHYLAXIS IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND HUMANS
US2012089201
Abstract -- Apparatus and methods for delivering electromagnetic signals configured specifically to accelerate the asymmetrical kinetics of the binding of intracellular ions to their respective intracellular buffers, to enhance the biochemical signaling pathways plant animal and human molecules, cells, tissues, organs, portions of entire organisms and entire organisms employ for growth, repair and maintenance. Described herein are devices and methods that utilize repetitive bursts of waveforms configured to maximize the bound concentration of intracellular ions at their associated molecular buffers to enhance the biochemical signaling pathways living systems employ for growth, repair and maintenance. For example the systems and methods described herein may drive the binding of calcium to calmodulin (CaM), thereby enhancing the CaM-dependent nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway.
MODIFICATION OF THE CROWTH REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE BEHAVIOR OF LIVING TISSUES AND CELLS BY A SPECIFIC AND SELECTIVE CHANGE IN ELECTRICAL ENVIRONMENT
JO1125
Integrated coil apparatus and method for using same
TW200824744
Self-contained electromagnetic apparatus for treatment of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs within a cerebrofacial area and method for using same
TW200803948
DEVICES AND METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASES WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
US2011207989
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD TREATMENT APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR USING SAME
US2011152598
Electromagnetic treatment apparatus and metod for angiogensis modulation of living tissues and cells
US2010179373
Apparatus and method for static magnetic field treatment of tissue, organs, cells, and molecules
US2009306456
Electromagnetic treatment apparatus for augmenting wound repair and method for using same
BRPI0607963
ZA200708478
Integrated coil apparatus for therapeutically treating human and animal cells, tissues and organs with electromagnetic fields and method for using same
BRPI0520604
Electromagnetic treatment apparatus and method
ZA200605544
EXCESSIVE FIBROUS CAPSULE FORMATION AND CAPSULAR CONTRACTURE APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR USING SAME
EP2077789
WO2008051521
ELECTROMAGNETIC APPARATUS FOR RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND METHOD FOR USING SAME
EP2066393
ELECTROMAGNETIC TREATMENT INDUCTION APPARATUS AND METHOD.
MXPA06012389
ELECTROMAGNETIC APPARATUS FOR PROPHYLAXIS AND REPAIR OF OPTHALMIC TISSUE AND METHOD
WO2007146342
Modification of the growth, repair and maintenance behavior of living tissues and cells by a specific and selective change in electrical environment
US4266532 // US4105017 // US4315503
Implantable growth tissue stimulator and method of operation
US5766231
Apparatus and method for therapeutically treating human body tissue with electromagnetic radiation
US5723001
Pulsed radio frequency electrotherapeutic system
US5584863
Implantable bone growth stimulator and method of operation
US5441527
ELECTROTHERAPEUTIC SYSTEM
WO9604957
ELEKTROMAGNETISK APPARAT FOR UTVORTES BEHANDLING AV KROPPSDELER
NO851492 // NO801874
MEJORAS A INSTRUMENTO ELECTROMAGNETICOS PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE CELULAS Y TEJIDOS VIVOS
MX151539
MODIFIKATION AV VAEXT-, AOTERSTAELLANDE- OCH UPPRAETTHAOLLANDEBETEENDE AV LEVANDE VAEVNAD OCH CELLEGENOM AENDRING AV DEN ELEKTRISKA OMKRETSEN SPECIFISKT OCH SELEKTIVISKT
FI830326 // FI802013
Apparatus for equine limb treatment.
EP0104793
Electromagnetic body-treatment device.
EP0126805
Method and means for electromagnetic stimulation of a vegetative process.
EP0039163
Apparatus for treating an intact animal organism bearing a neoplastic process and undergoing drug treatment.
EP0039988
PHARMACOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND TOPICAL AGENT ENHANCEMENT APPARATUS
EP1868591
VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR BEHANDLUNG VON LEBENDEM GEWEBE UND/ODER ZELLEN
DD137326
Static magnetic field treatment apparatus and method
CN1913938
BODY HEALING APPARATUS WITH PULSE FED COILS
CA1166318
BODY HEALING APPARATUS WITH PULSE FED COILSo:
CA1157527
Integrated coil apparatus and method for using same
AU2005336126
APARATO CON BOBINA INTEGRADA Y METODO PARA SU USO
AR058926
Water / Hyfuel Patents
( Adapted from a list compiled by Leroy Pea / PEA Research )
( Adapted from a list compiled by Leroy Pea / PEA Research )
BR8100007W
Combustion process and apparatus for carrying
CN101208264B
Compact reforming reactor
CN101222975B
Compact reforming reactor
DE4410915-A1
A process for the production of hydrogen
EP0895025 A1
Combustion process and apparatus for carrying out the process
EP1516853-A1
Method for producing hydrogen and apparatus for supplying hydrogen
EP2383223A1
Hydrocarbon and water hybrid engine
GB803766A
JP2005112704
HYDROGEN GAS GENERATION DEVICE AND HYDROGEN GAS SUPPLY DEVICE
JPS5221528A
US2140254
Device for operating internal combustion engines with mixtures of ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen prepared from ammonia
US2295209
HYDROGEN Fuel for internal combustion engines
US3442620
Production of hydrogen via the steam-iron process
US3471274
Hydrogen-oxygen fuel internal combustion engine
US3648668
Gas-operated internal combustion engine
US4009006
Water to fuel converter
US4013050
Ignition system for a multi-fueled engine
US4023545
Energy means for internal combustion engines using HYDROGEN
US4030453
Method of water admixing to fuel oil for an internal combustion engine and apparatus thereof
US4031865
Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell for use with internal combustion engines
US4037568
Exhaust heated hydrogen and oxygen producing catalytic converter for combustion engine
US4157270
Hydrogen gas generator from hydrazine/ammonia
US4230072
Internal combustion engine with a methanol reforming system
US4233132
Method and apparatus for producing hydrogen
US4271793
Internal combustion engine using HYDROGEN
US4332775
Hydrogen generator utilizing solar energy to dissociate water
US4342738
Hydrogen generation as fuel by use of solar ultraviolet light process
US4380970
Combustion engines
US4403576
Fuel system for and a method of operating a spark-ignited internal combustion engine
US4458634
Internal combustion engine with hydrogen producing device having water and oil interface level control
US4493760
Electrolytic HYDROGEN cell having nonporous partition
US4547356
Method of generating hydrogen and using the generated hydrogen
US4573435
Apparatus and method for generating hydrogen gas for use as a fuel additive in diesel engines
US4622924
Hydrogen engine
US4750453
Internal combustion engine
US4253428
Hydrogen fuel systems
US4750453
US4844028
Method for reducing the consumption of fuel of a heat engine
US5117783
Automatic oxygen generator
US5119768
Petroleum and hydrogen driven engine
US5196104
Oxygen and hydrogen gas driven turbine
US5211828
Apparatus for generating hydrogen and oxygen
US5287281
Computer controlled flow of nitrous oxide injected into an internal combustion engine
US5385657
Apparatus for the gasification of water
US5419286
System for lowering emissions of nitrogen oxides
US5444628
Computer controlled flow of nitrous oxide injected into an internal combustion engine
US5488932
Gaseous fuel enriching subsystem
US5513600
Water fuel converter for automotive and other engines
US5976723
Getter materials for cracking ammonia
US6336430
Hydrogen generating apparatus
US6535811
System and method for real-time electronic engine control
US6554975
Liquid gasification reactor
US6655324
High compression ratio, hydrogen enhanced gasoline engine system
US6610193
System and method for the production and use of hydrogen on board a marine vessel
US6770186
Rechargeable hydrogen-fueled motor vehicle
US6871491
Combustion system having an emission control device with hydrogen catalyst
US6936143
Tandem cell for water cleavage by visible light
US6936363
Ammonia cracker for production of hydrogen
US7240641
Hydrogen generating apparatus and components thereof
US7273044
Hydrogen fuel system for an internal combustion engine
US7300643
Method for producing hydrogen and apparatus for supplying hydrogen
US7485211
Electro-catalysts for the oxidation of ammonia in alkaline media
US7527661
Compact devices for generating pure hydrogen
US7819092
Fuel/fluid hybrid engine
US7913654
Gas saving device and method for dissociating water into hydrogen & oxygen
US8336508
System and method for use with a combustion engine
US8623285
Ammonia/hydrogen flame cracker system, method and apparatus
US20020028171
Production of hydrogen by autothermic decomposition of ammonia
US20030232224
Ammonia cracker for production of hydrogen
US20050037244
Production of hydrogen by autothermic decomposition of ammonia
US20060112636
Ammonia-based hydrogen generation apparatus and method for using same
US20070036707
Reformer and reforming process for production of hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuel
US20100147231
Electrolytic Cell for an Internal Combustion Engine
US20100200423
Hydrogen generator
US20100307431
Internal Combustion Engines
US20130025547
Fuel supply system using hydrogen
WO1981000279
A water dissociation fuel
WO1985000159
Hydrogen engine
WO1993022044
Improved hydrogen generating system
WO1995023942
A method of and device for producing energy
WO1998015023
A hydrocarbon reformer for electrochemical cells
WO2001030471
A system for collecting and utilizing atmospheric hydrogen gas
WO2001031188
Hydrogen generating apparatus and components therefor
WO2002008117
Ammonia cracker for production of hydrogen
WO2002016289
System and method for the production and use of hydrogen on board a marine vessel
WO2003062686
Heat pipe loop with pump assistance
WO2007008091
Gas saving device and method for dissociating water
WO2008000010
Thermolysis catalyst for internal combustion engines using oxyhydrogen gas
WO2011107279
Apparatus for generating hydrogen from ammonia stored in solid materials and integration thereof into low temperature fuel cells
Old Aeroplane Designs That Flew
Modern Mechanix ( October 1934 )
Frederick Kirsten : "Eggbeater Plane"
Modern Mechanix ( July 1936 )
Konrad Kraft : Flying Wing
Science & Mechanix ( January 1934 )
William Rahn : Propless Plane
Modern Mechanics ( March 1933 )
Modern Mechanics & Inventions ( March 1933 )
"Flying Tunnel"
Science & Mechanics ( January 1933 )
Science & Mechanics ( January 1933 )
Umberto Savoia : VTOL Plane
Science & Mechanics ( June 1935 )
Jacques Gerin : Variable Wing Plane
Modern Mechanix ( September 1935 )
C. Loocke / Lorin Hansen : Dirigiplane
Science & Mechanics ( January 1932 )
Alexander Lippisch : Tailless Plane
Autogyro / Gyroplane / Gyrodyne
Patents
Autogyro aircraft
AT398298
HELICOPTER AND AUTOGYRO STABILIZER
CA354162
Cyclone autogyro
CN2851106
Improvements in or relating to aerodynamic rotors.
EP0039138
Aircraft.
EP0289671
Self-regulated autogyro
ES2028657
DIRIGIBLE AUTOGYRO HELICOPTER KITE
WO0032289
Aircraft rotor aerofoil suitable for forward and reverse flow
GB2363774
Autogyro hovercraft
GB2423971
Improvements in or relating to screw propellers
GB343831
Improvements in or relating to apparatus for adjusting the pitch of aircraft propellers
GB627847
Autogyros
GB2105668
Safety devices in i.c. engine ignition systems
GB2146703
Improvements in or relating to rotary winged aircraft
GB2152450
Control column for autogyro
GB2152451
Gyroplanes or autogyros
GB2183583
No title available
GB1258505
AUTOGYRO PROPELLER PROVIDED WITH GENERATOR
JPS59143795
HELICOPTER AUTOGYRO CONVERTIBLE PLANE
JPS52135200
SUSPENSION TYPE ALTITUDE*HEADING REFERENCE SYSTEM AUTOGYRO
JPS551295
METHOD OR DEVICE FOR CALCULATING ANGULAR ACCELERATION AND MOVABLE BODY MOUNTED THEREWITH
JP2005003404
SYSTEM FOR FORMING TORQUE ON SHAFT OF AUTOGYRO ROTOR
RU2228285
MAIN-ROTOR HUB
RU2235662
AUTOGYRO ROTOR HEAD
RU2003125615
ROTOR HEAD WITH TORSION BAR BUSH AND FAIRING FOR AUTOGYRO AT JUMP TAKEOFF AND VERTICAL LANDING
RU2313473
Rotary boss for flying autogyro models
SE440026
AUTOGYRO
RU2018462
AUTOGYRO, METHOD OF ITS CONVERTING INTO PARKING POSITION AND METHOD OF REGULATING ITS CENTER-OF-GRAVITY POSITION
RU2005657
Reduction drive and torque-limiting clutch for autogyro aircraft
US6077041
Helicopter target
US4765567
Spring-biased autogyro rotor blade
US2612963
Aircraft of the autogyro type
US2110563
Autogyro
US4824326
Rotor powered sailboat
US4803938
Toy projectile
US4295290
Air-borne autogyro toy
US3161988
Autogyro with auxiliary rotor drive
US4653705
Apparatus for operating a wing in three modes and system of use
US6244537
VTLH autogyro
US4913376
LIFT AND PROPULSION DEVICE FOR A JET AIRCRAFT OF THE HYBRID HELICOPTER-AUTOGYRO TYPE
US3517898
Vertical take-off and landing vehicle configured as a compound autogyro
US6471158
CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A HYBRID HELICOPTER-AUTOGYRO OF THE JET LIFT AND PROPULSION TYPE,AND CONTROLS THEREFOR
US3545702
ROTARY, TUBULAR IMPELLER
US3743440
Rotor system for winged aircraft
US4979698
Water ski autogyro
US3272457
High speed, long range turbo-jet aircraft
US3907219
Flying toy having fluid displaceable blades
US5030157
AUTOGYRO
US3870251
Convertible aircraft operating method
US2007170307
Autogyro aircraft
US5304036
AUTOGYRO HAVING BLADE TIP JETS
US4010919
Roto-wing jet airplane
US3995793
Coordinated control autogyro
US2954186
Toy autogyro
US2012600
Autogyros
US4195800
Motorcycle rider autogyro
US7178757
Autogyro aircraft
US5301900
Tethered autogyro
US5996934
FOLDING ROTOR FOR AN AUTOGYRO DEVICE
US2009081043
AIRCRAFT USING TURBO-ELECTRIC HYBRID PROPULSION SYSTEM
US2009145998
ROTOR DRIVE FOR AUTOGYROS, AND METHOD FOR VERTICALLY STARTING AN AUTOGYRO
WO2010006354
Simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the motion of an autorotating rotor in an autogyro vehicle
EP2202710
High-speed aircraft with vertical lift and self-revolving ability
US2010001120
TOWED-AUTOGYRO-TYPE PLAY EQUIPMENT
JP2009292236
Autogyro
DE102008046448
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AIRBORNE CYCLICALLY CONTROLLED POWER GENERATION USING AUTOROTATION
WO2010039790
A STABILITY AUGMENTATION APPARATUS FOR THE SMALL MODEL AUTOGYRO
KR20100015263
SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE OPERATION OF A CONVERTIBLE AIRCRAFT WITH HELICOPTER, AUTOGYRO AND PLANE MODES
WO2010043734
Invisible autogyro
CN101891016
System and method for airborne cyclically controlled power generation using autorotation
CN101903648
DEVICE FOR STIFFENING THE ROTOR BLADES OF A HELICOPTER AND/OR AUTOGYRO
WO2011015688
UNMANNED GYROKITE AS SELF-POWERED AIRBORNE PLATFORM FOR ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
US2011186687
Helicopter multi rotor system
GB2495562
AUTOGYRO WITH PRE-ROTATION
US2012025011
Autogyro Plane
US2012068006
TOWABLE AIR VEHICLE
US2012091259
LOW SPEED AUTOGYRO YAW CONTROL APPARATUS AND METHOD
US2012312915
Paddle with changeable torsion-angle distribution
CN102887222
TETHERED PAYLOAD SYSTEM AND METHOD
WO2013013219
Autogyro i.e. gyrocopter
DE102011053678
AUTOGYRO
CA132165
AEROVEHICLE SYSTEM INCLUDING PLURALITY OF AUTOGYRO ASSEMBLIES
US2013313359
Autogyro
USD699153
TOWABLE AEROVEHICLE SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATED TOW LINE RELEASE
US2014061363
GYROPLANE PATENTS
GYROPLANE
CA67659
Turning control device of gyroplane
CN103303473
Gyroplane-type aircraft rotor blade
PL397948
ROTORCRAFT ESCAPE SYSTEM
US2013200218
Composite carbon fiber screw propeller
CN103085967
GEARWHEEL SET, IN PARTICULAR FOR A GYROPLANE
WO2013127595
Stabilized Safety Gyroplane
CN102811904
VERTICAL TAKE-OFF AND VERTICAL LANDING GYROPLANE
US2012248240
GYROPLANE
US2012181378
GYROPLANE WITH VERTICAL TAKE-OFF AND VERTICAL LANDING
RU2010146347
Variable-torque four-rotor aircraft with large load capacity
CN102490896
STABILIZED SAFETY GYROPLANE
US2012138730
GYROPLANE PREROTATION BY COMPRESSED AIR
US2012104153
Light gyroplane
CN202080434
Micro high-speed gyroplane aircraft which can take off and land vertically
TW201010907
Improvement of take-off safety and take-off efficiency of gyroplane
CN102161380
Rotor head structure of gyroplane
CN101985310
Gyroplane rotor launching device
FR2969121
Base body for aircraft
DE102009038509
MANNED AIRCRAFT WITH TWO-AXIS PROPULSION AND SPECIFIC LATERAL PILOTING
WO2012022845
Gyroplane
AU2010201262
Gyroplane landing ship capable of driving on land and water
CN201525255
Ultra-light machine e.g. gyroplane
FR2959485
Method for on-line self-calibration of external parameters of cameras of bionic landing system of unmanned gyroplane
CN101692283
GYROPLANE
RU2376200
Pneumatic airfoil with reversible deformation contour for aircrafts, especially gyroplane
CN101618764
Gyroplane blade provided with spar surrounded by fasteners and construction method of spar
CN101525050
MAIN BODY FOR AIRCRAFT
WO2010025860
BUSH OF HELICOPTER LIFTING ROTOR
RU2360834
METHOD FOR DISPLAYING A NOISE VALUE OF A GYROPLANE
EP2271550
Booster gyroplane
CN201258090
Self-landing ground experiment simulator for microminiature gyroplane
CN101458880
Unmanned gyroplane
DE102007054126
GYROPLANE
RU2360837
Method for independent landing of gyroplane
DE102007050246
Novel airship
CN201143992
Rotor for a gyroplane
US4227859
Integrated hub-mast and gyroplane rotor head comprising it
US4732540
Integrater hub-mast and gyroplane rotor head comprising it
US4749339
Flapping stop device for a gyroplane rotor
US4737075
Drag operated rotor pitch adjustment system for gyroplanes
US4726736
METHOD OF CONTROLLING PITCH ON A GYROPLANE AND A GYROPLANE
US2004245372
Stable gyroplane aircraft
US2031992
Gyroplane
US2068617
Apparatus of the gyroplane type
US2587104
Power transmission means for coaxial gyroplane rotors
US2596363
Gyroplane
US2106783
Convertible aircraft operating method
US2007170307
Gyroplane
US2025561
Gyroplane
US5727754
Gyroplane with tilting mast
US5098033
COMBINATION GYROPLANE
US3771924
Gyroplane rotor braking unit
US5462137
Fluid coupling for helicopter propeller
US4970860
Gyroplane rotor with double-plate hub and external pitch control
US6203277
Helicopter and gyroplane
US2344967
Gyroplane
US1722708
Gyroplane
US2122928
Air drop autorotating gyroplane drop chutes
US3273834
GYROPLANE.
US1040136
Tandem-rotor gyroplane
US6089501
Gyroplane rotor starter
US2143688
Mechanism for transmitting power between a driving shaft and two assemblies to be driven
US5271295
Collective pitch change system for teter-bar type gyroplane rotary wing aircraft
US4741672
Sea gyroplane
US2068618
GYROPLANE
RU1779232
GYROPLANE TAKE-OFF METHOD
RU2327603
GYROPLANE
WO9400343
APPARATUS FOR PRELIMINARY ROTATION OF ROTOR OF GYROPLANE
JP2001327771
A ROTOR HEAD HAVING AN INTEGRATED HUB-MAST FOR A GYROPLANE ROTOR
IN166967
A ROTOR HEAD FOR A GYROPLANE ROTOR
IN170169
GYROPLANE, ROTOR SYSTEM AND CONTROL SYSTEM
WO2005087587
Toy gyroplane
GB2044622
ROTOR SYSTEMS FOR GYROPLANES
GB1350505
Improvements in and relating to helicopters and gyroplanes
GB506404
Improvements in and relating to gyroplanes
GB1090234
Improvements in or relating to power transmission mechanism
GB465408
Improvements in or relating to power transmission means for coaxial gyroplane rotors
GB616222
Improvements in or relating to aircraft of the gyroplane type
GB618475
Improvements relating to air-craft of the gyroplane type
GB424140
Improvements relating to aircraft
GB442014
Improvements relating to aircraft
GB442013
Improvements relating to aircraft
GB442137
IMPROVEMENTS IN BEARINGS
GB1301102
Gyroplane apparatus adapted for road travel
GB444095
Improvements in or relating to aircraft with rotating wing systems
GB423005
FLYING TOYS
GB1351357
Improvements in and relating to gyroplanes or helicopters
GB426686
Improvements in aeroplanes
GB459639
Improvements in or relating to aircraft convertible to and from fixed- and rotary-wing flight
GB740015
Improvements in and relating to aircraft sustaining rotors
GB577782
Improvements in and relating to aircraft sustaining rotors
GB494427
Amphibious gyroplane
GB2440320
Improvements in and relating to sustaining rotors for aircraft
GB492911
Improvements in and relating to aircraft with sustaining rotors
GB493149
Improvements in and relating to aircraft with sustaining rotors
GB492816
ROTATING-WING AIRCRAFT
GB1268591
Improvements in or relating to surfaces adapted to be displaced in a fluid medium
GB474065
Improvements in and relating to aircraft with autorotative wings
GB452366
Improvements in and relating to aircraft with autorotative wings
GB452364
Rotor for gyroplane, esp helicopter, having tubular mast and two=plate hub
FR2764577
Gyroplane rotor hub
FR2689483
GYROPLANE BLADE
CS8808386
THERMOCOMPRESSION MIXER
CS8802114
A novel airship
CN101157383
Tourist aircraft carrier
CN2761521
Method and apparatus for dynamically measuring blade distance variation of minisize gyroplane
CN1808057
Test bench for testing flight performance of small-sized helicopter
CN1731124
Vehicle capable of flying
CN1699085
ROTORCRAFT
WO2005075290
Gyroplane
CN1533947
HELICOPTER OR GYROPLANE
CA449959
MODULAR EXPERIMENTAL GYROPLANE FLOAT SYSTEM
CA2537352
ROTARY VISCONS-ELASTIC RETURN DEVICE, AND DRAG DAMPING, FOR A GYROPLANE ROTOR CA2028023
Gyroplane
AU4592393
GYRODYNE --
Faster Gyrodynes: Mach .88, or better
US2010078516
GYRODYNE AND DEVICE FOR ASSEMBLY THEREOF
KR20090116690
ROTOR BLADE FOR HIGH-SPEED GYRODYNE AIRCRAFT
RU2408499
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING SATELLITE ATTITUDE AND STEERING USING A GYRODYNE CLUSTER
IL159573
Air jet reaction contrarotating rotor gyrodyne
US4589611
GYRODYNE AIRCRAFT
PL324836 / PL187321
Contra-rotating rotor gyro-dyne
IT1178423
Directional control system for rotary wing aircraft
GB800890
Atmospheric static pressure detection means
GB1073494
Vibration isolating device
FR2895052
AIR JET REACTION CONTRAROTATING ROTOR GYRODYNE WITH THRUST REVERSERS AND SPECIFIC ROTOR AIR SUPPLY CONTROLS
CA1270801
Juan DE LA CIERVA --
CONVERTIBLE AIRCRAFT OPERATING METHOD
SI1731420 (T1)
Aircraft with freely rotative wings
US2098230
Aircraft having autorotative sustaining means
US2037766 (A)
Aeroplane with rotating wings
US1590497 (A)
Sustaining rotor for aircraft and method of making same
US1985819 (A)
Autorotative-winged aircraft
US1999136 (A)
Aircraft having freely rotative sustaining means
US2033571 (A)
Autorotative wing aircraft
US1996750
Aircraft with rotatively mounted sustaining wings
US1994465
Aircraft of the rotative sustaining wing type
US1969781
Aircraft having rotative sustaining means
US1988836 (A)
Aircraft
US1990269 (A)
Aircraft sustaining rotor
US1949410
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1971033
Rotative-winged aircraft and method of operation
US1974738
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1949296
Aircraft sustaining rotor construction
US1980169 (A)
Aircraft having freely rotative wings
US1949785 (A)
Aircraft having rotative wings
US1884599 (A)
Aircraft of the rotative wing type
US1947901 (A)
Aircraft sustaining rotor
US1948458 (A)
Sustaining rotor construction for aircraft
US1897042 (A)
Rotative sustaining blades for aircraft
US1884598 (A)
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1910520 (A)
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1936752 (A)
Sustaining rotor construction for aircraft
US1884597 (A)
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1911183 (A)
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1948456 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1948514 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1894673 (A)
Aircraft
US1884849 (A)
Aircraft and method of operating the same
US1884596 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1948455 (A)
Aircraft with auto-rotative wings
US1857807 (A)
Undercarriage or landing gear for aircraft
US1682894 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1682893 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1673233 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1692082 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1678935 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1692081 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1859584 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1811303 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1673232 (A)
Rotative-winged aircraft
US2234466 (A)
Aircraft having freely rotative wings
US2216162 (A)
Autorotative wing for aircraft
US2135700 (A)
Aircraft with autorotative wings
US2155409 (A)
Sustaining-rotor-equipped aircraft
US2421364 (A)
Nouvel appareil d'aviation
FR537347 (A)
Flygmaskin med fritt roterbara blad eller bärytor
FI17463 (A)
Anordningar vid flygmaskiner med fritt voterbara vingar
FI13670 (A)
Anordningar vid aeroplan
FI13590
ROTOR FOR CONVERTIBLE AIRCRAFT AND CONVERTIBLE AIRCRAFT COMPRISING SAME
WO2005086563
Aéroplane à ailes tournantes.
CH106374
AIRCRAFT WITH AUTOROTATIVE SUSTAINING ROTORS
CA384823
ROTATIVE WING AIRCRAFT
CA384512
AIRCRAFT WITH AUTOROTATIVE WINGS
CA375175
AIRCRAFT WITH AUTOROTATIVE WINGS
CA372312
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
CA365980
ROTATIVE WING AIRCRAFT
CA359721
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
CA357934
ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT
CA349426
ROTATING WING AIRCRAFT
CA348996
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
CA348654
AIRCRAFT EMPLOYING AUTO-ROTATIVE WINGS OR SUPPORTING SURFACES
CA319476
AIRCRAFT EMPLOYING ROTATIVE WINGS OR SUPPORTING SURFACES
CA319475
AIRCRAFT
CA302091
AIRCRAFT WITH AUTO-ROTATIVE WINGS
CA297691
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
CA294634
AIRCRAFT
CA283475
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
AU3610684
AT398298
HELICOPTER AND AUTOGYRO STABILIZER
CA354162
Cyclone autogyro
CN2851106
Improvements in or relating to aerodynamic rotors.
EP0039138
Aircraft.
EP0289671
Self-regulated autogyro
ES2028657
DIRIGIBLE AUTOGYRO HELICOPTER KITE
WO0032289
Aircraft rotor aerofoil suitable for forward and reverse flow
GB2363774
Autogyro hovercraft
GB2423971
Improvements in or relating to screw propellers
GB343831
Improvements in or relating to apparatus for adjusting the pitch of aircraft propellers
GB627847
Autogyros
GB2105668
Safety devices in i.c. engine ignition systems
GB2146703
Improvements in or relating to rotary winged aircraft
GB2152450
Control column for autogyro
GB2152451
Gyroplanes or autogyros
GB2183583
No title available
GB1258505
AUTOGYRO PROPELLER PROVIDED WITH GENERATOR
JPS59143795
HELICOPTER AUTOGYRO CONVERTIBLE PLANE
JPS52135200
SUSPENSION TYPE ALTITUDE*HEADING REFERENCE SYSTEM AUTOGYRO
JPS551295
METHOD OR DEVICE FOR CALCULATING ANGULAR ACCELERATION AND MOVABLE BODY MOUNTED THEREWITH
JP2005003404
SYSTEM FOR FORMING TORQUE ON SHAFT OF AUTOGYRO ROTOR
RU2228285
MAIN-ROTOR HUB
RU2235662
AUTOGYRO ROTOR HEAD
RU2003125615
ROTOR HEAD WITH TORSION BAR BUSH AND FAIRING FOR AUTOGYRO AT JUMP TAKEOFF AND VERTICAL LANDING
RU2313473
Rotary boss for flying autogyro models
SE440026
AUTOGYRO
RU2018462
AUTOGYRO, METHOD OF ITS CONVERTING INTO PARKING POSITION AND METHOD OF REGULATING ITS CENTER-OF-GRAVITY POSITION
RU2005657
Reduction drive and torque-limiting clutch for autogyro aircraft
US6077041
Helicopter target
US4765567
Spring-biased autogyro rotor blade
US2612963
Aircraft of the autogyro type
US2110563
Autogyro
US4824326
Rotor powered sailboat
US4803938
Toy projectile
US4295290
Air-borne autogyro toy
US3161988
Autogyro with auxiliary rotor drive
US4653705
Apparatus for operating a wing in three modes and system of use
US6244537
VTLH autogyro
US4913376
LIFT AND PROPULSION DEVICE FOR A JET AIRCRAFT OF THE HYBRID HELICOPTER-AUTOGYRO TYPE
US3517898
Vertical take-off and landing vehicle configured as a compound autogyro
US6471158
CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A HYBRID HELICOPTER-AUTOGYRO OF THE JET LIFT AND PROPULSION TYPE,AND CONTROLS THEREFOR
US3545702
ROTARY, TUBULAR IMPELLER
US3743440
Rotor system for winged aircraft
US4979698
Water ski autogyro
US3272457
High speed, long range turbo-jet aircraft
US3907219
Flying toy having fluid displaceable blades
US5030157
AUTOGYRO
US3870251
Convertible aircraft operating method
US2007170307
Autogyro aircraft
US5304036
AUTOGYRO HAVING BLADE TIP JETS
US4010919
Roto-wing jet airplane
US3995793
Coordinated control autogyro
US2954186
Toy autogyro
US2012600
Autogyros
US4195800
Motorcycle rider autogyro
US7178757
Autogyro aircraft
US5301900
Tethered autogyro
US5996934
FOLDING ROTOR FOR AN AUTOGYRO DEVICE
US2009081043
AIRCRAFT USING TURBO-ELECTRIC HYBRID PROPULSION SYSTEM
US2009145998
ROTOR DRIVE FOR AUTOGYROS, AND METHOD FOR VERTICALLY STARTING AN AUTOGYRO
WO2010006354
Simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the motion of an autorotating rotor in an autogyro vehicle
EP2202710
High-speed aircraft with vertical lift and self-revolving ability
US2010001120
TOWED-AUTOGYRO-TYPE PLAY EQUIPMENT
JP2009292236
Autogyro
DE102008046448
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AIRBORNE CYCLICALLY CONTROLLED POWER GENERATION USING AUTOROTATION
WO2010039790
A STABILITY AUGMENTATION APPARATUS FOR THE SMALL MODEL AUTOGYRO
KR20100015263
SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE OPERATION OF A CONVERTIBLE AIRCRAFT WITH HELICOPTER, AUTOGYRO AND PLANE MODES
WO2010043734
Invisible autogyro
CN101891016
System and method for airborne cyclically controlled power generation using autorotation
CN101903648
DEVICE FOR STIFFENING THE ROTOR BLADES OF A HELICOPTER AND/OR AUTOGYRO
WO2011015688
UNMANNED GYROKITE AS SELF-POWERED AIRBORNE PLATFORM FOR ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
US2011186687
Helicopter multi rotor system
GB2495562
AUTOGYRO WITH PRE-ROTATION
US2012025011
Autogyro Plane
US2012068006
TOWABLE AIR VEHICLE
US2012091259
LOW SPEED AUTOGYRO YAW CONTROL APPARATUS AND METHOD
US2012312915
Paddle with changeable torsion-angle distribution
CN102887222
TETHERED PAYLOAD SYSTEM AND METHOD
WO2013013219
Autogyro i.e. gyrocopter
DE102011053678
AUTOGYRO
CA132165
AEROVEHICLE SYSTEM INCLUDING PLURALITY OF AUTOGYRO ASSEMBLIES
US2013313359
Autogyro
USD699153
TOWABLE AEROVEHICLE SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATED TOW LINE RELEASE
US2014061363
GYROPLANE PATENTS
GYROPLANE
CA67659
Turning control device of gyroplane
CN103303473
Gyroplane-type aircraft rotor blade
PL397948
ROTORCRAFT ESCAPE SYSTEM
US2013200218
Composite carbon fiber screw propeller
CN103085967
GEARWHEEL SET, IN PARTICULAR FOR A GYROPLANE
WO2013127595
Stabilized Safety Gyroplane
CN102811904
VERTICAL TAKE-OFF AND VERTICAL LANDING GYROPLANE
US2012248240
GYROPLANE
US2012181378
GYROPLANE WITH VERTICAL TAKE-OFF AND VERTICAL LANDING
RU2010146347
Variable-torque four-rotor aircraft with large load capacity
CN102490896
STABILIZED SAFETY GYROPLANE
US2012138730
GYROPLANE PREROTATION BY COMPRESSED AIR
US2012104153
Light gyroplane
CN202080434
Micro high-speed gyroplane aircraft which can take off and land vertically
TW201010907
Improvement of take-off safety and take-off efficiency of gyroplane
CN102161380
Rotor head structure of gyroplane
CN101985310
Gyroplane rotor launching device
FR2969121
Base body for aircraft
DE102009038509
MANNED AIRCRAFT WITH TWO-AXIS PROPULSION AND SPECIFIC LATERAL PILOTING
WO2012022845
Gyroplane
AU2010201262
Gyroplane landing ship capable of driving on land and water
CN201525255
Ultra-light machine e.g. gyroplane
FR2959485
Method for on-line self-calibration of external parameters of cameras of bionic landing system of unmanned gyroplane
CN101692283
GYROPLANE
RU2376200
Pneumatic airfoil with reversible deformation contour for aircrafts, especially gyroplane
CN101618764
Gyroplane blade provided with spar surrounded by fasteners and construction method of spar
CN101525050
MAIN BODY FOR AIRCRAFT
WO2010025860
BUSH OF HELICOPTER LIFTING ROTOR
RU2360834
METHOD FOR DISPLAYING A NOISE VALUE OF A GYROPLANE
EP2271550
Booster gyroplane
CN201258090
Self-landing ground experiment simulator for microminiature gyroplane
CN101458880
Unmanned gyroplane
DE102007054126
GYROPLANE
RU2360837
Method for independent landing of gyroplane
DE102007050246
Novel airship
CN201143992
Rotor for a gyroplane
US4227859
Integrated hub-mast and gyroplane rotor head comprising it
US4732540
Integrater hub-mast and gyroplane rotor head comprising it
US4749339
Flapping stop device for a gyroplane rotor
US4737075
Drag operated rotor pitch adjustment system for gyroplanes
US4726736
METHOD OF CONTROLLING PITCH ON A GYROPLANE AND A GYROPLANE
US2004245372
Stable gyroplane aircraft
US2031992
Gyroplane
US2068617
Apparatus of the gyroplane type
US2587104
Power transmission means for coaxial gyroplane rotors
US2596363
Gyroplane
US2106783
Convertible aircraft operating method
US2007170307
Gyroplane
US2025561
Gyroplane
US5727754
Gyroplane with tilting mast
US5098033
COMBINATION GYROPLANE
US3771924
Gyroplane rotor braking unit
US5462137
Fluid coupling for helicopter propeller
US4970860
Gyroplane rotor with double-plate hub and external pitch control
US6203277
Helicopter and gyroplane
US2344967
Gyroplane
US1722708
Gyroplane
US2122928
Air drop autorotating gyroplane drop chutes
US3273834
GYROPLANE.
US1040136
Tandem-rotor gyroplane
US6089501
Gyroplane rotor starter
US2143688
Mechanism for transmitting power between a driving shaft and two assemblies to be driven
US5271295
Collective pitch change system for teter-bar type gyroplane rotary wing aircraft
US4741672
Sea gyroplane
US2068618
GYROPLANE
RU1779232
GYROPLANE TAKE-OFF METHOD
RU2327603
GYROPLANE
WO9400343
APPARATUS FOR PRELIMINARY ROTATION OF ROTOR OF GYROPLANE
JP2001327771
A ROTOR HEAD HAVING AN INTEGRATED HUB-MAST FOR A GYROPLANE ROTOR
IN166967
A ROTOR HEAD FOR A GYROPLANE ROTOR
IN170169
GYROPLANE, ROTOR SYSTEM AND CONTROL SYSTEM
WO2005087587
Toy gyroplane
GB2044622
ROTOR SYSTEMS FOR GYROPLANES
GB1350505
Improvements in and relating to helicopters and gyroplanes
GB506404
Improvements in and relating to gyroplanes
GB1090234
Improvements in or relating to power transmission mechanism
GB465408
Improvements in or relating to power transmission means for coaxial gyroplane rotors
GB616222
Improvements in or relating to aircraft of the gyroplane type
GB618475
Improvements relating to air-craft of the gyroplane type
GB424140
Improvements relating to aircraft
GB442014
Improvements relating to aircraft
GB442013
Improvements relating to aircraft
GB442137
IMPROVEMENTS IN BEARINGS
GB1301102
Gyroplane apparatus adapted for road travel
GB444095
Improvements in or relating to aircraft with rotating wing systems
GB423005
FLYING TOYS
GB1351357
Improvements in and relating to gyroplanes or helicopters
GB426686
Improvements in aeroplanes
GB459639
Improvements in or relating to aircraft convertible to and from fixed- and rotary-wing flight
GB740015
Improvements in and relating to aircraft sustaining rotors
GB577782
Improvements in and relating to aircraft sustaining rotors
GB494427
Amphibious gyroplane
GB2440320
Improvements in and relating to sustaining rotors for aircraft
GB492911
Improvements in and relating to aircraft with sustaining rotors
GB493149
Improvements in and relating to aircraft with sustaining rotors
GB492816
ROTATING-WING AIRCRAFT
GB1268591
Improvements in or relating to surfaces adapted to be displaced in a fluid medium
GB474065
Improvements in and relating to aircraft with autorotative wings
GB452366
Improvements in and relating to aircraft with autorotative wings
GB452364
Rotor for gyroplane, esp helicopter, having tubular mast and two=plate hub
FR2764577
Gyroplane rotor hub
FR2689483
GYROPLANE BLADE
CS8808386
THERMOCOMPRESSION MIXER
CS8802114
A novel airship
CN101157383
Tourist aircraft carrier
CN2761521
Method and apparatus for dynamically measuring blade distance variation of minisize gyroplane
CN1808057
Test bench for testing flight performance of small-sized helicopter
CN1731124
Vehicle capable of flying
CN1699085
ROTORCRAFT
WO2005075290
Gyroplane
CN1533947
HELICOPTER OR GYROPLANE
CA449959
MODULAR EXPERIMENTAL GYROPLANE FLOAT SYSTEM
CA2537352
ROTARY VISCONS-ELASTIC RETURN DEVICE, AND DRAG DAMPING, FOR A GYROPLANE ROTOR CA2028023
Gyroplane
AU4592393
GYRODYNE --
Faster Gyrodynes: Mach .88, or better
US2010078516
GYRODYNE AND DEVICE FOR ASSEMBLY THEREOF
KR20090116690
ROTOR BLADE FOR HIGH-SPEED GYRODYNE AIRCRAFT
RU2408499
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING SATELLITE ATTITUDE AND STEERING USING A GYRODYNE CLUSTER
IL159573
Air jet reaction contrarotating rotor gyrodyne
US4589611
GYRODYNE AIRCRAFT
PL324836 / PL187321
Contra-rotating rotor gyro-dyne
IT1178423
Directional control system for rotary wing aircraft
GB800890
Atmospheric static pressure detection means
GB1073494
Vibration isolating device
FR2895052
AIR JET REACTION CONTRAROTATING ROTOR GYRODYNE WITH THRUST REVERSERS AND SPECIFIC ROTOR AIR SUPPLY CONTROLS
CA1270801
Juan DE LA CIERVA --
CONVERTIBLE AIRCRAFT OPERATING METHOD
SI1731420 (T1)
Aircraft with freely rotative wings
US2098230
Aircraft having autorotative sustaining means
US2037766 (A)
Aeroplane with rotating wings
US1590497 (A)
Sustaining rotor for aircraft and method of making same
US1985819 (A)
Autorotative-winged aircraft
US1999136 (A)
Aircraft having freely rotative sustaining means
US2033571 (A)
Autorotative wing aircraft
US1996750
Aircraft with rotatively mounted sustaining wings
US1994465
Aircraft of the rotative sustaining wing type
US1969781
Aircraft having rotative sustaining means
US1988836 (A)
Aircraft
US1990269 (A)
Aircraft sustaining rotor
US1949410
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1971033
Rotative-winged aircraft and method of operation
US1974738
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1949296
Aircraft sustaining rotor construction
US1980169 (A)
Aircraft having freely rotative wings
US1949785 (A)
Aircraft having rotative wings
US1884599 (A)
Aircraft of the rotative wing type
US1947901 (A)
Aircraft sustaining rotor
US1948458 (A)
Sustaining rotor construction for aircraft
US1897042 (A)
Rotative sustaining blades for aircraft
US1884598 (A)
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1910520 (A)
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1936752 (A)
Sustaining rotor construction for aircraft
US1884597 (A)
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1911183 (A)
Aircraft with rotative sustaining blades
US1948456 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1948514 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1894673 (A)
Aircraft
US1884849 (A)
Aircraft and method of operating the same
US1884596 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1948455 (A)
Aircraft with auto-rotative wings
US1857807 (A)
Undercarriage or landing gear for aircraft
US1682894 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1682893 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1673233 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1692082 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1678935 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1692081 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1859584 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1811303 (A)
Aircraft with rotative wings
US1673232 (A)
Rotative-winged aircraft
US2234466 (A)
Aircraft having freely rotative wings
US2216162 (A)
Autorotative wing for aircraft
US2135700 (A)
Aircraft with autorotative wings
US2155409 (A)
Sustaining-rotor-equipped aircraft
US2421364 (A)
Nouvel appareil d'aviation
FR537347 (A)
Flygmaskin med fritt roterbara blad eller bärytor
FI17463 (A)
Anordningar vid flygmaskiner med fritt voterbara vingar
FI13670 (A)
Anordningar vid aeroplan
FI13590
ROTOR FOR CONVERTIBLE AIRCRAFT AND CONVERTIBLE AIRCRAFT COMPRISING SAME
WO2005086563
Aéroplane à ailes tournantes.
CH106374
AIRCRAFT WITH AUTOROTATIVE SUSTAINING ROTORS
CA384823
ROTATIVE WING AIRCRAFT
CA384512
AIRCRAFT WITH AUTOROTATIVE WINGS
CA375175
AIRCRAFT WITH AUTOROTATIVE WINGS
CA372312
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
CA365980
ROTATIVE WING AIRCRAFT
CA359721
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
CA357934
ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT
CA349426
ROTATING WING AIRCRAFT
CA348996
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
CA348654
AIRCRAFT EMPLOYING AUTO-ROTATIVE WINGS OR SUPPORTING SURFACES
CA319476
AIRCRAFT EMPLOYING ROTATIVE WINGS OR SUPPORTING SURFACES
CA319475
AIRCRAFT
CA302091
AIRCRAFT WITH AUTO-ROTATIVE WINGS
CA297691
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
CA294634
AIRCRAFT
CA283475
AIRCRAFT WITH ROTATIVE WINGS
AU3610684