rexresearch
Rice Husk Graphene
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1385894724058972
Chemical Engineering Journal
Volume 497, 1 October 2024, 154408
A review on sustainable graphene production from rice husks: Strategies and key considerations
Faten Ermala, etal
Abstract -- In this review, the history of the graphene and their excellent structure and properties were briefly explained. The form of graphene in different allotropes and derivatives were also discussed as each type possessed different structures and properties, that were important in specific applications depending the quality of the produced graphene. On top of that, the main sustainability issues arise in the different synthesis methods for fabrication of graphene and graphene-based materials were discussed and reviewed. This review also focused in finding the cost-efficient, environmental-friendly, energy efficient, and low carbon footprint graphene precursors as an insight for potential development of sustainable graphene materials. Rice husk as an abundant and cheap lignocellulosic biomass wastes with high content of cellulose is a great candidate for sustainable graphene precursor. The excellent morphological structure, physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of rice husks-derived graphene for utilization in wide-range of applications were discussed. This review also concluded on the future insights and perspectives of the rice husk-derived graphene.
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/2/224
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 224
Production of Graphene Membranes from Rice Husk Biomass Waste for Improved Desalination
by Makpal Seitzhanova
[ PDF ]
Abstract -- Inexpensive and efficient desalination is becoming increasingly important due to dwindling freshwater resources in view of climate change and population increase. Improving desalination techniques of brackish water using graphene-based materials has the possibility to revolutionize freshwater production and treatment. At the same time, graphene matter can be cheaply mass-produced from biowaste materials. In view of this, graphene material was obtained from a four-step production approach starting from rice husk (RH), including pre-carbonation, desilication, chemical activation, and exfoliation. The results showed that the produced samples contained a mixture of graphene layers and amorphous carbon. The activation ratio of 1:5 for carbonized RH and potassium hydroxide (KOH), respectively, provided higher graphene content than the 1:4 ratio of the same components, while the number of active layers remained unaffected. Further treatment with H2O2 did not affect the graphene content and exfoliation of the amorphous carbon. Preparation of the graphene material by the NIPS technique and vacuum filtration displayed different physicochemical characteristics of the obtained membranes. However, the membranes’ main desalination function might be related more to adsorption rather than size exclusion. In any case, the desalination properties of the different graphene material types were tested on 35 g/L saltwater samples containing NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaSO4, and MgSO4. The produced graphene materials efficiently reduced the salt content by up to 95%. Especially for the major constituent NaCl, the removal efficiency was high.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=76048
One-Step One Chemical Synthesis Process of Graphene from Rice Husk for Energy Storage Applications
Pushpendra Singh1, Jitendra Bahadur1, Kaushik Pal1
Abstract -- Few layer graphene was synthesized using rice husk ash (RHA) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). This methodology demonstrates the utility of RHA as carbon source for graphene synthesis and as a protective barrier against oxidation of parent rice husk and KOH mixture. Oxidation may occur during synthesis process due to high temperature annealing of RHA and KOH mixture. Electrochemical characterization showed decent capacitance value 86 F·g-1 at 500 mV·s-1. XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of graphitic structure. Transmission electron microscopy visually confirmed presence of few layer graphene. Novelty of this synthesis technique can be described as one-pot, one chemical synthesis technique. Use of natural precursor makes this technique highly cost effective for large scale production.
2. Materials and Methods
The synthesis process is shown in Figure 1, in typical synthesis process, analytical grade reagent KOH and rice husk were purchased from local market. In typical synthesis process, rice husk collected from local rice mill, was washed several times to remove silica and other contamination as much as possible. After washing, the RHA was prepared by the combustion of rice husk into air. Furthermore, 3 gm of rice husk ash was mixed with 15 gm of KOH and followed by grinding process for 15 min. The mixture of rice husk and KOH was compacted into porcelain crucible. This crucible was covered with ceramic wool and fixed into a larger graphite crucible. The top of the graphite crucible was covered with sufficient amount of sacrificial RHA to provide a barrier against oxidation of the sample inside porcelain crucible. This sample was annealed at 900?C for 2 hours in muffle furnace. After this activation treatment, sample was washed several times with distilled water to remove excess KOH and dried at 100?C for 24 hours.
Synthesized material was characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) Zeiss-Ultra Plus, Gemini Co. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images were obtained using TECNAI G2 20 S-TWIN (FEI Netherlands), X-ray diffraction (XRD) study was done by Bruker AXS Diffractometer D8, Thermal analysis of the synthesized sample was done using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) SII 6300 Exstar Instrument from 0 to 820?C at constant scanning rate of 10?C/min; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) by Perkin Elmer, Raman spectroscopy by InviaRenishaw Raman spectrophotometer with Excitation Wavelength of 514 nm Argon ion laser were done. Cyclic voltammetry has been used for electrochemical analysis of the specimen using Basi EC epsilon-EClipse.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2024/nj/d4nj00475b
Fabrication and optimization of activated carbon-based graphene oxide from rice husks as an alternative to graphite
Nady A. Fathy, Sohair A. Sayed Ahmed, Reham M. Aboelenina and Shaimaa S. El-Shafeya
Abstract -- Processing of renewable, abundant, and low-cost biomass into graphene materials such as porous carbon materials for application in the environmental field, electronics and clean energy has been attracting interest in the last few decades. In this study, activated carbons (ACs) were produced via the carbonization of rice husk carbon (ash-less without silica), followed by chemical activation with KOH at 650 °C and 750 °C for 2 h/N2 gas flow. Then, utilizing an improved Hummers’ method (Tour method) with modifications, graphene oxide (GO) samples were synthesized from the rice husk-based activated carbons as an alternative to graphite. Also, applying the Tour method, followed by a catalytic hydrothermal step, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was obtained. FESEM and TEM images exhibited the formation of graphene oxide sheets after the oxidation of AC-KOH650 °C and AC-KOH650 °C. Furthermore, Raman, FTIR and UV-vis spectra characterized the presence of defects, oxygen functional surface groups and absorption bands, indicating the enhanced properties of graphene oxide prepared from graphite flakes through the improved Hummers’ method. In comparison to pure GO, the graphitized activated carbons from rice husk were successfully oxidized to GO samples and reduced to rGO after hydrothermal treatment with high yield and good quality.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924424725008829
Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Volume 396, 16 December 2025, 117076
Graphene-oxide fibers from rice husk: Synthesis method, basic physical properties, piezoresistive main mechanism and its application on tactile sensors
J.R. Castro-Ladino et al
Abstract -- This work reports the synthesis of graphene-oxide fibers (GOF) synthesized from rice husk (RH) and their application in tactile sensors. The GOF were obtained via controlled pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere at carbonization temperatures ranging from 1073 to 1273 K. Structural and spectroscopic analyses (XRD, ED, HR-TEM, SEM, XPS, Raman, and FTIR) revealed a polycrystalline, graphite-like structure; a porous and fibrous morphology; and the presence of hydroxyl and epoxy functional groups, which are consistent with those of multilayered graphene oxide. Electrical conductivity and the band gap energy were found and scaled with the TCA. It was found that the piezoresistive mechanism can be attributed to pressure-induced variations in the distance between GO layers, which modulate the electrical response. The results suggest that GOF is an excellent candidate material for piezoresistive electronic sensors, as a sustainable and biomass-derived material.
PRODUCTION OF ACTIVATED AND GRAPHENE-LIKE CARBON MATERIALS FROM RICE HUSK
Z. Mansurov, et al.
[ PDF ]
Characterization of Rice Husk for Graphene Extraction and Metallization
Harrison Okechukwu ONOVO, et al.
[ PDF ]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993721000658
Sustain. Mater. Technol. (2021)
Sustainable synthesis, reduction and applications of graphene obtained from renewable resources
F.G. Torres et al.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765131730427X
Green synthesis of graphene from recycled PET bottle wastes for use in the adsorption of dyes in aqueous solution
N.A. El Essawy et al.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509523008331
Case Stud. Constr. Mater. (2023)
Graphene concrete: recent advances in production methods, performance properties, environmental impact and economic viability
A.H. Alateah
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061823020123
Constr. Build. Mater. (2023)
Graphene-based concrete: synthesis strategies and reinforcement mechanisms in graphene-based cementitious composites (Part 1)
B.A. Salami et al.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1572665716300777
J. Electroanal. Chem. (2016)
Facile synthesis of few-layer graphene from biomass waste and its application in lithium-ion batteriesF. Chen et al.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X15305310
Mater. Lett. (2015)
Synthesis of graphene from biomass: a green chemistry approach
S.S. Shams et al.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433221012794
Appl. Surf. Sci. (2021)
Facile and scalable synthesis of high-quality few-layer graphene from biomass by a universal solvent-free approach
S.J. Yuan et al.
Patents
CN120987307 -- Preparation method of rice hull-based graphene
Abstract -- According to the preparation method of the rice hull-based graphene, high-purity carbon is extracted through anoxic carbonization and KOH activation, the graphene is synthesized by combining CVD, oxidation reduction or a microwave plasma process, the cost of a carbon source is greatly reduced compared with that of a petroleum base, the net absorption of CO in each ton of products is 2.3-3.7 tons, white carbon black is extracted through rice hull ash synergistically, the resource utilization rate reaches 100%, and the obtained graphene is excellent in performance and has good application prospects. The high-quality graphene which has 35 layers and the conductivity of 10S/m and is suitable for composite materials can be obtained, and can be used in the fields of new energy, environmental protection and agricultural fertilizers.
CN120349805 -- Production device and method of rice husk-based graphene preposed material carbonized rice husk
Abstract -- The invention provides a production device and method of rice husk-based graphene preposed material carbonized rice husks, and the device comprises a side shell, an inner container, heat insulation cotton, a discharge pressing plate, a container wall slag removal sheet, a first lifter, a transmission rod, a lifting rotator, a heating roller, a hot roller slag removal sheet, a bottom box, a drawing frame mechanism, a second lifter, a driving mechanism, a driving module, a thermocouple, a heating module and a temperature measurement module. The side shell, the inner container and the heat insulation cotton of the inner container form a furnace body, the top view of the furnace body is a rounded square, a plurality of heating rollers are arranged on one side of the mainframe box and form a heating roller set, the temperature of all positions of the furnace body can be uniform through the heating roller set, the heating rollers, the mainframe box and the base are connected into a whole, and the cross section of each heating roller is oval. The heating roller, the main machine box, the bottom box, the base, the electric heating wire, the heating module and the temperature measuring module form a plug-in type heating mechanism, the plug-in type heating mechanism can move in the horizontal direction under the action of the driving module and the driving mechanism, and the heating roller can be inserted into or pulled out of the furnace body.
CN116654912 -- Preparation method and application of rice hull-based porous graphene
Abstract -- The invention discloses a preparation method of rice hull-based porous graphene, which comprises the following steps: 1, cleaning and drying rice hulls, crushing and sieving, 2, carrying out mixing and ball milling treatment on a catalyst and rice hull powder, 3, carrying out catalytic pyrolysis graphene treatment to obtain a graphene-containing product, and 4, carrying out acid pickling to remove metal components to obtain porous graphene. 5, metal components are recycled, and a regenerated catalyst is obtained; according to the method, the organic catalyst, the carbon source and the organic ligand catalyst are mixed through mechanical ball milling, a carbonaceous material is directly converted into the graphene material under the medium temperature condition of 700-1000 DEG C, metal components of the catalyst are recycled and then converted into the catalyst again to be reused, and the yield of the graphene product reaches 40-50%; the process has the advantages that the reaction conditions are relatively mild, the catalyst can be reused, and the production cost is low.
CN113149000 -- Method for preparing rice husk carbon-based graphitized carbon material
Abstract -- The invention provides a method for preparing a graphitized carbon material by taking forestry and agricultural residues as raw materials, and belongs to the technical field of high-quality utilization of biomass. The preparation method comprises the following steps: by taking rice husk charcoal (a product obtained by anaerobic combustion of rice husks) as a carbon source, removing silicon through a hot alkaline method, mixing a catalyst and a carbonaceous raw material through ball milling, heating in an atmosphere furnace at 700-1000 DEG C for a period of time, and cooling, thereby obtaining the high-graphitization-degree carbon material. According to the method, used equipment and operation are simple, transition metal ions are recycled in the process, the production process is green and environment-friendly, the specific surface area and the graphitization degree can be regulated and controlled by controlling the use amount of the catalyst and the temperature, the graphitization degree reaches up to 97% under proper conditions, and the yield of the graphite carbon material is 45%. The obtained high-graphitization-degree carbon material can be used for preparing high-end products and materials such as graphene, expanded graphite, electrodes and supercapacitors, and a new way is provided for high-quality utilization of biomass
WO2020056577 -- PRODUCTION PROCESS FOR RICE-WHEAT STRAW GRAPHENE AS FRICTION MATERIAL
Abstract -- A production process for rice-wheat straw graphene as a friction material, comprising the steps of: firing rice-wheat straw into char powder without oxygen, activating the char powder, graphitizing same in an environment of 2400 to 2600 degrees Celsius, and subjecting same to activation and enhancement treatment to produce artificial graphite; adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a reaction vessel, cooling the temperature to -5 to 0 degree Celsius, adding the artificial graphite, performing stirring and mixing, and adding sodium nitrate for reaction in an environment of 3 degrees Celsius for 50 minutes; adding potassium permanganate at 98 to 100 degrees Celsius for reaction for 1 hour, and then controlling the temperature to decrease to 35 degrees Celsius for reaction for 1 hour; and performing centrifugal washing to remove concentrated sulfuric acid, and then performing drying in an environment of 30 to 45 degrees Celsius so as to obtain rice-wheat straw graphene. The production process has the advantage of reducing the production cost of friction materials.
CN110316714 -- Three-dimensional porous graphene structure carbon material based on rice husks, preparation method of material and application of material
Abstract --The invention discloses a preparation method of a three-dimensional porous graphene structure carbon material based on rice husks. The preparation method includes the steps: S1 mixing the rice husks and ZnCl2 solution, stirring the rice husks and the ZnCl2 solution for 20-30 hours and drying the rice husks and the ZnCl2 solution; S2 carbonizing the dried rice husks obtained in the step S1 at the temperature of 800-900 DEG C for 1-2 hours to obtain the three-dimensional porous graphene structure carbon material based on the rice husks. The invention further provides the three-dimensional porousgraphene structure carbon material prepared by the method and an application of the material serving as a lithium battery negative electrode material. The three-dimensional porous graphene structurecarbon material based on the rice husks serves as the lithium ion battery negative electrode material and has good charge transfer capability and ion transport capability, and specific capacity is greatly improved as compared with that of traditional graphene after charge-discharge cycle.
CN109019567 -- Rice husk-based graphene-like porous carbon material with high bulk ratio capacity and preparation method thereof
Abstract -- The invention discloses a rice husk-based graphene-like porous carbon material with high bulk ratio capacity and a preparation method thereof, comprising the following steps: (1) immersing the rice husk in a nickel salt solution with a mass ratio of nickel element to rice husk being 0.03 to 0.06: 1, stirring, and drying, to obtain a rice husk-nickel salt mixture; (2) carbonizing the rice husk-nickel salt mixture at a temperature of 700 DEG Cto obtain RHNi-700, then soaking with acid solution to remove the nickel salt particles in the RHNi-700, washing, drying, and then obtaining RHNi-700A; (3)dissolving the RHNi-700A and alkali in water with mass ratio of the RHNi-700A to the alkali being 1: to (3to -5), mixing uniformly, drying, heating and activating the dried mixture under an inert gasatmosphere, and then obtaining the rice husk-based graphene-like porous carbon material. The preparation method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple process, various raw materials and low cost, and the obtained graphene-like porous carbon material has a highlarge bulk ratiovolomespecific capacity and specific capacitance.