Pavel N. YABLOTCHKOV [ Paul JABLOCHKOFF ]
Electrostatic Amplifier
New Sources of Energy
Alexander FROLOV ( 2021 )
Chapter 5
At the origins of Russian electrical engineering
Considering the history of Russian electrical engineering,
let's remember the great Russian scientist Pavel Nikolaevich
Yablochkov.
Pavel Nikolaevich was born on September 14, 1847 in the Saratov
province. He was trained as a military engineer and served as an
officer from 1866 to 1872. In 1875 Yablochkov went to the
World's Fair of Inventors in Philadelphia to show the world his
new unusually powerful electromagnet. However, he stayed to work
in the famous Breguet watch workshop in Paris. In France,
Yablochkov patented his inventions and became one of the
founders of the French Electrotechnical Society.
Yablochkov's first patent No. 110479, dated November 29, 1875,
was issued by the French government for an "electromagnet". A
distinctive feature of the Yablochkov electromagnet was that its
winding consisted of a flat copper tape wound on one edge so
that the plane of the tape was perpendicular to the core. Such
an electromagnet was unusually strong compared to other
electromagnets of the time.
The fact is that winding flat copper tape "edge on core" allows
for a large number of ampere-turns per unit length of core,
which provides a high magnetic field strength. To get more
ampere turns, the electromagnetic coil is usually wound with a
small diameter round wire, but this increases the ohmic
resistance and heat loss of the winding. The Yablochkov
transformer provides a small electric resistance (low ohmic
losses) and a large number of ampere-turns per unit length of
the core in the winding.
Note that flat wires increase the efficiency of transformers and
can be used in designs with asymmetrical mutual induction. A
flat conductor can be wind as the secondary winding of a
transformer. In Fig. 36 shows how the field of a flat turn of
the secondary winding B2 interacts with the field B1 of the
primary coil of the transformer. In this transformer, conditions
are created for the asymmetry of magnetic fields. The secondary
field has no effect on the primary source, so the load in this
transformer has no effect on the primary source. In fact, we can
put more power into the load but the consumption power from the
primary source will be much less. Fig. 36. Asymmetry of fields
in flat coils
Yablochkov's second patent No. 111535, dated February 17, 1876,
also mentions the use of a flat tape winding. Note that Tesla
and other inventors later also used flat wires in the windings
of transformers and electric motors, including the Mobius
scheme.
On March 23, 1876, Yablochkov received a patent for a lighting
lamp, the so-called "Yablochkov candle".
In 1877 he received a French patent for a magnetic
dynamo-electric alternating current machine in which the coils
of wires are stationary. The rotation of the toothed iron disk
caused changes in the magnetic flux. In fact, it is one of the
first high performance generator designs (today we name it as
alternators). This device generates the electromotive force but
it does not decelerate the rotor. So, it can be high efficient
and overunity. After 1877, Yablochkov's scheme was repeated by
many inventors in their designs of free energy generators. Today
we call such devices "generators without back EMF". In such
generators, a low power motor can drive a much higher power
generator. So, this motor-generator system can be autonomous and
work without an external power source.
We also have to mention his priorities in the invention of the
world's first electromagnetic energy transformer for industrial
use, French patent No. 115793 dated November 30, 1876. In
addition to the French patent, Yablochkov received Russian and
German patents on April 6, 1878 for the world's first
electromagnetic energy transformer. In the German history of
transformers, Uppenborn writes: “In 1878 we encounter the first
industrial use of induction coils for lighting; that year
Yablochkov accepted the German patent No. 1630, which he used to
power his lamps. "
It is important for developers of free energy generators to know
that Yablochkov found a way to use air (ionization of the
environment) as a "source of free electrons" to increase the
power in the circuit of lighting lamps.
On September 13, 1877, Professor Egorov published a report in
the Russian Physicochemical Society on Yablochkov's inventions,
including the question of "introducing large capacitors in the
generator circuit to increase the power of the lamps".Fig. 37
shows a diagram of the distribution of alternating current with
capacitors according to the French patent No. 120684 of October
11, 1877 for "A system for distributing and amplifying currents
by atmospheric electricity coming from one power source for the
simultaneous supply of several Lamps ".
Fig. 37. Amplifying currents by atmospheric electricity
In the book "Electric Lighting" published in 1883, De Monsel
writes: "In order to increase the light output of electric
candles, Yablochkov came up with the idea of using capacitors
with a large surface area."
Note that in addition to flat plates, Yablochkov used special
"needle capacitors", so to speak "hedgehogs", similar to brushes
with metal needles. It is known that the tip of the electrode
improves air ionization conditions. The ionization of air is
necessary to introduce additional free electrons into the
circuit in order to increase the strength of the current.
Yablochkov explained: “I force the dynamic electricity supplied
by the energy source to undergo a double conversion - first into
static electricity and then back into dynamic electricity. The
wire coming from the alternating current machines must be
connected to the inner electrode of the Leiden capacitor or the
capacitor of a special device and the second wire to be
connected to the lamp. The addition of the capacitors not only
allows energy to be distributed in different directions, but
also has the goal of creating atmospheric electricity that
accumulates in the capacitors... Therefore, the sum of the
amount of electricity sent to the light sources is greater than
the current drawn by the original energy source is generated. "
A similar solution can be found in modern designs of high
voltage free energy generators. During their operation, air
ionization is detected (Swiss generator "Testatika" in
Methernitha) or the authors use the ground connection as a
source of free electrons (Kapanadze generators). The perforated
metal elements of the TESTATIKA generator arean analogy of the
Yablochkov needle "hedgehogs" capacitors.
Russian academician Nikolai Dmitrievich Papaleksi, dating back
to the 50s of the last century. He wrote about the possibility
of achieving the parametric generator efficiency "much more than
99%".
The greatest French physicists of the time, for example Mascard
and Warren-Delarue, were present at Yablochkov's experiments and
found that the sum of the currents from the capacitor plates
into the ground was twice that of the primary generator. Notice
that they write of "currents coming from the ground". A large
number of free electrons, which are set in motion by a change in
electrical potential in a single-core electrical line, can only
be provided if the circuit is grounded and a "large-area
capacitor" is present which "stores atmospheric electricity".
Grounding is a source of free electrons and a condition for
generating high currents in the payload circuit. This principle
is used in many free energy generators, for example by
Kapanadze. This principle also applies to single-wire power
lines developed by scientists from the Institute for
Electrofication of Agriculture in Moscow (authors Avramenko,
Strebkov, etc.).
It is interesting to note that the electrical lighting systems
of Yablochkov times were single-wire, meaning they only had one
wire and the other end of the wire was connected to ground.
Later we will look at a similar modern power line that uses only
one wire. In the days of Yablochkov there was no electricity
power meter, payment was made at a fixed price (subscription
fee).
The second factor to consider for Yablochkov’s inventions is
resonance. The presence of inductances and capacitors in the
circuits can increase voltage in resonance mode. In fact,
Yablochkov was the first to use resonance transformers in Russia
as a combination of inductors and powerful capacitors.
Yablochkov was the founder of the French Society of Electrical
Engineers, but he sold all of his shares and bought his
inventions from the French Society for one million francs to get
rights for development of these technologies in Russia.
Yablochkov came to St. Petersburg and founded a company there
called “Yablochkov-Inventor and Company. Association for
electrical lighting and the manufacture of electrical appliances
and machines in Russia”. Yablochkov built a factory in St.
Petersburg that manufactured transformers and lighting systems.
The Russian Navy actively took advantage of Yablochkov's
inventions. The English press wrote that the success of the
Russians in the naval wars was largely determined by the use of
electrical lighting and electrical machines on Russian warships.
In 1887, Yablochkov received a patent for a galvanic cell that
uses hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity. It was one of
the first fuel cells in the World to be widely used now in 21st
century.
It is known that Yablochkov was interested in aviation and
methods of creating a driving force (traction) for cars. He was
granted a patent for an electric car, which modern engineers are
currently working on to produce.
Yablochkov's patents are extremely important for developers of
high-efficiency power generators. His idea that the current
intensity in the lamp circuit can be increased by "atmospheric
electricity" is implemented in many modern projects of energy
sources with an efficiency of more than 100%.
New Energy Technology, Vol. 1, p. 68
Power Output can be More than Power Input
by Alexander V. Frolov
Pavel N. Yablotchkov was born in 1847 near Saratov, Russia. He graduated as a Military Engineer in 1866 and spent several years in the Russian Army. In 1872 he came to Moscow and started his activities in the electrotechnical field. From 1875 he worked in Paris with well-known Louis Breget and his first patent in France # 110479 (29 November 1875) was about an electromagnetic transformer. Then he patented and developed a lighting system (the famous Yablotchkov’s electrical candle). In 1887 he patented a new electromagnetic transformer for industrial applications, France # 115793 (30 November 1876).
The most interesting patent claim for over-unity by Pavel Yablotchkov is known as France patent # 120684 (11 October 1877), The System of Distribution and Amplification of Electrical Currents by Means of Atmospheric Electricity. The patent describes special capacitors connected in series with the load, to increase output current by means of ionization. Experiments were produced together with well-known physicists (such as Dr Maskar, Dr Varren-Delaru and others) and they confirmed 200% efficiency of the circuit. Let’s try to explain the method. Figure 1 is a schematic drawing from Yablotchkov’s patent. The Leyden jar is not a symmetrical capacitor, i.e., it is different in principle from a two-plate flat capacitor. The inner electrode of the jar should be connected to a high voltage source and in this case the changes of [ … missing text in original… ].
In the opposite case it does not work and if you connect a high voltage source to the external cathode no potential changes will be detected on the inner electrode. Connection to ground or to a special plate (that is covered by many needles to increase air ionization) is necessary to collect the maximum electrons on the plate surface or to return the maximum electrons from the plate surface when changes of potential in the external electrode are produced by means of electrical induction in the Leyden jar.
As a conclusion I should note that one more supposition about the secrets of the well-known Swiss M-L converter (Methernitha). The main elements of the design are Leyden jar capacitors, which have the external surface made of perforated metal.
The other known fact is that great
ionization of air is observed when the converter is in
operation. So, the electrostatics machine can produce pulses of
very high voltage (potential difference) but it can’t be used as
a source of powerful current. We should use some method to
increase the current in the circuit and Yablotchkov’s technology
is quite a good idea for this. A large surface of external
electrode of the Leyden jar can solve the problem. Maximum
strong ionization allows us to get output current several times
stronger than the weak current from the electrostatic machine.
"M. Jablotchoff has proposed to use for the divisibility of light sources, the AC of the magneto-electric machine of the more intercalated light sources not directly between the poles, but by the capacitors or Leyden jars.
"In Figure 36-1 we see the assumption of interspersed light sources through the earth and in Figure 2 is taken as pole weary land and sources of light are intercalated between the outer frame of the Layden jarsand earth, or between the branch of the armatures of the bottle (Figure 3).
"In the latter two cases M. Jabochkoff intended to use atmospheric electricity to increase the action of the machine."
Paul JABLOCHKOFF
A New System of Distributing and Increasing with
Atmospheric Electricity Currents proceeding from a Single
Source of Electricity for the purpose of Supplying several
Lighting Centres
December 1877
My Invention has for its object the distribution of electric
currents proceeding from a single source of electricity for
the purpose of supplying at the same time a number of
illuminating apparatus, and at the same time to strengthen
such currents by means of atmospheric electricity.
In order to obtain useful results from a current proceeding
from a source of dynamic electricity instead of operating
directly with the said currents as heretofore, I, according to
my present Invention, cause the same to undergo a double
transformation by firstly converting the dynamic electricity
into statical electricity, and then reconverting this
into dynamic electricity, and it is by means of the latter
current that I obtain useful results. For the above purpose,
instead of closing the circuit of a source of electricity by
means of a continuous conductor as heretofore, I unite the
conductor coming from one of the poles of the electrical
source with one of the armatures of a condenser, composed of
one or more Leyden jars of large surface, or constructed as
will be presently described.
The other conductor is connected in various ways, of which the
principal ones are shown in the accompanying Drawings.
At Figure 1, the one conductor a, proceeding from a
magneto-electric machine A ( giving alternating currents ) is
connected with the interior surfaces of several Leyden jars B,
B, or of the condenser C, which is of a particular
construction. The outer armatures of these condensers are
connected to one of the charcoal points D of my electric
candle, or with one of the ends of the slab of kaolin E (
operating as described in the Specification of my former
Patent, No. 1996 of 1877 ). The other charcoal point, or the
other end of the kaolin slab is connected to the second
conductor a1 of the electric machine.
At Figure 2, the two conductors, a, a1, proceeding from a
magneto-electric machine, with alternating currents, are
connected to the inner surfaces of the condensers B,B,C,C. The
outer armatures of these conductors are connected with the
apparatus for producing light, of which the second charcoal
point D. or the other end of the kaolin slab E, is connected
with earth.
At Figure 3 the two conductors proceeding from the said
machine are connected with the interior armatures of the
condensers. The outer armatures at the left hand of the
machine A are connected with earth, while at the right hand
they are connected to pointed prongs p, p, which allow more
readily the escape of the electricity into the air. In this
case the illuminating apparatus is placed between the inner
and outer armatures.
The interposition of the condensers not only allows the
current to be distributed in several directions as I have
described it, it also has the object of developing atmospheric
electricity and of accumulating it in the condensers from
which it is directed in the form of currents to the
illuminating apparatus. The total quantity of electricity
supplied to the apparatus is therefore greater than that
supplied by the primitive current, and subsequently produces a
stronger light that that which the latter would give if led
directly to the illuminating apparatus.
It will be evident that this electricity can, according as may
be required, be supplied either in quantity or in tension.
Instead of Leyden jars it is more convenient to use as
condensers those of the construction shown at Figures 4 and 5.
That shown at Figure 4 consists of plates or layers of metal
f, f, separated by insulating slabs l,l, the metal plates,
Nos. 1, 3, 5, &c., and Nos. 2, 4, 6, &c., being
respectively connected with each other. Each set of plates
acts as one of the armatures of the Leyden jars.
For obtaining greater tension the insulating layers are
constructed of a number of alternate insulating and conducting
leaves or plates which are not in contact with one another, as
shown at Figure 5.
The form of the condensers may be varied, and several may be
connected in quantity or in tension...
