Hermann
PLAUSON
Atmospheric Electrical Power ( II )
Supplements PLAUSON, H. : Conversion of Atmsopheric
Electricity
Related : Atmospheric
/ RF Electricity Collectors ** GUILLOT :
Atmospheric Electric Generator ** JEFIMENKO : Electrostastic
Motors ** ORLANDO :
Atmospheric Electrical Generator ** TATE : Ambient Power
Module ** Electrostatic
Motors & Generators ** PERRIGO :
Generator ** TENTZERIS :
Ambient Energy Antenna ** WADLE
: Tree Electricity **
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Plauson
Hermann
Plauson
Hermann Plauson was an Estonian professor, engineer and
inventor. Plauson investigated, among other things, the
production of power based on atmospheric electricity.
Biography
Plauson was the director of the Fischer-Tropsch "Otto Traun
Research Laboratories" in Hamburg, Germany during the Weimar
Republic of the 1920s. He built on Nikola Tesla's idea for
connecting machinery to the "wheelwork of nature". Plauson's
patent no. 1540998 describe methods to convert alternating
radiant static electricity into rectified continuous current
pulses. His systems mainly involved needle & radium- coated
electricity conducting balloons or aerostats which were
connected to complex converting systems consisting of coils,
capacitors, spark gaps etc. He developed an electrostatic
generator called Plauson's converter. In 1920, Plauson published
a research journal on the subject, titled "Production and
Utilization of the Atmospheric Electricity" (Gr., Gewinnung und
Verwertung der Atmosphärischen Elektrizität). A second, expanded
edition of his journal was published later the same year. A copy
of that edition is in the British Library at shelf mark
8754.b.36. A copy is also available in PDF-format, complete with
Optical Character Recognition, through the books2ebooks service,
here.
It is believed that Plauson was related to Gertrud Plauson (the
exact relationship is unknown; she may have been his wife)...
Select
Patents
https://www.google.com/patents/US1485706
US1485706
Method of carrying out electrochemical reactions and
apparatus for the use therein
https://www.google.com/patents/US1540998
USP 1540998
Conversion of atmospheric electric energy
http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/patents/GB/gb309002.pdf
GB309002
Use of Beta-rays and X-rays in Synthesizing Liquid
Hydro-carbons From Gaseous Compounds
Liquid hydrocarbons are synthesized by subjecting gaseous carbon
compounds; such as are contained in water gas, coke oven gas,
natural gas and gases produced by cracking heavy oils, to the
action of rapidly moving electrons (#-rays) or the joint action
of #-rays and X-rays. The reaction may be assisted by rotating
electric and/or electromagmetic field and by catalyst in
suspension in the reacting gases. The velocity of the rays
should exceed one half the velocity of light and is suitably
200,000 to 260,000 kilometres per sec. The gases after exposure
to the rays remain in a reactive condition the effect of which
is obtained by circulating the gases under pressure. In addition
to hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols &c. are obtained
particularly if the gases contain water vapour. Higher boiling
point hydrocarbons may be obtained by subjecting those of lower
boiling point to the radiations. According to an example water
gas after subjection to radiations is compressed to 800-1000
atmospheres and maintained at this pressure for a time depending
on conditions of radiation, temperature and the type of
hydrocarbon to be produced. The hydrocarbon produced is mainly
of saturated nature. The addition of ethylene, acetylene or
other unsaturated hydrocarbons to the water gas shortens the
process.
http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB157263&F=0
Process and apparatus for converting static atmospheric
electrical energy into dynamic electrical energy of any
suitable high periodicity
GB157263
http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB157262&F=0
Improvements in electric motors
GB157262
External
articles
http://www.nuenergy.org/alt/GernsbackOnPlausonFebruary1922.htm
"Power from the Air". Science and Invention (Formerly
Electrical Experimenter), Feb. 1922, no. 10. Vol IX, Whole No.
106
http://www.nuenergy.org/alt/PlausonMarch1922.htm
"Power from the Air". Science and invention (March 1922 )
http://www.meridian-int-res.com/Energy/Atmospheric.htm
Historical Research
The leader in this field before the Second World War appears to
have been Dr Hermann Plauson. Dr Plauson was an Estonian citizen
who lived in Hamburg and Switzerland. He carried out experiments
in Finland with aerostats manufactured from magnesium-aluminium
alloy, covered with electrolytically deposited needles. The
needles were further doped with a radium compound to increase
local ionisation of the air. (This was the era in which the
hands of watches were hand painted with radium to make them
luminous in the dark). Zinc amalgam patches were also
painted onto the aerostats. Plauson obtained a power
output of between 0.72kW and 3.4kW from one and two aerostats
300m above ground level. Dr Plauson filed patents in the USA,
Great Britain and Germany in the 1920s. His book "Gewinnung und
Verwertung der Atmosphärischen Elektrizität" is the most
detailed known account of the technology.
Other atmospheric electricity researchers contemporary to Dr
Plauson included Walter Pennock and MW Dewey in the USA, Andor
Palencsar in Hungary and Dr Heinrich Rudolph in Germany.
Hippolyte Charles Vion in Paris predated them all, putting
forward proposals in the 1850s and 1860s.
Heinrich Rudolph made an interesting contribution to the design
of the aerostat collectors. In 1898 he designed an
elliptical aerostat made up of faceted surfaces to minimise the
effect of wind. The design bears a strong resemblance to
Northrop's 2003 UCARS unamnned helicopter UAV project. The
design uses the Coanda Effect to help keep the aerostat on
station and minimise wind effects.
MIR's
Research Programme
Since 1997 we have been carrying out theoretical research into
conversion of atmospheric electricity into useable electrical
power.
From a low level (5m high) simple zinc antenna we are able to
obtain sufficient charge to light a number of white power LEDs.
Further experimental investigations with metallic aerostat
collectors and cavity resonant slow wave antennae concepts are
ongoing.
A number of programmes are underway in developing countries to
provide remote communities with LED lighting instead of
conventional incandescent lighting. LEDs are a very efficient
way to provide lighting for minimal electrical power
requirements. Atmospheric electricity would be ideally
suited to powering domestic LED lighting or low energy neon
lighting.
There is every reason to believe from our experimental tests and
earlier research by Plauson, Jefimenko and others that
Atmospheric Electricity will be able to provide practically
useful levels of electrical power particularly suited for
off-grid applications in the developing world.
Advantages
of Atmospheric Electricity
Simple and robust technology
Low Cost technology - much cheaper than photovoltaics or wind
turbines
Available day and night in all weather conditions - in fact,
more power is produced at night than during the day
Available at any point on the Earth's surface...
https://books.google.com/books/about/Gewinnung_und_Verwertung_der_atmosph%C3%A4ri.html?id=t35yQwAACAAJ
Gewinnung
und Verwertung der atmosphärischen Elektrizität, Beitrag zur
Kenntnis ihrer Sammlung, Umwandlung und Verwendung...
by
Hermann Plauson,...
Beysen und Maasch,
1920 - 75 pages
http://www.nuenergy.org/gewinnung-und-verwertung-der-atmospharischen-elektrizitat-deutsch/
Gewinnung
und Verwertung der atmosphärischen Elektrizität
Beitrag zur Kenntnis ihrer Sammlung, Umwandlung und Verwendung
Mit 82 Figuren auf 22 Tafeln
HERMANN PLAUSON, Harmburg 1920
Vorwort.
Motto: Wem es gelang in ein Geheimnis der Natur zu dringen Und
dies in Menschenpflicht der Menschheit darzubringen, Der betet
die Natur und ihrer Wunder Fülle an.Verfasser.
Es ist schwierig und wenig dankbar, ein Buch über ‘ein Gebiet zu
schreiben, das bis heute fast noch gänzlich unberührt ist.
Obwohl die Lehre über atmosphärische Elektrizität an und für
sich schon in gewissen Kreisen bekannt und
einigermaßendurchforscht ist, auch sogar einige theoretische
Abhandlungen über dieses Gebiet geschrieben sind, so ist
umgekehrt auf dem Gebiete der technischen Gewinnung, Umwandlung
und Verwertung von atmosphärischer Elektrizität bis jetzt
nochnichts bekannt. Es kann sogar festgestellt werden, daß
einige Wissenschaftler eine Gewinnung und Verwertung
deratmosphärischen Elektrizität in der Praxis überhaupt
bestreiten.
Wenn nun trotzdem der Verfasser dieses Wagnis unternommen hat,
so trieb ihn vor allen Dingen die außerordentlicheWichtigkeit
der Lösung dieser Frage für die Menscheit hierzu und dann die
auf Grund von Versuchen erhaltenepersönliche Überzeugung, daß
bei Verwendung aller wissenschaftlichen Errungenschaften und
Forschungsergebnisse derletzten Jahre auf dem Gebiete der
atmosphärischen und statischen Elektrizität, bei Benutzung der
Erfahrungen auf demGebiete der drahtlosen Telegraphie und
Telephonie, wie der Erzeugung von ungedämpften Schwingungen
überhaupt,ferner unter Zugrundelegung der Lehre über
radioaktive’Erscheinungen und deren Folgen viel größere
Energiemengengesammelt werden können, als bisher nach den
theoretischen Berechnungen zu erwarten war, die auf Grund
desnormalen, vertikalen Leitungsstromes gelten die Erde, sowie
auf Grund der Gesamtladung der Erde angestellt wurden.
s wurde vom Verfasser festgestellt, daß dies erreiCht wird
sowohl durch Erhebung voll metallischen Ballons mitradioaktiven
Substanzen und elektrolytisch hergestellten Nadeln usw., als
auch durch geeignete weitere Verwendung undVmwandlungsart dieses
Stromes (Umwandlung statischer Elektrizität in mehr oder weniger
hochschwingendedynamische) sowie durch Verwendung geeigneter
Kondensatorenbatterien und dereff Einschaltungsweise und
zuletztdurch geeignete Schaltungsschemata. Versuche ergabeff
aber, daß noch zahlreiche neue Vorfragen zu lösen waren, und
datl der Ausbau des Problems, Verwertung der atmosphärischen
Elektrizität, auf ganz neuen Grundlagen erfolgen mußte. Der
Verfasser hofft durch diese Schrift den Beweis zu erbringen, daß
er auch dieses erreichtoder wenigstens die Wege dazu angegeben
hat.
Das zweite Ziel des Verfassers ist, durch baldiges Erscheinen
dieses Buches breite Kreise der Wissenschaft und Elektrotechnik
fürdiese Frage zu interessieren, und durch die im Buche
angegebenen Anregungen möglichst viele Mitarbeiter zu gewinnen.
Es sei ferner noch gesagt, daß das Buch nicht eine
abgeschlossene Forschungsarbeit zu sein beansprucht, sondern
vielmehr als ersterVersuch, als Wegweiser in der vorliegenden
Frage zu betrachten ist. Es bleibt sowohl in der Schreibart als
auch in der Anordnung desMaterials noch viel zu wünschen übrig,
da das Buch zum Teil aus Patentschriften des Verfassers
entstanden ist, zum Teil aus einemVortrag über atmosphärische
Elektrizität, den der Verfasser vor einer Versammlung von
Fachleuten gehalten hat, um den Bau einerMusteranlage zu
propagieren.
Veranlaßt durch das rege Interesse größerer Kreise für diese
Frage, läßt der Verfasser dieses Buch sich seinen Weg selbst
bahnen undbittet, etwa infolge der Eile sich fühlbar machenden
Mängeln gegenüber nachsichtig zu sein.
Bei der Zusammenstellung dieses Buches wurde folgende
Literaturbenutzt:
Mache & Schweidler: “Die atmosphärische Elektrizität”Dr. I.
Zenneck: “Elektromagnetische.Schwingungen und drahtlose
Telegraphie”
Dr. M. Dieckmann: “Experimentelle Untersuchungen aus dem
Grenzgebietzwischen drahtloser Telegraphie und
Luftelektrizität”I. Teil Teil (Zeitschrift fÜr Luftfahrt und
Wissenschaft,2. Heft).
Für Leser, die dieses Gebiet nicht völlig beherrschen oder
Einzelhejten darüber wissen wollen, sei zum besseren Verständnis
dieserAbhandlung empfohlen, vorgenanntes Werk: Mache &
Schweidler .Die “atmosphärischeElektrizität”, VerlagVieweg &
Sohn,Braunschweig, durchzulesen.
Es ist dem Verfasser zum Schluß eine angenehme Pflicht, Herrn H.
Otto Traun für die ihm erwiesenen Unterstützungen
seineDankbarkeit auch an dieser Stelle auszudrücken.
Ferner möchte der Verfasser nichtversäumen, Herrn Max Thorn zu
danken für die erste Anregung, die gesammelten Erfahrungen
undKenntnisse der Allgemeinheit nicht länger vorzuenthalten, und
für die Bemühungen zur Finanzierung einer hoffentlich irn Jahre
1920 zu erbauenden Versuchsanlage, wodurch dieWichtigkeit dieses
Problems irn Großen praktisch vor Augen geführt werden soll.
Schließlich spricht der Verfasser Herrn Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Schmitt
und seiner Assistentin, Fräulein Gertrud Hildenbrandt,für
freundliche Übernahme der Korrektur, sowie Herrn Ing. Hans Koop
für Ausfertigung der Zeichnungen an dieser Stelleseinen wärmsten
Dank aus.
Der Verlagsbuchhandlung sei für die anerkennenswerte Ausstattung
des Buches und besonders für die guteAusführungder Figurentafeln
hiermit der besondere Dank des Verfassers ausgedrückt.
Der Verfasser.
Harnburg, irn Oktober 1919
Inhalt.
Allgemeiner Teil.
Historische Entwicklung
Neuere Literatur; Patente und deren Beurteilung
Ergebnisse der Vorversuche des Verfassers
Vergleich der Sammlung der atmosphärischen Elektrizität mit der
der Sonnen energie
Grundprinzip der Umwandlung statischer .atmosphärischer
Elektrizität in elektromanetische Schwingungen
Prinzip der Umwandlung elektromagnetischer Schwingungen in
mechanische Energie
Resonanzmotoren und ihre Wirkungsweise
Schaltungsschemata für die gewonnene atmosphärische Elektrizität
Erzeugung von Schwingungen verschiedener Dämpfung
Unipolare Einschaltung der Resonanzmotoren
Antennensysteme zur Gewinnung der atmosphärischen Elektrizität
Kondensatormotoren
Unipolare Einsch.ltung der Kondensatorenbatterien
Sammlerballons
Transformatoren zur Umwandlung von statischem Gleichstrom In
gewöhnliche Wechselströme
Weitere Art der Erzeugung von Wechselströmen hoher Wechselz.hl
Leitungsschemata für hochschwingende Ströme
Wirtschaftlicher Teil.
Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der Erflndung
Ausnutzbare Energiemengen
Theorelische Unterlagen
Elektrostatische Felder
Ionisation
Veftikaler Leitungsstrom
Gesamtldung der Erde
Entstehungsursachen des gewonnenen Gesamtstromes
usgleichstrom
ollektorstrom
Hallwachsstrom
Wirtschaftliche Ausblicke
Kostenanschlag für eine Anlage
entabilltät
Verhütung von B1itzschäden
Schlußwort
Partial
machine translation ( uncorrected )
http://peswiki.com/plauson-book-01
General part
The production and utilization of atmospheric electricity for
the well-being and prospering of mankind is a goal of scholars
and researchers; the implementation remained however until today
a pious desire, and it did not succeed to somewhat really reach
[ WertvoJles ] and for industrial purposes usable.
The cause for this is not to be looked for in the fact that the
electricity freely available in atmospheric air is not to be
exploited at all, but primarily in that the science before
solution of this problem had to solve a set from preliminary
questions to, by their clarifying only the possibility of an
utilization of atmospheric electricity became at all
conceivable.
Only in the last years their utilization could be made due to
new experiences and investigations on that areas of the
atmospheric electricity.
If we try many ages [ zurückwand~rn ] and to investigate the
past according to data concerning atmospheric electricity then
we must notice with being astonished the fact that nothing is
new in the world that for a long time, for a very long time
before the knowledge of the electricity at all admits the
features of the atmospheric electricity was and that they, what
appears still less [ glaublich ] were even used.
The knowledge of the effect and utilization of atmospheric
electricity hand back already many thousand years, as we can
infer from the holy writing. Thus we read all geweihten persons,
with exception of the upper priest in the Bible Moses that the
tabernacle in all-holiest of the temple Jehova possessed the
power to kill when affecting by a thunderbolt or a fire.
Furthermore we read that 40 priests had dared enter in the
absence of Moses and Aaron, and that from the tabernacle
lightning drove out, which killed all 40 priests. If we
experience now far from the books of the kings the design of the
new temple by king Salomon, then from the electrotechnical point
of view can only come only to a conclusion that Moses and Aaron
knew already at that time as one could collect an unknown
godlike power from the tabernacle, as one had to [ aurbewahren ]
the same, and as it worked, because of-today's point of view of
the Wissenschart regarded the federal drawer can have been
nothing else as a Leyden bottle or a condenser of very large
capacity, which by means of arranged points was loaded with
atmospheric electricity . The fact that the charge kept itself
good and worked well is only the constant shop with atmospheric
electricity to attribute as well as the dry climate in
Palestine.
It comes out from the Biblical description that the ssundeslade
out well isolationable noble wood had fitted made and also gold
and such a thing from the inside and outside. Thereby all
conditions were erffillt rur a good electrical condenser or a
Leyden jar.
E.G. the gentleman writes the Moses forwards (2. Book Moses,
Chap.25, verse 10-15)
Furthermore still is given the description of the building in
the Chap.37-38. An electrical engineer could not make it better
nowadays, wanted it follows a Leyden jar to build for the
purpose, humans a [ göttliche Kraft ] the Ungeweihte to kill
immediately can to lead before eyes or to pretend.
The charge of the federal drawer with atmospheric electricity in
the all-holiest was obtained by many columns and golden points.
In addition, the whole temple was, as from the description
hervorgehl, provided with hundreds of gilded points, by
presenting gold on zedern and acacia wood bars.
03
The fact that here really electrical discharges took place can
do out following in 2. Book of the Chronicles, Chap.7, verse 3,
described place to be taken DAuch saw falling down all children
Israel the fire and the glory of the gentleman over the house,
and fell to their knees, with the face to the earth and prayed
on and thanked the sir, it good-naturedly are eternal and its
mercy lich last. “People saw here the impact of lightning into
the lightning conductor established on the temple. DI1ss the
collection and Aufbewl1hrung of the atmospheric
Electricity much gefäh " to be rlich could, if someone did not
understand with the federal drawer to deal, read 'we further in
the 3. Book Moses, chapter 10, where the sons Aarons, Nl1dl1b
and Ahibu wanted to bring, d~m Mr. Freudenfeuer, what the Mr.
them not ordered hatteWir to read that a fire proceeded from the
gentleman and it verzehrte, so that they died before the
gentleman.
From everything it is evident that Moses were and its
contemporaries the first connoisseurs and Ausnutzer of the
atmospheric electricity. Were not natural them, how us, which
admits to electrical laws separate only the effects of these
mystischen Kraft. These features are probable the culturally
more highly standing Egyptians even already admit been, and
Moses may have bring along its knowledge of the priests from
Egypt.
From this time to the attempts Frl1nklins with BJitz the
production of atmospheric electricity made only small progress
for arresters and Rimans attempts. With the study of the
meteorology the large interest in the atmospheric electricity
was again excited, and in the last 30 years several times the
thought stepped to light to use it. Which was already done in
this regard by other researchers, I try to describe in the
connection hieran briefly, by lighting up this question I1m of
best patents spent through in former times.
The first patent, that according to indication German realm
Reich office, is that is given D.R.P. No. 98180 of the t9.
January 1897. Inventor: Dr. Heinrich Rudolph in Stc Goarshausen
A. RH. The Patentl1nspruch reads: Your by a kite chain balloon
carried, from two steel tubes and many vertically stretched fine
wires manufactured, large and nevertheless extraordinarily light
net for the collection of atmospheric electricity together with
for installing and for the acceptance of this net, occupied with
needles I'rüher announced patents and their evaluation.
04
necessary mechanism, consisting of a number of posts with ever
two axle camps and some small electric motors. “
Description.
Net for collecting atmospheric electricity.
The subject of available invention forms, with approximately 3.6
million needles an occupied, ungefäh~ 9 hectars large and net
which can be held by a kite chain balloon in 1000~2000 rn heavy
against 700 kg for height for accumulating atmospheric
electricity together with the mechanisms erforderiichen for
isolated derivative For the clarification of the state of
affairs is emphasized that those.
For the clarification of the state of affairs is emphasized that
those Franklin attempts the possibility of the derivative of
atmospheric electricity for the earth long did that it concerns
however with the voriiegenden invention particularly around the
described mechanism, such, which suggests a commercially usable
amount of energy of the derived atmospheric electricity. Which
concerns the aids to the commercial utilization of the net
described in being inferior, then is referred to the patent No.
98288 standing with available article in closest Zusammenhange.
In the enclosed design a such net is together with the kite
chain balloon in Fig. 1 in front view represented, Fig. a side
view shows 2, while the Fig. 3-5 details represent.
A such net N (Fig. 1) can be manufactured by means of two
ungerahr 300 rn long casting steel tubes R R, by 1 mm of wall
thickness and 2 cm diameters, which will receive the same by
Ineinanderschieben of individual pipes from production length
and fastening by small steel pins with screwed on safeguard
panels. These pipes are to form the two horizontal sides of the
square net, between which about 1200 vertical bronze wires of
300 are to be stretched rn length and 0.04 qmm cross section in
distances of 0,25 rn. Since rn much purifies the thin wires in
distances of 0,1 and length sharpens needles of 1 cm carry must,
then they are wound meanwhile before slowly on Rol) EN and the
needles with the help of a springy eye open at their lower end
are touched down. The eye must selbs (understandably the wire
size so adapted to be that it wedges deQ wire and that the
needles sit sufficient firmly. Also rolling up must happen
sufficient loosely, so that the put on needles do not break. The
main difficulty such a square network of 300 rn side length
offers an installing and a removing the same, the whatever
latter in Ausnahmerallen becomes necessary - can. Is necessary
for it a number of man-high posts (p), in
05
Rn lineally and all two axle camps I are one behind the other
set up to distances from 7 to 8 possess (Fig. 3). Built up on
the same the two 300 rn are enough for Slahlrohre R R, and
provided with the necessary hooks, by lelztere safeguard panels
small by boreholes of the pipes put, and become screwed on!? n.
Whereupon wires are to be stretched from Pfoslen to posts, on
which the necessary number of roles with the needle-occupied
bronze wires is. The ends of the same are raised to the hooks a
Slahlrohres geknlipfl and the latter by the Fesselballon, which
is to carry the net, so that the bronze wires of the roles
complete themselves. So that the dlinne steel tube no bend
experience, it is carried by 40 Gussslahldrähten, which hang on
the hook for the chain cable and branch out toward their lower
end three-way, so that they can be befesligt in distances of
approximately 2.5 rn at the mentioned pipe. Dieseiben are in
their length like that abzugleicheil that they form
approximately an equal-leg triangle of 250 rn for height, whose
basis is the pipe carried by them also they need to have only 1
qmm cross section against the center, during toward the ends of
the pipe a Quersc--hnitt of 2 qmm necessarily isl.
If the needle-occupied bronze wires are completed, then they
become to the zweile steel tube geknüpfl. After 31 bronze wires
of 0,13 qmm Querschnilt without NadelQ, further on the opposite
side of this pipe in distances of 10 rn, are beftlstigt for the
derivative of the Elektrizilät, the net so because is lifted,
until about 1000 rn the chain cable by the hoist of an anchor
car it is completed, on which to the cable it fastens the bronze
wires jointly but becomes only so loosely strained that the net
down-hangs almost vertically, with its surface senkrechI the
Windrichlung. If the net is to be removed again, then
approximately in reverse way, only with the difference that
thereby small electric motors at each second post step into
activity, those will proceed by wheels with a removable Cutout,
by which they can be touched down easily on the lower pipe, the
latter in revolution to shift and the needle-occupied wires to
the same to complete.
It can occur however the case that for the acceptance of the net
in this way sufficient Zeil does not remain, if approaching
storm with a larger wind force than 25 rn the rapid salvage of
the Fesselballons behind a wind protection with the help of, the
electrically operated Anke running on rails " rwagens makes
advisable. Then \ ias net on a sufficient even must Place easily
on the ground to be established,
06
similarly as one things materials in folds puts, then it could
be lifted later again intact into air.
In order to be able to notice also a large wind force in 1000 to
2000 rn height with relative peace at the soil, a
Federdynamometer put onable in any place without detachment of
the chain cable must steadily the tension of the latter
anteigen. If such a case of strong upper wind arises, then the
bare short binding is naturally already sufficient to the safety
device of the balloon and net
Which concerns the potential of the atmospheric electricity,
then a potential gradient of 150 V for I is rn as always
available to regard after numerous observations. For 1500 rn
height would result in that 225000 V. If one wants to charge a
battery with the received river from 20000 one behind the other
switched accumulators, then it requires a charging voltage of
45-50000 V, for which straight still the isolation can be
accomplished. From it a voltage drop of 175000 V in the
environment of the net, which after the observations over the
conductivity of air with grösserern potential gradient a
sufficient river secures, results particularly due to the 3.6
million of fine points of the net and the constant continuation
of the unloading air layers from the wind. So that the
electricity collected by the net can be derived now in addition,
isolated, about 100 rn a long silk rope T by sixfold security,
which is protected from wetness by an india rubber casing, must
be switched on, into the chain cable F, and, be led the
electricity by a special cable G of 5 qmm for casting steel
cross section and 2 qmm copper soul downward below the place,
where the bronze wires are fastened to the chain cable.
While now the cable G after a well embodied, hollow iron mast M,
is the chain cable leads to the electrically operated hoist
Weines of anchor car fastened, which, according to kind the
mobile crane with swivelling upper rack, provides jib and
counterweight, on a circular rail gel ice with approximately 20
rn radius around the mentioned hollow mast to move can, so that
it is able to follow each change of the wind direction. The jib
of the anchor car serves to keep the lower horizontal part so
high the Seilkurve described by the Fesselballon over that
ground that it does not schJeift.
It is necessary that cables and chain cables are from each other
distant in air always far for enough, in order to prevent an
upper jumping of the high voltage stream. That is possible by a
tauter tension of the easier Lejtungska~~ls. DeshaJb goes this,
after it by a slip ring G carried by e1nem Olisolator is
led, by an isolating india rubber pipe, by about 10 rn high mast
down to a hand winch w present under oil, whose drum provided
with steel axle is formed by porcelain or ebonite, so that one
can with each change of the length of the chain cable for the
case of zero wind or storm also the cable accordingly stop and
again stretch
From the hollow mast M out the line goes underground through
one. Channel up oil insulators under the gel ice for the anchor
car away and then as high voltage air line after the battery
station, which can be established also for several balloon
stations together.
There a double battery of 20000 small accumulators each is to be
set up, from which always a battery delivers river, while the
other one is loaded. For this purpose one must be able to switch
everyone one behind the other into approximately 300 groups at
will neben¬ and. The accumulators must rest by groups on racks,
which are carried by oil insulators.
From apparatuses are on a battery station except usual flat
TAP-ready necessarily:
# Erdschtuss with simultaneous interruption of the line to
Battery.
# Adjustable spark gap as Nebenstromkreis with ground fault to
the announcement of interruptions.
# fuses for the case of Kurzschi1uss of the battery.
# Ammeter.
# Pendulum electroscopes.
# Electrostatic one dares to the innocuous making of line
interruptions, by the same with exceed more eiper certain
tension ground fault one manufactures and by a electromagnet in
the ground conductor the line to the battery one interrupts. {In
Fig. 4 is the electrostatic dare omitted.)
# automatic commutator (Fig. 5) for the charging current, be
standing from electromagnets (omitted in the design), which
brings two levers with isolated connection to the
high voltage air line and to the earth with Poland the battery
depending upon current direction in or to other sequence in
connection.
The last device is particularly important for the utilization of
the extraordinary, but sign after rapidly changing electrical
tensions of the thunderstorm and heap clouds, that large Konduk
gates and condensers of the atmospheric electricity.
By pie 3.6 million points of the net thereby the plant appears
secured against each destructive spark discharge All apparatuses
except 2, 4 " and 5 must have contacts from platinum and for
preventing of sparking and fusion under oil are. All work on the
high voltage transmission line before by means of laliger
ebonite seaweeds ground fault is made, whereby for preventing of
short-circuit the line must be interrupted at the same time to
the battery thus the tension sinks on zero. On the balloon
stations are necessary: the apparatuses I, 4, 5 and 6, the
latters however without dare and only with electromagnet in that
Ground conductor to the Unterbl echung (Fig.4). The
Schienerigeleise must on. the ground conductor of the balloon
station put its, füi' the case that once the cable puts over the
anchor car or the chain cable affected.
If one takes now managing patent application under the
magnifying glass of the criticism, then it must be stated that
the Erfindungsgedanke for the following reasons cannot be
lebensflihig:
# The balloons must possess very large volume, since they are to
carry d1e of large heavy nets and the strong rope. The latters
must be strong, so that they are not torn up by the storm.
# The expansion of such a plant over large surfaces - z. B. IQO
qkm - is therefore: A) commercially impossible, because a great
many balloons of this kind were needed, which would be
enormously expensive, and B) practically not executably, because
one cannot secure such large balloons in large heights
sufficient before storm also the same, there made of things,
ground very fast leaky. From it large dangers for humans, the
result if such a balloon tear off and from leak from on earth
fall, became a Kurzschussnt stand, the tremendous disaster,
which death of many humans could entail.
For above reasons already this patent is not usable nevertheless
is it interesting because of the attempt, which so collected
electricity to the charge of a double battery of over 20000
small accumulators, from which the energy delivers, while the
other one is loaded. Such a system would be the most ideal
solution of the Transforming of atmospheric electricity into low
tension usable for the technology. Because of the isolation
difficulties it is however unfortunately impossible to load
20000 elements with approximately 50000 V 1 more user that the
initial costs of the 40000 elements would be too expensive,
completely apart from the fact that the maintenance of these
batteries do not only require many people, but also with large
danger for the supervision personnel it would be connected.
He same wants to obtain by the following patent claims:
# procedures for the Nutzbarinachung of Atmospheric electricity,
thereby characterized that the same by means of a be¬wegten, by
a g~eignete HeizqueJ] e of catching body heated up it is caught
and trans¬formiert by means of a rheostatischen machine, how to
the charge of accumulators the Electricity thereby on constant
Spal! nung to be held that the rheostatische Machine or a number
of their plates is connected with a charge measurer
(electrometer), that, as soon as dte rheostatische machine was
loaded on a certain potential, knows by the excursion of its
mobile part a contact closes, whereby, under switching of a
relay, an electromagnet is perhaps brought to responding, the
change-over of the rheostatischen machine effectuation
# Device for the execution of the procedure, consisting of a
double-walled LuftbaJ] on (1, ge¬kennzeichneten in requirement
1., 2), which by a MetaJ] net provided with needles is covered
and when the Auf¬ and descending by tiltable shovels (9) in
revolution one shifts, from a Hejz¬rohr (12), which is through
tubes with upper and lower parts of the area (II), formed by the
Dop~elwänden of the balloon, connected, aus' mjt the wire net in
leading Ver¬bindung standing ball bearing (14), which with the
taps des¬seiben leading connected cable (13), that with the KoJ]
ek¬tor (17) provided winch (16) and the rheostatischen machine
(18).
3. During the device characterized in requirement
2. the application of a Electromagnet, which is excited by a
charge measurer (Elektro¬meter), connected with the
rheostatischen machine, to the change-over of the rheostatischen
machine, as soon as the potential achieved the same in-certain
measure ".
Patent specification:Procedure and device for catching
atmospheric electricity
Available invention trilft a procedure and a device for catching
and deriving atmospheric Electricity, which make it possible,
larger quantities of the same in usable: to receive it form.
The Erfindungsgedanke is based on your theory of the atmospheric
electricity, after the the same by the condensation of
10
One forms for water vapours. According to this theory now the
water droplets floating in the air layers are to be regarded as
carriers of the electricity, and a rational system of the
derivative of the atmospheric electricity must the same now of
the water droplets ab¬leiten. This is way-reached after
available invention on the following
With pointed needles of provided catching bodies of mög lchst
large surface becomes into higher air-laminated? moved, however
by a suitable heating device continual warms up. By the heat
water droplets become! dey the catching bodies directly
surrounded, the capacity the same evaporates decreases
aJI¬mählich, and thus the tension of the charge rises.
It is now easy evidently that the whole charge of the droplets,
as soon as the same evaporated, on which catching body
Über¬gehen becomes, from which it be derived can. U m however
the evaporated and their charge robbed droplets by new and
loaded to replace, becomes the catching body the surrounding
enclosed design schematically represented, in Pig. 6 and 7 by
the opinion and the cut of the catching balloon. Pig. the
deriving device, Pig.9 the regulation device, pi shows 8! (. 10
and II a shovel in their two positions, Pig. 12 and 13 the
circuit way of the rheostatischen machine in their two air in
relative motion shifts. A remark example of the invention
article is up positions.
The pre-adjust consists of a double-walled balloon I, 2, the
light wire nets, favourably from aluminum wire, occupied with
one with needles, covered is. The balloon carries also the net
3, on which the ring 4 made from firm, but light material (wood,
pipe etc.) is fastened. The latter carries the basket 6 by means
of the cords 5. In the level of the ring 4 still the ring 7,
that is by those easily swivelling gelagenen shovels (9) spread
and by dle cords 8 in its position held w! about SI haufeln of
covered framework with light material, whose turn in both
directions is limited by the notices 10, consists. The shovels
form with the vertical one appropriately an angle from 60 to 70
degrees. All wire nets, cords, rings and shovels can be covered?
with small Metallna'deln, which are connected among themselves
leading. Of the area II fühn of the deepest point the pipe 26,
formed by dje Doppel¬wände of the balloon, too, which in the
'basket 6 untergebrach1en coiled tube 12, which is again with
your in the upper Tei, 1 of the intermediate area II connected
to flowing pipe 13. The coiled tube: becomes by means of a
suitable heating source it heats up whereby between the
Dappelwänden of the balloon continual warm gases vein air flow
rotates.
Under the basket with the wire nets leiiend ver¬bundene ball
bearings 14 are attached, its tap with sorgi: iltig isolated,
easy and sufficient is connected for firm cables 15 leading.
On the surface of the earth the hoist 16 (Fig.6) is, by means of
which the balloon can be down-pulled and brought to the rise, as
soon as the internal balloon with illuminating gas or hydrogen
is gefüljt.
With the increase of the balloon the carried out over liquid
work can be stored in any accumulator and be made usable with
the Niederziehen of the balloon. The end of the cable core is at
one at the axle of the hoist isoJiert attached collector firmly,
from which the electricity is derived by means of a sliding
contact. Collecting the electricity takes place by means of the
fact that the balloon is down-moved by means of the hoist
continual up and.
With this movement the balloon receives a turn, which will not
change its sense by the shovels 9, since during the transition
of the rise to sinking the balloon or turned around the shovels
are tilted by air resistance, and therefore the balloon the
turning movement in the same sense to give. In order to avoid
here a turn of the cable, the ball bearing 14 is intended. The
fact that the turn of the balloon takes place with on and
descending in the same direction illuminates from the following.
The shovels 9 are easily swivelling, whereby the axis of
rotation does not fall into the center line the same. Hierdl1rch
places itself the shovel with the downward course of the balloon
in in Fig. 10 drawn position, and der' balloon is from right to
left turned. During the upward course the shovel tilts, b it the
lower notice 10 limited (Fig. I). IE one sees, takes place the
drive from above after air flow arranged downward again from
left to right, the balloon can thus its direction of rotation
maintained. By this up and Niederbewegen and tricks of the
balloon the purpose that the same with as much as possible water
particles floating in air into contact comes, is reached.
Of collector rings 17 derived electricity nJn a too high and
much too much a changing tension possesses, in order to be able
to be veaertet directly. Since one maintains accumulators too
ladan and only the easily adjustable river with an irregular
Elektrizitätsquelle first the same further used, then one must
to the shop of the accumulators the electricity on more
constant, derived from the collector 17, stretches! to receive
lng. search and those
12
Tension also into belleutend a lower transform. Since one has to
do it however in this Fa1le with a direct current, then usual
transformers can not be used for this purpose. In addition the
Electricity in this case possesses a much to large tension, so
that when using common transformers the largest part of the
collected electricity would come again into loss. 'The only
applicable method is for this purpose the transformation by
means of the planning ashes rheostaischen machine, by this
high-tension electricity almost completely without loss
transforj11iert will can. Thereby the question of the
transformation would be solved only the preservation of the
constant tension remains for more. This is reached in the
following way:
Rheostatische machine 18 or only one part of the plates stands
for the latter change-over of the rheostatischen machine with
any charge measurer (electrometer) in connection, whose mobile
part closes one, contact, what is caused, how the same unloaded.
The potential sinks, and the ElektromeIer takes its initial
position, whereby the Slrom umschailung the causative
Elektromagnelen becomes interrupted and the P'atten of the
rheoslatischen machine tension geschaltel. Then now to the
erneulen charge ferlig and is again unloaded with the beslimmten
tension. This play repeats itself continual, so long the
apparatus in the enterprise stehl.
To the easier understanding the pattern of the rheoslatischen
machine is indicated. Fig. the load position shows 12. The panel
42 is connected with the Fesselballon, while the last panel is
led to the earth. Fig. the unloading position shows 13. In Fig.
the rheostalische machine is drawn 8 in the load position, and
that simplicity half is not the connection of the panel of 42
with that contacts 17 gezeichnt just like also the contacts for
the unloading position (Fig. 13) is omitted.
With the elektrostalischen Schaltapparat' (Fig. 9) combined
effect of the mechanism is the following:
The contact roller 27 (Fig. ) always one brings to 9 by the
feather/spring 37 into the load position. In addition axle a
Electromagnet 35 is gekeilt, and at the rack the firm magnet 36
attached on d1e. If now the electromagnet 35 is energized, it
turns the contact roller under Überwindung of the spring action
into the Enlladestellung. Damil the excitation 'umschallende?
Electromagnets selbs, ttälig with a certain tension take place,
is a elektrostalischer switch (Fig.9) indicate-indicating eight.
That mil the earth connected voucher of the letzlen or the
voucher of any other condenser is not with the balls 29 and 32
connected. If now into the Ladestellung¬ the potential rises,
then the balls push off each other more and more, until the
mobile ball 32 provided with the fork 33 dips into two
Queck¬silbernäpfchen and thus the river exciting from the
battery 3 supplied and the swivelling electromagnets 35 closes
or this current conclusion by means of relays cause lets.
One can regulate the amount of the tension, with which this
current conclusion and thus the unloading of the rheostatischen
machine take place, mittel~ the adjustable weights 38 and 39.
The apparatus is provided to the protection with the glass fall
40. Within the fall also one is with Chlorkalzium gefUIlte bowl
41.
As long as the tension at the balls 29 and 32 remains constant,
the outflow, concomitantly the excitation of the magnet
continues the accumulators receive the utilizable stream. If the
condensers delivered their charge, repulsive Kraft of the balls
become smaller, with which the Quecksilberkontakt is
interrupted, those. Excitation electromagnets stops and the
feather/spring 37 D! e contact roller back into the load
position brings, on which the play of neuern can begin. At
larger electric charges which can be derived two rheostatische
machines can work abaechselnd, so that, while the one will
unload, which can be loaded others. It is now easily evident
that, if the capacity of the rheostatischen machine is not
changed switching will always take place via the electrometer
with the same potential of the rheostatischen machine " and the
number of plates, thus the transformation relationship the same
remains there, then also the current draws dieseIbe tension led
from the rheostatischen machine will have.
As long as the tension at the balls 29 and 32 remains constant,
the outflow, concomitantly the excitation of the magnet
continues the accumulators receive the utilizable stream. If the
condensers delivered their charge, repulsive Kraft of the balls
become smaller, with which the Quecksilberkontakt is
interrupted, those. Excitation electromagnets stops and the
feather/spring 37 D! e contact roller back into the load
position brings, on which the play of neuern can begin. At
larger Elek¬trizitätsmengen which can be derived two
rheostatische machines can work ab~echselnd, so that, while the
one will unload, which can be loaded others. It is now easily
evident that, if the capacity of the rheostatischen machine is
not changed switching will always take place via the
electrometer with the same potential of the rheo¬statischen
machine " and the number of plates, thus the transformation
relationship the same remains there, then also the current draws
dieseIbe tension led from the rheostatischen machine will have.
By the irregularities of the Elektrizitätsquelle the period, in
which the siromstösse follows one another, is changed this does
not.hat however, as soon as now the tension remains constant, on
shop of the accumulators harmful influence. The river led from
the rheostatischen machine can be ver¬wendet at times, where it
is sufficient constant, directly with evasion of the
accumulators. 24 and 25 is the wring leads,
to-consumption-places either directly or to storage battery
leading.“
14
Execution of the Erhilzung in practice, and it is at all
questionable whether the desired result is to be obtained
thereby in addition are the large balloons from things with
heavy metal nets and - sharpen to and for itself a thing
offering no prospects.
In the further the American patent is 1014719 from 16. January
1912 inventors: Walter L. Pennock, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
mentions. The patent claim reads in the translation about
follows dermasseri: The patent protection becomes geforden for a
collecting tank for electrical charges, which consists of a
number of carriers and a metal net, which are held in such a way
by these carriers that it is appropriate for particular the
carrier mentioned above, which furthermore anchor devices
possesses in one level and in approximately even distance, from
everyone, which with gemein¬samen points after everyone the
carrier mentioned goes out, which furthermore a device, the
carriers in their normal position possesses to hold, and in
addition a device attached between everyone of the mentioned
carriers and the net, which permits each carrier to adapt fast
and independently each changes of the air flow.
Also after this patent one lets balloons from silk and such
materials, which carry metallic collecting TZE, ascend into air.
As is shown by the patent claim, the patent protection sought
for the kind of the execution of the balloon herab¬hängenden
leader. Because of this small difference of the previous patents
I refrain from a more exact explanation.
Would last be that D.R.P. 248580 of the 22.Juni 1912 Inventor:
Heinrich Johannsen, Luebeck to state. its patent claim reads as
follows: . Procedure for catching Luftelektrizilät by means of
senk¬rechter or diagonal leaders, thereby ge marks that into the
line a high-tension power source is switched on, for the
purpose, the point resistance to lower. “ Patent specification.
. Procedure for catching atmospheric electricity by means of
more perpendicular or diagonal leaders.
15
Further nothing is well-known over the atmospheric electricity,
apart from the fact, .dass in newspapers publications of shining
successes of an inventor appear here and there, the one new
invention to the Nutzbarmar: hung of atmospheric electricity to
have ago made wants and for these purposes money searches.
Tried one, with these people in connection to set, then always
turned out that either large sums had to be paid before, in
order at all only something details too experienced, or the
invention always existed in gleir: hen thoughts: A balloon from
silk was suggested, for which a net with many needles should
carry. In which way the Anlj! ge before lightning or overvoltage
to be g~schützt or like the transformation of the Electricity in
a technically useful form as well as their adjustment be made
should, of it knew itself the gentlemen neither one seriously
thought conception out to make, still for it proofs furnish.
From above-said it follows clearly that the attempts to win
atmospheric electricity thereby that air balloons rise as
collecting tanks are left, those on a non-metallic envelope of
the ballon --herein all inventors agree - a metallic Ergebnie of
the preliminary tests
16
Sammel1: 1etz carried, to the goal to lead could not. The
balloon had to large loads to carry and received therefore to
large extent. Large attack regions, so that surely tearing the
whole collecting TZE was to be foreseen had storm, Regenund
other atmospheric influences, without talking about the fact to
that such large envelopes of the balloon lost dauarnd large
quantities gas by diffusion. Thus its use and Rentabllitat were
impossible, even if a collection of atmospheric electricity
möglfch seems to in this way actually be.
The second error of the past attempts was that all inventors the
atmospheric Electricity eusserst directly as statisihen direct
current of high tension and Ieiner Stromsterke to use wanted.
Nearly insurmountable difficulties of the isolation and
adjustment face this application. Procedures, which permit, this
kind Electricity into another, less gerährliche form, which was
not technically usable commodity, too yerwandeln, yet
well-known, which had everything only is found.
All this had to be found only.
Hauptgrllnde of the blherlgen failures
The principal reasons of the past failures can in the following
general points to be summarized:
All inventors thought for attaching heavy metallic nets on
individual air balloons from nonconductive, tear upable and the
gas letting through materials as collecting tanks.
No means had been used, in order to increase the ionization of
the collection coefficients of the collector nets by artificial
means (radioactive substances, photoelectrically working
substances, devices for the education of ultraviolet jets etc.).
No inventor has an attempt with balloon collecting tanks made
from sheet metal.
such metallic balloon collecting tanks however rolgende
important possess and aur other way not advantages which can be
reached: aluminium the metallic coverings is impenetrably for
helium and Wasserstoff' them places gJeichzeitig Erosse
metallic, weather remainders of Collector surfaces.
Radioactive means etc. can be easily attached inside or outside,
whereby the ionization and thus also the collected quantity of
the atmospheric electricity is substantially increased.
Such balloon collecting tanks made of light alloy do not need to
be large, since they must carry Dur their own small weight and
that of the wring lead.
The whole system offers therefore storm and wind w~nig to attack
regions and becomes resistant and stable.
One can lift and lower balloon easily by a hoist, So that all
repairs, Nachrüllen etc., safely wlhrend the work are
auaführbar.
17
4. No inventor recognized importance and meaning of an antenna
collecting tank net from several individual collecting tanks,
which are connected among themselves by electrical conductor,
spread over the earth in air.
5. No inventor recognized the importance of the use such high
capacities for these purposes until today as means for the
increase of the capacity used with production of atmospheric
electricity condenser batteries, whose correct engagement
conditions aus¬gearbeitet, as well as at all. (Consequence of
the fact is that to today only extremely small electric charges
and these in a practically useless type of current were
available.)
6. All inventors were always anxious to convert the collected
static electricity of air directly into mechanical energy which
encountered evenly insurmountable difficulties.
7. So far no devices were used or intended against overvoltages,
lightning danger etc. by the inventors. Gleichfalls was possible
an adjustment of such an energy in no way. It is impossible to
use the atmospheric electricity as long as the obstacles given
after 1 to 7 are not eliminated.
The collection of the atmospheric Electricity can with the
comparison of the... also on hot summer days, in a boiler,
its ifeen iitee: Surface the sunbeams is evenly suspended, the
water of the suns to energy-to cooking bring, although the sun
mix also large warmth delivers.
If one would concentrate those sunbeams however by large lenses,
which must be substantially larger than the boiler surface, on
essel, then one could bring the water not only to cooking, but
even to evaporation. Without collection of the jets the
Wärmedichte is not sufficient on given square a surface for
heating.
The same applies in similar sense also to the atmospheric
electricity. If one sets up only a Antenna, then only those
parts of the atmospheric electricity are tightened, which are in
the proximity of the antenna. Since the density and movement
speed of the electrically charged particles of the Atmosphere
are only small however, then also the induced tension will be in
the antenna wire kJein and mit¬hin also the amperage.
The ring or netlike arranged, strongly ionizing collecting
systems in accordance with available invention permit however to
collect larger electric charges there it electrically charged
particles over a surface of 1, 10, to tighten 100 or more qis
fortunes. Must rate however here a number of other conditions
considered, which are to be described on the basis designs later
more near.
The collection of the atmospheric electricity by means of large
antenna system has the comparison example mentioned above
(collection of the solarly power) opposite the following two
advantages, which understood tons use so far nobody recognized
and: 1. the application of large collecting surfaces (the
individually lenses and/or mirror surfaces, which find during
utilization OF solarly heat to application, one can emergency as
make large, as the collecting system) 2. the large capacity of
the collecting apparatuses for the atmospheric electricity (by
the lenses or hollow mirrors one can affect emergency as large
of surfaces, as with the antenna system).
If one counts the other difficulties, which the utilization of
the solar power in the way, like changes of the seasons, change
of the position of the sun to the Zenith, still in addition,
then it results that conditions for the collection of
atmospheric electricity lie substantially more favorably. The
latter is also not to those Application of compact collecting
surfaces or at certain locations or such restrictions binds. It
supports itself rather by arbitrary ring or netlike arranged
wire communication, which are carried for set up strongly
ionizing collecting antennas in arbitrary headroom of, ground of
in even distances been suitable and these among themselves to
connect.
The openings such shape of set up rings or nets know all the the
vertical antennas are more largely its, the higher, since the
whole line delivers neither warmth nor light shade. The static
electricity is continued to store owing to its special
characteristics by condenser effect in the antenna wire, and it
is possible to distribute it evenly by g~eignete engagements of
special condenser batteries for Jn the net and to receive
kolossale charge capacities in this way, for which there is no
analogy with the collection of the solar power.
For aforementioned reasons it can be counted on the fact that
available procedure the production and Nutzb!}rmachung the
atmospheric electricity really on a cheap and a comfortable Way
will make possible. A lack, which adhered to all past
inventions, was that that always one tried to transfer the
electricity immediately into mechanical. Even if it e.g.
succeeded to design an electrostatic generator from large
strength to then would be nevertheless its application because
of that
19
Difficulties of the saftey, as well as the isolation of the
axles and other parts not possibly. Such uncommonly large
tensions would be possible that short-circuit and spark copy
could not be avoided. Likewise it is impossible, such large
[unknown] to switch off (regate safely and or adjust for even
load to feed engines with high-tension rivers foreseen from
manifold other obstacles, which forbid at all. After available
invention the atmospheric electricity becomes [unknown] of the
new [unknown] into mecamsce nergle umgewan et, which
differentiated EN aupt palnzips from the past inventions on this
areas forms, [unknown], those separate the static electricity by
antenna lines in more mospärlscher. Electricity in the form of
direct current of very high tension and small amperage [unknown]
runs, converted into electro-dynamic oscillation [unknown]
energy of high Wechselzahl. Thereby many advantages it is enough
and eliminated all disadvantages.
The electro-dynamic oscillation energy formed in closed,
oszillatorischen electric circuits produces built machine in
another electric circuit, e.g. in one been suitable, by
resonance:. effect electromagnetic waves of desired size and
mechanical effect. Furthermore the resonance effect of such
rivers permits, , in simple and comfortable way a starting, the
adjustment and the disconnection of such machines to cause, this
takes place simply by means of tendency and/or detuning of the
resonance in the transformer circle and the river flowing in the
coil of the machine. Such rivers, except for engine enterprise,
are further f Urverschiedene other areas derTech.nik directly
zuyerwenden, e.g. : Lighting, production of warmth and
Elektroche I1ie.
In addition one knows with such rivers a set of Apparatuses
without direct firm current inlet, completely apart from the
possibility, they feed f Ur wireless telegraphy and telephone to
use. In practice large difficulties were to be overcome, because
it was not well-known, how one should design such large
machines, and how the electromagnetic oscillations necessary for
the supply could be adjusted by so high Wechselzahl.
In the following a specification is to be given, how these
questions were solved. In Fig. a simple pattern is represented
14 for the transformation of static electricity into dynamic
energy of high frequency. For clarity of the design is
calibrates an air antenna, but a lnfluenzmaschine accepted. 13
and 14 ssind collection combs .
20
the static electricity the lnfluepzmaschine. 7 and 8 is spark
discharge contacts, 6 and 5 switched on condensers, 9 switched
on inductive primary coil, 11 and 12 line ends of the secondary
winding 10. If the disk of the static electrostatic generator is
set by a mechanical Kraft in turn, then comb collects the
positive, the A! 1dere the negative electricity.
The allocations of the condensers 5 and 6 are so long loaded,
until the screen end becomes so large Spannungserhöhung that the
spark gap will pierce 7 to 8. Since over spark gap 7 and 8, over
condensers 6 and 5 and inductive resisted themselves 9 a closed
electric circuit forms, so entsteheQ, as well-known, into this
circles electromagnetic oscillations.
High Wechselzahl
The produced high-swinging rivers in primary circles induce
rivers with the same frequency, jedoce of already completely
electromagnetic nature in the secondary circle. The
electromagnetic oscillations will maintain by new charges of the
static electricity. If the number of turns of the primary and
Sekundärkreises stands to each other in correct relation, which
one can compute with correct application of the resonance
coefficients (capacity, inductance and resistance), then one can
convert the rivers of the primary circle with high tension in
such arbitrarily low tension and higher amperage.
If oscillation unloadings become weaker in primary circles or to
diminish completely, begin more wiedrer the charge of the
condensers with static electricity, until the spark gap will
again pierce. All of this repeats itself so long, when of the
static machine electricity is produced by supply of mechanical
energy. It is not to be maintained that this application of the
static machine and the transformation of the produced
electricity do not admit according to above pattern in former
times were such remarks were described already often applied
and. It is stressed only priority on the fact that in this
invention first these.
Experimental assembly for the production of atmospheric
electricity for practical purposes brought in application and
that the machines (engines), necessary for such rivers, were
designed, as well as their circuit and adjustment patterns. By
this invention alone the possibility is given to make really
atmospheric electricity energy source usable for the technology
as practically comfortable 'without by the plant mortal danger
for those people exists. It is further only by transforming the
static atmospheric electricity been into electromagnetic
oscillations possible, the difficulties of the isolation, the
building construction, the adjustment, to become starting and
switching gentleman off.
From Fig. is evident to 15, how the arrangement for production
and transforming of the atmospheric electricity, shown in
pattern 14, can be used. Particularly emphasized sei' the main
difference between these and other earlier inventions. It
consists of it that two parallel spark gaps are an¬gewendet,
from which the one as work distance (7) and the other one for
the safety device against overvoltages serves.
The latter consists of several individual Funkenstrecken with
larger total distance than the work distance, arranged in series
connection, and is bridged with very small capacities
(aluminium, bl, Cl), which has the purpose to make the even
sparking possible in the safeguard distance Continues to mean in
Fig. 15 A an air antenna for the collection of atmospheric
electricity (specification follows still), 13 connection of the
safeguard spark gap with the earth, 5 and 6 condensers, 9
primary coil.
If now by antenna A the positive, atmospheric electricity is
anxious with the negative charge of the earth to adjust, then
the Luftzwischenraum between the spark gaps prevents itself this
reconciliation. How evidently from the design, the resistance of
the spark gap is 7 lower than with that! , ndern spark gap, the
spark gaps switched from three into series exists and
consequently one three times larger air intermediate distance to
overcome has. , Thus, as long as the resistance of the spark gap
does not become 7 Überlastet, unloadings take place only
concerning this.
However if the tension increases by any influences so much that
it could become dangerous for the allocation of the condensers 5
and 6 or for the isolation of the windings 9 and 10, then a
non-inductive unloading takes place to the earth when correct
regulating the resistance of the second spark gap by means of
these, without the machine is endangered. ühne this second
parallel arranged spark gap also larger resistance than the work
spark gap is it possible to collect and make large quantities of
electricity usable safely. In Fig. the simplest is selected 1,5
represented pattern and only, in order to explain the basic
principle. For practice ~ind more complicated patterns
necessarily, from those the most important for usevdifferent
intended purposes are prepared and in the following to be
described.
Explanation of the principle of the transformation electromagnet
punch oscillations into meehanlsche energy
The impact of the closed oscillation circles, consisting of
spark gap 1 and two condensers 5 and 6, the primary coil 9, like
also the secondary winding 10, is exactly the same, as described
14 for pattern. Are further in Fig. 15 schematically two motor
types represented, which serve high Wechselzahl for the
transformation of electromagnetic oscillations received from
static electricity into mechanical energy.
Tesla Engines
Also on that areas of the high-swinging rivers were to be solved
difficult questions. So far only the engine system was Tesla
admits (schematically in Fig. to 15 by 16 and 17 represented),
on the features of the Hysteresis is based. The engine is
compound from iron pins and metallic disks. If on the same
electromagnetic oscillations of high Wechselzahl influence, a
rotary movement is produced. The description of this pattern
serves only for the explanation of the basic principle it does
not have however in the execution of large machines any
practical interest because of the impossibility of the
adjustment and because of the low effectiveness
Resonant Engines
According to available invention all are overcome these
difficulties by construction of a machine, which is applicable
for elektro¬magnetische energy high change number of more or
less absorbed nature. Mg. the first form of a such machine shows
15. The difference between the principle of the Bau'es of these
engines opposite the used so far consists of the fact that the
engine contains keide magnets and not alone on the principle is
based to the magnetic induction (like all current engines and
also the Tesla engines), but on combination of the pure static
induction with the electromagnetic in the static field. Since
the engine is intended for high-swinging rivers, then must be as
iron-free as possible er' and manufactured made of well leading
metal. It was now shown that for the supply of such engines
without magnet metal rivers of more or less absorbed N cannot
only be used atur, to switch off but that also due to their
special characteristics opposite electromagnetic reesonance
features the possibility is given, the engines simply and safely
in and and to adjust. These motor types can be called about this
resonance engines. In Pig. 15 attached engine consists in his
main parts of individual oscillation circles briefly closed in
itself. The electromagnetic oscillation poles both the stator
(un¬beweglicher part of the engine) and the rotor (mobile part
of the engine) are radially embedded or fastened in a suitable
firm insulator. Sämlliche of oscillation circles become from the
Hauplstromleitung of a eleklromagnetischen source of oscillation
suitable frequency and more or less absorbed nature gespelsl.
Everyone such oscillatory circuit exists for itself of a closed
oscillation circle, given by self induction, Kapazitäl and Ohm's
resistance. From it results:
#) a Mögiichkeit to operate also with electromagnetic
“oscillations of high Wechselzahl engines of arbitrarily high
horse power since a sufficient number of such oscillation
circles can be planned parallel in the engine
#) a possibility of designing for the enterprise with
eleklromagnetischen oscillations of high Wechselzahl also
asynchronously working engines (for similar purposes, for those
the current synchronous engines for usual alternating currents
or. Three-phase alternating current to be used)
#) a possibility of being able to count not only on a desired
number of horse power in advance to obtain but also a
widerslandsiähige and a simply executable construction form
#) an ideal Ein and elimination and an adjustment of such
Moloren by change of the resonance i.e. by change of the
capacity or the
self induction coefficient of the energizing current the more or
less good resonance of the individual oscillation circles in
relation to the main stream is destroyed or manufactured.
Determined by attempts that the same machine works accordingly
differently, ever more or less the mechanical components with
their natural oscillations of the natural oscillations of the
energizing current to differ. After a set of attempts the engine
received in Fig. 15 drawn, simplified execution form. By the
wring leads (14 and 15) the engine from the source of the
electromagnetic Schwjngungen is fed by high Wechselzahl.
The wring leads are with the secondary transformer 10 over two
condensers - A and 6a connected. In certain cases the condenser
batteries ä and 6a can be replaced by a parallel switched
battery 18 (dots drawn). The stator can be designed in different
way. From the stator line (thick Linienzug 11 and I) e.g. twelve
branchings go into twelve short circuit oscillation circles,
which are radially into the stator surface embedded.
Everyone of these oscillation circles possesses a certain given
capacity and self induction, which are so selected that they
adapt to the wavelength of the energizing current. These twelve
oscillation circles form the twelve electromagnetic fields.
Between these twelve oscillation circles, which are connected
with the main line, are twelve other oscillation circles, which
are been correct on same wavelength, i.e. the same induction
coefficients as well as those
same capacity possess, but are connected with the feeder not
directly. The oscillation circles connected directly with the
feeder are named b and other with A. generally speaking receive
the stator twenty-four individual oscillation circles. The first
twelve oscillation circles are however not directly metallically
connected, 'separate by a cylindrical staff b a surface
induction are caused. In order to describe before the saying
more near, are in Fig. 16 four such individual oscillation
circles and their connections with the main line 14 dargeslellt.
Hierflir becomes in this invention a neuarliger condenser
benutzl, which is characterized by the fact that it possesses
three vouchers. As from Fig. 16 to see is, becomes the short
circuit oscillation circle consisting of the two condenser
vouchers I and 2, which are short circuit with a metal leader 4
of ineiner turn, by the drilte allocation 3 erregl, which is
metallically with the Hauplleilung connected direkl. If the
capacity and the Selbstinduktionskoeffizienl are so computed in
this drilten line that the own oscillations are in resonance
with the oscillations of the main line, then the maximum at
electromagnetic energy is supplied to the short circuit
oscillation circle...
Wavelength entsprichl.
In practice führl one the KoQdensalorbelege in the form of
metallic tubes out (Fig. 17). As the third condenser surface,
which is to be considered as exciters, slehl in the Mitle (in
Fig. 15 by 3 and b, b, b bezeichnel) a Slab or a tube. Between
the individual tubes and also between the exciter electrodes is
a guler insulator. Thus one receives a very fesles and
comfortable system from oscillation circles for high-swinging
rivers both up the stator, and on the rotor discs. These must be
made of well isolating material, best from particularly for this
worked on art wood and or paper without structure, since usual
Holzund paper pulps does not exhibit usually necessary firmness
and Isolierrahigkeit.
After the execution described above one receives with good
electrical insulating capacity a mechanical firmness, which to
all requirements of the art of building of engines correspond,
to t. All individual connecting wires 4 (Fig. 16) can also by a
strong metallic ring 4 (Fig. 15}, which is fastened on the
stator and serves as document for eJnzelne metallic staffs,
replace will. Of course must be isolated for special cases of
the leaders 4 by isolation disks from the ring. ,
Having such three pole oscillation circles with the same
capacity a very high induction to exhibit, then instead of
smooth metal cylinders spirals are rolled up in cylinder form,
whereby the further execution of the individual induction
condenser vouchers has to happen completely exactly according to
pattern 16. In the last case one obtains the mechanical firmness
thereby that one manufactures the insulating layer from ebonite,
fiber or similar material with high firmness and rolls the turns
up on such tubes, these however in metallic rings into the
stator surface embeds firmly.
In Fig. 17 is the connections of the particulars oscillation
circles shown if no third electrode is necessary, and the
oscillation circle only for the purpose of the phase shift is
used. In the same way two-pole oscillation circles are embedded
also in the rotor disc, in the same amount of more ocler also
only half as much as in the stator surface. They must possess
however the the same capacity and self induction coefficient as
the stator oscillation circles.
The individual oscillation circles in the rotor can either. from
each other to be isolated, or, as in the description of stator.
by a metal ring (4, Fig. 15) to be short circuit with one
another. On Fig. 18 and 19 is perspectively represented, like
individual S {: hwingungskreise onto the rotor disc to be
installed and by rings short circuited. The individual
oscillation circles exist (as from Fig. 17 evidently) from two
into one another pushed, but from each other isolated metal
cylinders (on Fig. 18 with 1 and 2 designation), those, by V
erbindungsleitung3 short circuit, an oscillation circle closed
in itself form.
The cylinders become with their two ends on the rotor basis (not
drawn overview for the sake of) in two rings from
IsoliermateriaJ (fiber etc.) with the taps fastens A, A, b, b.
In practice are this-struggle however not necessarily, since the
tubes more.der whole length are simply embedded after into the
cylindric base of the rotor from IsoIiermaterial, which is
fastened a metal cylinder on the rotor axis, on dyrselben axle
(isolates or also short circuit) are two metallic rings 6 and 7.
By the special feeder line 4 one half of the oscillation circles
is in the same way metallically continued to connect with ring
6, and by the lines 4a the other half with ring 7. In addition,
one can connect all ends with a ring or all with both,
furthermore even all feeder lines can be switched off, if one
regards the axle as a common connecting leader, want one the
self induction of the individual oscillation circles to
increase, then the rings must be isolated from the axle 6 and 7,
and the feeder line 3 is not short circuit as on Fig. the
connecting leader 3 can be put to 18, but her between the
condenser vouchers I and 2 and the connecting leaders 4 and 4a
with the ring 6 and 7 on the rotor axis into some WindungeR
(Fig.1 9), here lies.
By Auewahl of suitable capacity and self induction the
individual oscillation circles of the rotor must brought to the
resonance. become with the energizing current on the stator,
this type of rotor resembles very the famous asynchronischen
type of the rotors used in three-phase engines, the so-called
squirrel wheel. Also the connection of the individual
Schwjngungskreise can take place parallel not only with one
another, but also in series and Gruppenscha4ung, exactly the
same as with usual three-phase engines, only that instead of
direct leaders always individual oscillation circles from
condenser surfaces and induction resistance are taken.
Effect. Upward indicated Vorerklärung more over those execution
that welse OF the RH. l EGG. R “. D…. l “h. sonanz. eIDze nen
ernente TM resonance engine incoming goods now mog 1C of acres,
engines it. the fashion OF action OF thesis of engines ton
describe (Fig. 15). Highly swinging electromagnetic rivers acres
derived by LINE 14 and 15 tons the engines to and and excite the
individually oscillation circles with three electrodes (NUMBER
3), present RK the stator, those, as were above already
mentioned, into resonance tons been correct of acres ton the
full load current oscillations (? /i or 11. Wavelength).
Electromagnetic oscillations into the third electrode excite for
their part all oscillation circles b b b, in then short circuit,
oszillatorische, undamped oscillations develop. The latter
happens in vollkomme.ner way then only if between the
Erregerstromkreis and work condenser circle a full resonance
exists, which is reached by suitable selection by capacity, self
induction and resistance. Electromagnetic oscillations in such
short circuit, undamped, oszillatorischen circles with three
electrodes (b b b b… Fig. 15) excites for their part
oscillations of same kind and length in the simple oscillation
circles present at the stator (aaaa…). Since these oscillations
are secondary, then they are shifted to the primary (in the
oscillation circles b b b with three electrodes) wavelength.
To assist in the understanding become in the further description
nomenclature D. S manufacturing costs D. EGG k D (b b b F '). ä
the oscillation travel with rel e tro EN… industrial union. 15
primely RH gungskreise. Oscillation circles (oszillatorische
circles) and the oscillation circles without third electrode (A
A A…) secondary oscillation circles (or secondary
oszillatorische circles) mentioned. In the first circle formed
the oscillations are continued to call primary and in the second
circle (A A A) as secondary oscillations furthermore the
oscillations in the third electrode load oscillations and the
Schwillgungen in the rotor rotor vibrations are called.
If now in the two groups of oscillations of A and b oscillation
care produced, then one receives generally speaking to
Zusammenhange on the stator an electromagnetic rotary field,
similar to as one with usual two-phase alternating currents by
current shift around 1. Period an electromagnetic rotary field
receives. The individual closed primary oscillation circles form
here the similar elektroinagnetischen change poles, and the
secondary oscillations cause the necessary electromagnetic
shifts of these poles. The electromagnetic rotary field is
formed here not by electromagnets, but oscillation fields.
Each oscillation circle is to be regarded as an electromagnet
fed by alternating current. This electromagnetic rotary field
formed on the stator induces electromagnetic oscillations of
same kind in on the rotor discs fastened and on same wavelength
the tuned oscillation circles. As on the stator an
electromagnetic rotary field is formed by cooperation of the
individual electromagnetic oscillation circles, then also a same
rotary field in the rotor is produced and thus obtains a torque
after nearly exactly the same basic laws, as with usual
wechseistrom engines.
The resonance engine begins to rotate and can work 1eisten. je'
the resonance between the charge stream and the primary and
secondary oscillation circles on the stator and on the rotor is
better, the more ideally is the effectiveness and the initial
torque. The engine can be adjusted by tuning and/or detuning of
this resonance both and switched off and easily, by obtaining
another Eigenschwingungsperiode and thus another wavelength and
frequency by change of the capacity or self induction.
In Fig. the Zuführungsle exists 15! tung II from a simple circle
line. In practice however it can be put into some turns to
receive to umzwischen two oscillation circles a determining
tension. In addition, one can get along with a turn, if one
attaches an electromagnetic counterweight for the third
electrode in the form of capacities (represented by S or M).
Instead of producing by secondary induction in the stator a
rotary field, one knows this through-direct induction also in
the Schwingungskreise. For the purpose one branches a second
ring circuit from the main line before the third electrode off
(Fig. ) and an adjustable Selbstinduktionsspule (16) in series
connection attaches 21 to this branching a capacity or.
The river runs then from the Heuptleitung 15 partly without
induction resistance into the ring circuit II and excites
without delay a number of Schwin gungskreise (9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14a, 15a and 16a), about the self induction resistance 16 by the
ring circuit I. by the self induction this part around 1/e
period is partly retarded (during correct attitude of the
resistance) or around 1/e period ahead accelerated (if the phase
shift by condensers is caused). Thus however another set of
oscillation circles in the stator received (1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
and 8), of them charge around 1/e period is late or accelerated
takes place.
Thus in the stator a rotary field is produced, that the rotor in
rotation to bring and. Work to carry out can. The individual
oscillation circles are as in Fig. 16 and 17 implemented, only
becomes the individual groups of I to 8 (Fig. 21) by ring b and
9 to 16a by a second ring A short circuit, during after Fig. 15
all oscillation circles by a ring to be short circuit. It is
possible, on this principle. to build not only asynchronous
engines, but also-synchronously working. Then m, uss however the
stator line from two main distribution board rings 14 and 15 to
couple (Fig.20) exist (without them metallically with one
another).
All oscillation circles must receive as with pattern 16 three
electrodes.
The rotor can as in Fig. 15 remains oscillation-circles
represented.
In Fig. 20 is only stator
In all patterns described so far ...
Alteneck windings to implement, both on the stator and on the
rotor.
Then that part of the oscillation circle e.g. on the rotor,
which forms side on the rotor disc the capacity, comes (on Fig.
designates 17 with I and 2), diametrically more gegenŸber the
feeder line which is on the other side of the rotor disc (Fig.
17 with 3 designates), or with multipolar rotors with desired
bending. If one half of the rotor disc is suction-wound, then
one winds the other half likewise, but in reverse sense, so that
between the feeder lines the capacities forming pipes come here,
whose feeder lines come the first half between the capacities
rolled up first, similarly “, oie with the Haefner Alteneck
system the direct current coil are implemented, only with the
difference that the individual sections consist here of
individual oscillation circles, there however only briefly
closed wire coils.
In the same way like the rotor one knows also the stator
wickelll. N ur the feeder lines at the end must become the side
gebogeIl. Such types permit a special utilization of the
Verbindungsleiters of the individual oscillation circles. It
continues to be possible after this coil system to switch two or
four etc.
Kondensatoren in series by on rotor (or stator) a surface
opposite a condenser tube (in Fig. ) instead of a connecting
leader dieser' 8elege second, for which comes, designates 17
with I and 2 to be appropriate for first same condenser tube.
Both condensers becomeal at the ends by lines switched into
series with one another.
One has the possibility, in which kind the following new forms
of Rotorwicklungen euszuführen:
#) in wreath/ring form, so that all ladder are connected with
the axle (parallel system)
#) all condensers are switched to two series and such series
again in 2, 3 or 4 and more parallel groups with the axle are
connected.
#) all oscillation circles become with one another ge in series,
switch etc.