rexresearch.com
Gérard MOUROU
CPA Transmutation of Nuclear Waste
CPA Transmutation of Nuclear Waste
https://bigthink.com/technology-innovation/laser-nuclear-waste
04 April, 2019
Lasers could cut lifespan of nuclear waste
from "a million years to 30 minutes," says Nobel laureate
Physicist plans to karate-chop them with super-fast blasts of light.
by Robby Berman
Physicist plans to karate-chop them with super-fast blasts of light.
by Robby Berman
Gérard Mourou has already won a Nobel for his work with fast laser pulses.
If he gets pulses 10,000 times faster, he says he can modify waste on an atomic level.
If no solution is found, we're already stuck with some 22,000 cubic meters of long-lasting hazardous waste.
Whatever one thinks of nuclear energy, the process results in tons of radioactive, toxic waste no one quite knows what to do with. As a result, it's tucked away as safely as possible in underground storage areas where it's meant to remain a long, long time: The worst of it, uranium 235 and plutonium 239, have a half life of 24,000 years. That's the reason eyebrows were raised in Europe — where more countries depend on nuclear energy than anywhere else — when physicist Gérard Mourou mentioned in his wide-ranging Nobel acceptance speech that lasers could cut the lifespan of nuclear waste from "a million years to 30 minutes," as he put it in a followup interview with The Conversation.
Who is Gérard Mourou?
Mourou was the co-recipient of his Nobel with Donna Strickland for their development of Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) at the University of Rochester. In his speech, he referred to his "passion for extreme light."
CPA produces high-intensity, super-short optical pulses that pack a tremendous amount of power. Mourou's and Strickland's goal was to develop a means of making highly accurate cuts useful in medical and industrial settings.
It turns out CPA has another benefit, too, that's just as important. Its attosecond pulses are so quick that they shine a light on otherwise non-observable, ultra-fast events such as those inside individual atoms and in chemical reactions. This capability is what Mourou hopes give CPA a chance of neutralizing nuclear waste, and he's actively working out a way to make this happen in conjunction with Toshiki Tajima of UC Irvine. As Mourou explains to The Conversation:
"Take the nucleus of an atom. It is made up of protons and neutrons. If we add or take away a neutron, it changes absolutely everything. It is no longer the same atom, and its properties will completely change. The lifespan of nuclear waste is fundamentally changed, and we could cut this from a million years to 30 minutes!
We are already able to irradiate large quantities of material in one go with a high-power laser, so the technique is perfectly applicable and, in theory, nothing prevents us from scaling it up to an industrial level. This is the project that I am launching in partnership with the Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, or CEA, in France. We think that in 10 or 15 years' time we will have something we can demonstrate. This is what really allows me to dream, thinking of all the future applications of our invention."
While 15 years may seem a long time, when you're dealing with the half-life of nuclear waste, it's a blink of an eye.
https://theconversation.com/conversation-avec-gerard-mourou-prix-nobel-de-physique-2018-104338
An idea for nuclear waste
The one that is particularly close to my heart is the treatment of radioactive waste with our laser techniques. Let me explain: take an atomic nucleus: it is composed of protons and neutrons, if you put an extra neutron or if you remove one, it changes absolutely everything. It is no longer the same atom, its properties will then totally change. The lifespan of this waste is fundamentally changed: it can be reduced from a million years to 30 minutes!
We are already able to irradiate a lot of material with a large-flow laser at once, so the technique is perfectly applicable and theoretically nothing opposes industrial-scale use. This is the project I am launching in collaboration with the AEC. We believe that in 10 or 15 years we will be able to show you something.
This is really what continues to make me dream: all the future applications of our invention. When we work, it is the passion that drives us, not the hopes of Nobel Laureates. It's our curiosity that we have to satisfy. After my prize, I'm going to keep going!
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/mourou/facts/
Gérard Mourou
US10049778
Arrangement for generating a proton beam and an installation for transmutation of nuclear wastes
[ PDF ]
Arrangement for generating a proton beam and an installation for transmutation of nuclear wastes
[ PDF ]
The invention relates to an arrangement for generating a proton beam and an installation for transmutation of nuclear wastes, particularly from nuclear reactors.
It is known that the transmutation of nuclear wastes from nuclear reactors needs to deposit a large amount of neutrons and gamma photons on hazardous nuclear isotopes. The conventional approach is to use fast neutrons generated by fast breeding reactors or a dedicated high power and high energy accelerator to bombard a spallation heavy weight target to produce high flux of neutrons which will induce transmutation of these isotopes.
A conventional arrangement for transmutation of nuclear wastes has the short-comings that it is very bulky and expensive. Its size may exceed the one of the nuclear reactor itself.
The invention has the object to overcome these shortcomings.
For reaching this object, the arrangement proposed by the invention is characterized in that it is constituted by a laser driven accelerator of protons adapted to produce a beam of relativistic protons of 0.5 GeV to 1 GeV with a current in the order of tens of mA, such as a current of 20 mA.
According to a feature of the invention, the arrangement is characterized in that it comprises a laser pulse source adapted to produce a beam of short pulses having a duration of hundreds of femtoseconds and an intensity greater than 10<23 >W/cm<2 >with a high-average power of the order of tens of MW and a proton target on which the laser beam is focused on.
According to another feature of the invention, the arrangement is characterized in that the duration of the laser pulses is in the order of 30 femtoseconds.
According to still another feature of the invention, the arrangement is characterized in that the high-average power is in the order of 20 MW.
According to still another feature of the invention, the arrangement is characterized in that it comprises a laser pulse oscillator producing ultra-short pulses having a duration in the order of tens of femtoseconds and an energy in the order of nanojoules and a single mode optical fiber amplifier device into which the produced laser pulses are fed in, comprising a multitude of optical fibers in view to form a coherent amplification network system.
According to still another feature of the invention, the arrangement is characterized in that said coherent amplification network system comprises a series of successive amplifier stages each comprising a bundle of single mode fiber amplifiers, in which the fibers are spaced from one another in view to allow passage of a cooling medium there between, the bundle of one stage comprising fibers which have been obtained by splitting of the fibers of the preceding stage bundle.
According to still another feature of the invention, the arrangement is characterized in that in the downward end the portion of the coherent amplification network, each fiber comprises two fiber sections, an amplifying fiber section belonging to the last amplifier stage in which the fibers are separated from one another for cooling reasons and a transport fiber section made of very low loss fiber, the transport fibers allowing to transform the great diameter bundle of the amplifier stage into a small diameter output bundle where the fibers are kept as close as possible from each other to make the overall output pupil diameter as reduced as possible.
According to still another feature of the invention, the arrangement is characterized in that the proton target is a solid target formed by a film of a substance such as hydrogen, helium or carbon.
According to still another feature, the laser pulses source is adapted to produce laser pulses having a repetition rate in the order of Khz, such as 10 KHz.
The installation for transmutation of nuclear wastes is characterized in that it comprises the arrangement for producing the beam of relativistic protons and a spallation target for producing a beam of neutrons of 0.5 GeV to 1 GeV, which is directed towards nuclear waste, said spallation target being irradiated by the ultra-relativistic proton beam.
In accordance to an advantageous feature, the spallation target is a liquid target of Pb—Bi.
According to another feature, the installation is characterized in that the spallation target comprises an entrance window of high-stress steel and a cylindrical tube filled by a liquid of Pb—Bi alloy, the liquid alloy being used as cooling medium.
Other features and advantageous of the invention will become apparent from the description given below which only serves as an example and is in no way limiting the scope of the invention, with references to the attached drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an installation for transmutation of nuclear waste, according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a view of an arrangement for producing a high-intensity and high-average beam of protons, according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-section view of the optical fibers architecture of the transport fiber assembly along the line IV-IV of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 shows an installation according to the invention for transmutating nuclear waste.
The invention will be described below in its application to transmutation of nuclear waste. This application however serves only as a non-exclusive example. It is to be noted that the invention covers all applications using a beam of relativistic protons obtained by the laser based method proposed by the invention.
As shown on FIG. 1, an installation for transmutating nuclear waste such as waste from nuclear reactors comprises an ultra-relativistic intensity pulse-laser source 1 susceptible to produce a laser beam 2 of ultra-short laser pulses having a duration of for instance 30 femtoseconds (fs) and an intensity greater than 10<23 >W/cm<2 >with high-average power of the order of 20 MW, a proton target 3 on which the laser beam 2 is focused on and from which a beam of relativistic protons 4 of 0.5 GeV to 1 GeV with a current for instance of the order of 20 mA is produced. The latter irradiates a spallation target 5, for instance a liquid target of Pb—Bi where neutrons 6 of 0.5 to 1 GeV are spallated from. The neutrons are directed towards the nuclear waste 7 to be transmutated, such as spent nuclear fuel, in order to transmute the waste's radioactive isotope, i.e. lower actinides, into much safer materials or elements with significantly shorter half-lives.
With reference to FIGS. 2 to 4, the ultra-relativistic intensity pulse-laser source 1 will be described here-below in a detailed manner.
As can be seen on FIG. 2, the source 1 comprises an oscillator 8 adapted to produce short pulses of for instance femtoseconds (fs) duration and energy in the order of nanojoule (nJ). The produced laser-pulse is fed into a single mode optical fiber amplifier arrangement comprising a multitude of optical fibers in view to form a coherent amplification network (CAN) system providing simultaneous high-peak and high-average powers with high efficiency greater than 30%, i.e. the laser beam 2 shown on FIG. 1 which may have an intensity greater than 10<23 >W/cm<2>.
Concerning the coherent amplification network system reference is made to the publication “Euronnac, May 2012 Meeting CERN”, IZEST, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau of Gerard Mourou and Toshiki Tajima, and to the publication “Coherent Beam Combining of 1.5 μm Er Yb Doped Fiber Amplifiers”, Fiber and Integrated Optics, 27(5) (2008) of S. Demoustier, C. Bellanger, A. Brignon and J. P. Huignard, and of “Collective Coherent Phase Combining of 64 fibers” Opt. Express, 19, Issue 18, 17053-17058 (2011) of J. Bourderionnet, C. Bellanger, J. Primot and A. Brignon.
More precisely, the laser-pulse produced by oscillator 8 passes through a pair of diffraction gratings 10 which are represented in form of a boxes the structure of which is precised beneath and which stretch it by about 10<5 >times in a manner known per se. The stretching separates the various components of the stretch pulse, producing a rainbow in time. The pulse after stretching is at the millijoule (mJ) level.
The stretched pulses are coupled in a first amplifier stage 13 to a multiplicity of for instance 10 to 100 fibers 14, each constituting a single mode fiber amplifier. Each fiber will amplify the input pulse to the millijoule level. The amplified fibers are kept to form a bundle wherein the amplifying fibers are at a relatively large distance from one another in order to allow efficient cooling by an appropriate cooling medium for evacuating heat produced by the fibers.
The same operation is repeated in a second amplifier stage 15 where each fiber amplifier of the first stage 13 feeds a multiplicity of for instance 10 to 100 single mode amplifiers 16 of the same type as the ones of the first stage. Each fiber will amplify the input, which is a corresponding part of the output of the fiber from which it is obtained by splitting, to the millijoule level.
The same process is repeated in successive series of amplifier stages, one of which is furthermore shown in 17 on FIG. 2 which comprises a larger diameter bundle of fibers 19 spaced from one another for enabling efficient cooling of the fibers.
It results from the foregoing that by splitting and branching each single “seed” pulse a matrix of thousands of lasers is obtained. In each stage of the successive series of amplifier stages, the phase of each pulse is preserved.
The very great number of fibers of the last stage, on FIG. 2 the stage 17, are combined and phased with one another so as to form a single pulse, which is compressed by a pair of gratings in a manner known per se. The pulse energy can be now of tens of Joules, the pulse duration corresponding to the initial pulse duration of 30 femtoseconds of the present example.
FIG. 3 shows the arrangement of the fibers in the region of the downward end of the fiber architecture. As can be seen, each fiber is realized in two sections, an amplifying section 19 and a transport section 20 made of very low loss fiber 21. The fiber amplifying sections 19 which constitute the last amplifier stage are arranged in a manner to form a great diameter bundle wherein the different sections are sufficiently separated from one another to ensure efficient cooling by means of an appropriate cooling medium. The fiber transport sections 20, since they are very low loss fibers which need no particular cooling allow to transform the great diameter bundle in a small diameter output bundle 21 where the fibers are kept as closed as possible from each other to make the overall output pupil diameter as reduced as possible.
The individual laser beams which get out at the ends of the small diameter fibers form a beam 22 of single pulse, after having been phase controlled to be in phase such as described in the before mentioned publication “Euronnac, May 2012, Meeting CERN, the teaching of which is considered to be included therein. Each amplified stretched output pulse is then compressed by means of a second pair of gratings 23 schematically shown on FIG. 2. The resulting pulse has the ultra-short duration of tens of femtoseconds such as of 30 femtoseconds of the original pulse produced by oscillator 9, but its energy is enormous of for instance 30 Joules.
Theses pulses are made to hit a parabolic mirror 30 which focuses it on the proton target 3 as can be seen on FIG. 4.
The resulting pulse is the high-average power and high-intensity pulse 2 shown on FIG. 1, which is in the ultra-relativistic regime, i.e. greater than 10<23 >W/cm<2>.
According to FIGS. 1 and 3, these pulses 2 which can be produced at a repetition rate in the order of KHz for instance 10 kHZ, due to the efficient cooling of the single mode fiber amplifiers in their different bundles by means of an appropriate cooling medium, are made to shoot the proton target 3 which can be a solid target made of a substance such as hydrogen, helium and/or carbon, advantageously in form of a film 25. The shooting of the target produces the high-flux 4 of high-energy protons in the range of 0.5 to 1 GeV which is made to impinge on the spallation target 5 in order to be converted in the high-flux of fast energetic neutrons 6 by spallation process induced in the target 5 which is for instance a high-Z material target. It is to be noted that 1 GeV proton produces on the target about 30 neutrons which is a high multiplication factor.
The target 5 consists of an entrance window of high-stress steel and a cylindrical tube 27 of about 50 cm filled by a liquid Pb—Bi alloy for neutron production. This liquid alloy can be made to flow and circulate in a dedicated hydraulic circuit to maintain the temperature well below its critical value. Accordingly, the alloy is not only used for neutron production, but also as coolant.
By appropriate monitoring the corrosion and the stress in the entrance window as well as of the temperature gradient and the production of H and He in the target assembly, a safe operation of the system is insured.
In the conditions described above, the invention allows to produce efficient relativistic protons by shooting the solid target of hydrogen and/or helium within a laser at the density of greater than 10<23 >W/cm<2>. In this radiation dominated pressure regime, the momentum is transferred to ions through the electric filled arising from charge separation. In this regime, the proton component moves forward with almost the same velocity as the average longitudinal velocity of the electron component and renders the interaction very efficient, close to 100%. Moreover, the proton energy is a desired energy range between 0.5 and 1 GeV to produce the neutrons with the high-energy in order to achieve the transmutation of the nuclear waste 7.
It results from the foregoing that the laser based way to produce neutrons to be directed toward a target of nuclear waste comprises an oscillator for producing ultra-short laser pulses in the order of femtoseconds having an energy in order of millijoules, very far from the level of tens of joules necessary for the targeted application of the invention, such as transmutation of nuclear waste. To this end, the invention proposes to combine a very large number, i.e. 10<4 >or more fibers coherently in the coherent amplification network system described above and shown on the figures. The repetition rate of the laser pulses having the intensity greater than 10<23 >W/cm<2 >can be advantageously in the order of tens of kHZ due to the use of fibers having a high surface area and the heat removal ensured by the disposition of the fibers in large diameter fiber bundles wherein they are separated from one another to allow circulation of a cooling medium there between. Since the used single mode fiber amplifiers are the same in each amplifier stage, and are tested telecommunication components, the laser pulse generator arrangement and the installation for transmutating nuclear waste can be realized as relatively cheap and compact apparatus which can be moved to locations where it should be used.